World journal of nephrology最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of graft outcomes after kidney transplantation: When standard statistics compare to machine learning techniques.","authors":"Carolina Salgado, Francisca Gonzalez Cohens, Felipe A Vera, Rocío Ruiz, Juan D Velasquez, Fernando M Gonzalez","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.116879","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.116879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Over the last decade, the use of machine learning (ML) techniques in problem modeling and solving has increased significantly, including in kidney transplantation. Numerous studies have used ML to predict outcomes such as delayed graft function (DGF). This study compares various ML models with logistic regression (LR) in predicting DGF, focusing on donor characteristics.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare various ML models with LR in predicting DGF, focusing on donor characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 523 deceased donor kidney transplants performed between 2010 and 2020 across three transplant centers. The dataset included 14 donors, 3 transplants, and 64 recipient features. Four problem types were defined based on variable combinations: Donor-only, donor + transplant, donor + recipient, and donor + transplant + recipient. The dataset comprised 43.5% DGF-positive and 56.5% DGF-negative patients, split into 80% for training and 20% for validation/testing. Six ML models - support vector machine, decision trees, random forest (RF), gradient boost (GB), extreme gradient boost (XGB), and multilayer perceptron - were compared with LR. Hyperparameters were optimized using random search and 10-fold cross-validation. Accuracy was the primary performance metric.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The best-performing model for each problem type achieved accuracies of 70% (RF), 70% (RF), 58% (RF), and 61% (XGB) for donor-only, donor + transplant, donor + recipient, and donor + transplant + recipient, respectively. LR achieved accuracies of 57%, 66%, 52% and 66%; however, these models generally showed low sensitivity and high specificity. Across most of them, significant predictors included donor creatinine, age, and mean blood pressure, cold ischemia time (transplant variable), and recipient smoking condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While most ML models outperformed LR, the differences were not substantial. This may be attributed to the small dataset size, which likely contributed to the overall poor performance. We recommend using these complex models with high-quality datasets that include a sufficient number of variables and observations to fully leverage their potential. The key question for future research is determining the dataset size required for ML to become the primary analytic tool for predicting kidney transplant outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"116879"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney transplantation in obese Black patients: Strategies to improve access and outcomes.","authors":"Rotimi Oluyombo, Mahzuz Karim, Stephen Mason, Ahmed Halawa","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114527","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidney transplantation (KT) improves quality of life and confers a survival advantage compared to remaining on dialysis in suitable patients with end-stage renal disease. Black patients face challenges, as there are significant disparities in their access to KT and subsequent outcomes compared to other patient groups. This is further exacerbated by the rising prevalence of obesity and consequent health burdens. Controversies exist regarding the eligibility criteria for obese Black patients to undergo KT and factors influencing their long-term outcomes. There is limited evidence in the literature to allow the development of definitive criteria for KT in obese Black patients, given the challenges posed by differences in their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics compared to better-studied populations. There is sparse data on KT programmes for Black population groups in Africa. These patients face challenges such as low socioeconomic status, poor level of education, and awareness of health issues. Even if they do undergo KT, they tend to spend a longer period on dialysis beforehand, leading to poorer outcomes. Further evidence-based data on this patient group are therefore vital to improve their access to KT and subsequent outcomes. This review aims to evaluate the existing evidence, highlight challenges faced by obese Black patients with end-stage kidney disease, and discuss possible strategies to improve both their access to transplantation and subsequent outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"114527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of finerenone in diabetic kidney disease: Latin American experience from FINDKDLATAM trial.","authors":"Rodrigo Daza Arnedo, Vicente Sánchez Polo, Jenniffer Benavides Garcia, Juan Felipe Gutiérrez, Enrique Ramos Clason, Daniel Domínguez, Giovany Mera Rebutti, Carlos Madrid Mancia, Rene Tabora López, Manuel Rocha Meza, Dany Tabora López, James J Muñoz Zambrano, Eduardo Lorca Herrera, Eliana Dina-Batlle, Michael Cieza Terrones, Thyago Proença de Moraes, Tomas Rodriguez Yánez, Washington Osorio, Alyi Arellano Cabeza, Jorge Rico-Fontalvo","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115933","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) face high renal and cardiovascular risks. Finerenone, a selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing these risks in clinical trials. However, its real-world safety and effectiveness remain underexplored in local settings.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the real-world safety and effectiveness of finerenone in patients with T2DM and CKD across seven Latin American countries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an observational, multicenter, retrospective cohort study based on real-world data in 347 patients with T2DM and CKD [urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) > 30 mg/g]. Patients received finerenone (10 mg or 20 mg daily), and clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated at baseline and after six months of treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, median values (interquartile range) were: Glycated hemoglobin A1c 7.6% (6.8%-8.1%); estimated glomerular filtration rate 39.0 mL/minute/1.73 m² (30.0-50.0); UACR 345 mg/g (189-760); systolic blood pressure 143 mmHg (130-160); diastolic blood pressure 79 mmHg (70-82); and serum potassium 4.4 mmol/L (4.1-4.7). After six months, significant reductions were observed: Glycated hemoglobin A1c to 7.0% (6.5%-7.9%); UACR to 81 mg/g (28-167); systolic blood pressure to 130 mmHg (120-140); and diastolic blood pressure to 73 mmHg (70-80). Serum potassium increased to 4.7 mmol/L (4.3-5.0), while estimated glomerular filtration rate remained stable at 41.6 mL/minute/1.73 m² (27.0-52.0).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our cohort of patients with CKD associated with T2DM, finerenone proved to be an effective short-term therapy for reducing albuminuria, demonstrating very good tolerance and a low risk of hyperkalemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"115933"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five-year follow-up sustained remission with rituximab in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A case report.","authors":"Ana Flávia Moura, Paulo Novis Rocha, Daniela Moura-Landim, Jose A Moura, José A Moura-Neto","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.116620","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.116620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) represents a major cause of nephrotic syndrome, with glucocorticoids constituting first-line therapy. When patients develop steroid dependence or resistance, calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) serve as effective alternatives. However, CNI dependence or resistance may emerge, and prolonged use of either steroid or CNI therapy carries substantial toxicity risks. These limitations create an unmet need for safer treatments capable of maintaining durable remission.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>The patient initially presented with acute anasarca, nephrotic-range proteinuria (5.6 g/24 hours), hypoalbuminemia (2.1 g/dL), and preserved renal function. She experienced repeated relapses after corticosteroid and cyclosporine tapering, ultimately exhibiting a steroid- and CNI-dependent disease course. Rituximab was administered as two 1 g infusions 14 days apart, resulting in complete remission sustained for five years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case contributes to the growing evidence supporting rituximab's therapeutic potential in adult FSGS, while highlighting the need for randomized controlled trials to establish its efficacy and optimal use in this challenging patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"116620"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal tubular acidosis complication of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced interstitial nephritis and its complete resolution with steroids: A case report.","authors":"Abhisekh Sinha Ray, Praveen Errabelli, Neeharik Mareedu, Maulik K Lathiya","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.117950","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.117950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are extensively utilized for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; however, their potential to induce renal adverse events remains a significant clinical concern. NSAID-induced interstitial nephritis (IN) and renal tubular acidosis (RTA) are rare but important complications of prolonged NSAID consumption. NSAID-induced RTA has been documented in limited case reports and usually resolves after stopping NSAIDs. However, our case shows a persistent, severe hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia linked to RTA from NSAID-induced IN, which resolved with steroid therapy.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>A 70-year-old woman with a history of chronic NSAID use presented with weakness and palpitations. She had atrial fibrillation, severe hypokalemia (K 1.5 mmol/L), non-anion gap metabolic acidosis (HCO₃ 11 mmol/L, anion gap 11), hypophosphatemia (1.2 mg/dL), acute kidney injury (creatinine 2 mg/dL from 0.6), and rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase 15620 U/L). Urinalysis showed pH 6.5, proteinuria, sterile pyuria, and a positive urine anion gap, indicating RTA. Electrolytes improved with supplementation and spironolactone, but didn't normalize. At 4 weeks post-hospitalization, she still required supplementation; creatinine remained high. Renal biopsy revealed interstitial inflammation with active tubulitis, moderate interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. She was treated with 4 weeks of prednisone, leading to normalized electrolytes and improved creatinine (1 mg/dL), and the improvements were sustained 6 months post-treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our patient exhibited persistent metabolic disturbances even after the cessation of NSAID therapy. Despite moderate chronicity, active interstitial inflammation responded favorably to corticosteroid treatment, resulting in improved renal function and restoration of tubular function, with normalization of acid-base and electrolyte parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"117950"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perioperative fluid management in kidney transplantation: What's new and future directives?","authors":"Vipin K Goyal, Praveenkumar Shekhrajka, Suresh Kumar Bhargava, Saurabh Mittal","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.113474","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.113474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidney transplantation is a moderate to high-risk surgery, and postoperative outcome is closely related to good intraoperative fluid management. Suboptimal fluid management is adversely associated with poor graft and recipient outcomes. Hence, meticulous intraoperative fluid management is essential and requires in-depth knowledge of newly added fluids and hemodynamic tools for fluid monitoring. Over the years, fluid management during kidney transplant has significantly changed with the inclusion of newer fluids and dynamic indices of volume responsiveness. In this review, we will discuss the different types of fluids and hemodynamic tools available for perioperative fluid management in kidney transplantation and their pros and cons on postoperative outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"113474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for nephrologists.","authors":"Muhammad M Javaid, Gina Tonkin-Hill, Martin Klein","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114239","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.114239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rare but serious complication in cancer patients. The presenting features are often non-specific, making it difficult to distinguish from other, more commonly encountered pre-renal and post-renal causes. However, a precise diagnosis is imperative to instigate a proper management plan and minimise the inappropriate use of immunosuppression, which might have serious consequences for such sick patients. The indications for ICI use have increased over the years, and they will likely become the standard of care for many more difficult-to-treat malignancies in the future. Nephrologists will become increasingly involved in the management of such patients, especially in challenging decisions regarding withholding and restarting the treatment and starting immunosuppression. The current guidelines are ambiguous regarding the diagnostic workup and differ in their recommendations about the utility of a kidney biopsy, withholding the offending agent, and rechallenging with ICIs once AKI has resolved. This article tends to explore these questions and provides an update on ICI-related AKI, summarising the information from recently published clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. It also examines the recommendations of the major international guidelines, provides practical information for the practising nephrologists and identifies the gaps in the current knowledge to help future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"114239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyponatremia: Evolving diagnostics and emerging therapeutics in clinical practice.","authors":"Froylan David Martínez-Sánchez, Luis Enrique Gutierrez-Rosas, Luis Hernan Barranco-Hernandez, Gibran Gonzalez-Alvarez, Luis A Bastida-Castro, Andrea Rocha-Haro, German Barrientos-Cabrera, Carlos Fernando Martínez-Cabrera, Joana Balderas-Juarez, Mauricio A Salinas-Ramirez, Jose L Hernandez-Castillo","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115252","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyponatremia remains the most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice, with a wide range of causes ranging from endocrine dysregulation to iatrogenic causes. Recent developments in point-of-care ultrasonography, vasopressin physiology, and osmoregulation have transformed diagnostics by emphasizing accuracy above purely clinical judgment. Although traditional management based on fluid restriction and hypertonic solutions remain the cornerstone of treatment, a careful and cautious monitoring is required to avoid osmotic demyelination and overcorrection. The Furst equation, a validated predictor of response to fluid restriction, should be integrated into routine practice, together with objective tools such as point-of-care ultrasonography, to improve the accuracy of volume assessment and guide more precise therapeutic decisions. Likewise, different therapeutic options have been studied for non-responders to fluid restriction, including urea, desmopressin, and selective vasopressin receptor antagonists (vaptans), showing promising results. Ongoing developments in artificial intelligence and laboratory-based decision support tools are expected to improve personalized management and predictive accuracy, potentially reconciling the disparity between evidence and clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"15 1","pages":"115252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13019366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147577370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis B and chronic kidney disease: Bench to bedside.","authors":"Surender Singh, Rajani Singh, Anupma Kaul, Amit Goel","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109767","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has an intricate relationship with hepatitis B virus (HBV) due to impaired immune status and repeated risk for HBV exposure in people with CKD. Extensive discussion is required on issues related to disease burden, progression of acute HBV infection to chronic infection, impaired immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine, optimal vaccination schedules and strategies, <i>etc.</i> In this review, we attempted to summarize the updated existing knowledge on these topics. In addition, the implication of HBV in the pathogenesis of glomerular disease is also discussed. This review extensively focused on issues related to hepatitis B vaccine induced immune response in CKD patients-serological and cell-mediated immune responses to the vaccine, with particular emphasis on effect of CKD stages on vaccine response, newer types of hepatitis B vaccines for non-responders, revaccination strategies, and the durability of vaccine-induced immunity. We also discussed the literature on risk of HBV transmission following organ from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive donors, along with perioperative management when the donor is HBsAg-positive but the recipient is HBsAg-negative.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"14 4","pages":"109767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dialysis Symptom Index: Patient-reported outcome measures study of dialysis patients in low resource settings in India.","authors":"Anuradha Pichumani, Pichumani Kodaganallur Parthasarathi, Nagarajan Mani, Sriram Damal Kandadai, Deepalaxmi Rathakrishnan, Murali Krishna Moka, Latha Sundar, Melvin George","doi":"10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.111639","DOIUrl":"10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.111639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>End-stage renal disease is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, with hemodialysis as the primary treatment in India. Despite its prevalence, limited studies have focused on patient-reported outcomes, such as symptom burden and health-related quality of life.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate the symptom burden among adult hemodialysis patients and identify factors influencing their outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted among 157 adult hemodialysis patients in Chennai from March 2024 to June 2024. The Dialysis Symptom Index tool was used to assess 30 physical and emotional symptoms. Correlations between symptom severity and clinical parameters, such as hemoglobin levels and urea reduction ratio (URR), were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Moderate symptoms were reported by 48% of participants, with worry, insomnia, and feeling unwell identified as the most severe. Psychological symptoms significantly correlated with lower hemoglobin levels, while shortness of breath was linked to suboptimal URR values. Approximately 38% of patients had URR < 65%, which was associated with increased symptom burden.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hemodialysis patients experience a substantial psychological and sleep-related symptom burden, emphasizing the need for dialysis adequacy and better hemoglobin management. Enhanced strategies addressing these factors could significantly improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94272,"journal":{"name":"World journal of nephrology","volume":"14 4","pages":"111639"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12754501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145890662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}