Somatosensory & motor research最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling ten novel SETX mutations: implications for ALS pathogenesis and clinical diversity.","authors":"Xuecai Chen, Xiaodan Chen, Xiangyu Lin, Weiwei Zhou, Hailiang Hu, Haishan Jiang","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2025.2500940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2025.2500940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the relationship between newly identified senataxin (<i>SETX)</i> gene mutations and the clinical manifestation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), enhancing understanding of the genetic underpinnings associated with this disorder.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort study was conducted at Nanfang Hospital, involving comprehensive genetic sequencing of ALS patients to identify novel <i>SETX</i> mutations. Homology modelling and structural analysis were employed to predict the functional impacts of these mutations on the senataxin protein. Clinical assessments, including symptom evaluation, age of onset, and progression rate, were integrated with electrophysiological studies to establish correlations between genetic variants and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten novel <i>SETX</i> mutations were identified, expanding the genetic landscape of ALS. These mutations exhibited diverse impacts on clinical presentations, with patients showing variability in onset age, symptom severity, and progression rates. Computational modelling suggested that certain mutations cause significant structural changes in senataxin, potentially affecting its RNA/DNA helicase function. Electrophysiological findings consistently revealed nerve conduction abnormalities, indicating that these mutations may influence neuronal excitability and contribute to ALS pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The discovery of novel <i>SETX</i> mutations provides valuable insights into the genetic and clinical complexity of ALS. This study underscores the importance of genetic screening for <i>SETX</i> mutations and suggests potential personalised therapeutic approaches targeting senataxin dysfunction. By elucidating genotype-phenotype correlations, these findings contribute to the broader understanding of ALS and offer pathways for developing targeted interventions to address the challenges posed by this disabling disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper extremity function assessment test using virtual environment technique in stroke survivors.","authors":"Gizem Murat, Mert Doğan, Özge Onursal Kılınç, Sibel Aksu Yıldırım, Muhammed Kılınç","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2025.2500941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2025.2500941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective assessment of the upper limbs of stroke survivors is challenging. Serious game-based assessments may allow for an objective assessment of this population. The present work aims to investigate the validity of the metrics provided by the Upper Extremity Smart Exercises-Innovative Treatment (USE-IT) assessment method for upper limb rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty-three stroke survivors were included in this study. We assessed the stroke survivors using The Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Scale (FM-UE), The Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), ABILHAND, ACTIVLIM, and the USE-IT. Validity was assessed by examining the correlation of the USE-IT metrics with the clinical scales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All clinical scales and the Global Reaching Map total score, one of the two outputs of the USE-IT assessment method, were found to be moderately correlated (|r| = 0.52-0.69) (<i>p</i> < .05). The other outputs of the USE-IT assessment method, the Local Reaching Map total score, showed a correlation with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Arm (FM-UA), The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) Grip, and the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) parameters (|r| = 0.34-0.38) (<i>p</i> < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that the USE-IT assessment is well correlated with commonly used clinical scales for the upper limb motor function in stroke survivors. Therefore, the USE-IT is a valid game-based system for assessing upper limb impairment in stroke survivors.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of perineuronal nets in the adult rat neocortex.","authors":"Kumarie Budhu, Harold Gomes, Yakubmier Borukhov, Philip Chu, Joshua C Brumberg","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2025.2476945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2025.2476945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialised extracellular matrix structures of the central nervous system that predominantly surround inhibitory interneurons. The development of PNNs is activity dependent and relies on sensory input to mature to an adult expression pattern, coinciding with the crysallization of synaptic circuitry following the closure of the developmental critical period. Our results of a neocortical characterisation demonstrate that the density of PNNs in the neocortex of the Long Evans rat was consistent across animals but varied as a function of the cortical region. Utilising a non-biased random effect model, it was shown that the retrosplenial granular cortex had the highest PNN density and the intermediate endopiriform cortex had the lowest. Given the importance of mystacial vibrissae to the behaviour of rodents, we further analysed the laminar distribution of PNNs within the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Our results revealed that the layer IV, the 'barrel' region, contained the highest density of PNNs. Within S1, PNN density was consistent across all subregions. S1 had a significantly higher density of PNNs compared with the primary motor (M1) cortex, and PNN levels did not show lateralisation in either M1 or S1. Independent of cortical location, we observed a novel class of relatively large, brightly stained neurons ensheathed by PNNs, which were present exclusively along the layer VI-white matter border. A better understanding of PNNs and their distribution can assist in our understanding of how PNN manipulation can affect neurological conditions such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, stroke, central nervous system injuries, and degenerative processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor learning in healthy elderly individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Fusheng Zhang, Yanbai Han, Hongli Wang, Yong Li, Dingyu Tang","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2310851","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2310851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is widely used in motor recovery. Nevertheless, whether tDCS improves motor learning in healthy older adults is still controversial. This review aims to investigate the effectiveness of tDCS on motor learning in healthy elderly individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase databases were initially searched from inception to December 5, 2022. The standard mean difference (SMD) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analysed <i>via</i> random-effect models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with the sham group, no significant effects were found regarding improvement in motor learning based on the speed or accuracy of the task and reaction time for the tDCS intervention group. After subgroup analysis, a significant effect was found for improved motor learning based on reaction time in the primary motor cortex (M1)-cerebellar group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review revealed that tDCS had no significant effect on improving the speed or accuracy of motor learning in healthy elderly adults. However, it has a significant effect on improving the motor learning ability based on the reaction time of the task (mainly referring to the tDCS stimulation position of M1 and cerebellar), although the results have obvious heterogeneity and uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descending motor command to prime mover of dependent finger induces tactile gating in target and distant non-target finger.","authors":"Hitoshi Oda, Ryo Tsujinaka, Shiho Fukuda, Naoki Hamada, Masakazu Matsuoka, Koichi Hiraoka","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2358298","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2358298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined whether tactile gating induced by the descending motor command to one finger spreads out to the other fingers to which the command is not delivered and whether this gating is dependent on the target finger to which the command is delivered. The change in perceptual threshold to the digital nerve stimulation of one finger induced by tonic contraction of the first dorsal interosseous or abductor digiti minimi muscle was examined. The perceptual threshold to the digital nerve stimulation of the thumb or little finger was increased by tonic contraction of the abductor digiti minimi muscle. This finding indicates that the descending motor command to the prime mover of the little finger abduction induces tactile gating not only in the finger to which the command is delivered but also in the other finger to which the command is not delivered. Tonic contraction of the first dorsal interosseous muscle did not change the perceptual threshold to the digital nerve stimulation in any finger. This finding means that tactile gating occurs particularly when the descending motor command is delivered to the dependent finger. Spreading out of tactile gating of one finger, to which the descending motor command is not delivered, is likely mediated by surround inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141089551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Counterirritation by pain inhibits the responsiveness to aversive loud tones: the role of state anxiety and state fear triggered in the NPU paradigm.","authors":"Silvia Metzger, Claudia Horn-Hofmann, Miriam Kunz, Stefan Lautenbacher","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2322499","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2322499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>The application of a noxious stimulus reduces the perception and responsiveness to other pain stimuli. This inhibition can be experimentally assessed with a method called 'counterirritation'. The question arises if counterirritation acts also on the perception and responsiveness to aversive but non-nociceptive stimuli (e.g., loud tones). Since aversive stimulation is often associated with state anxiety or state fear, we investigated in addition the modulatory effects of these emotions on counterirritation.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>51 subjects participated in our study. We presented tones with aversive loudness (105 dB), first alone then during counterirritation (immersion of the hand in a hot water bath of 46 °C) to assess inhibition of loudness perception and responsiveness. Influences of state anxiety and state fear on counterirritation were investigated by using the Neutral-Predictable(fear)- Unpredictable(anxiety) Paradigm (NPU), which is based on classical conditioning. Loudness ratings (perception of the aversive tones) and startle reflex (defensive reaction to aversive tones) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Counterirritation reduced startle reflex amplitudes, but not the loudness ratings. Although state anxiety and state fear were successfully induced, counterirritation remained unaffected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study showed that pain inhibits the responsiveness to aversive stimuli (loud tones). Thus, the postulate that 'pain inhibits pain' might be better changed to 'pain inhibits aversiveness'. Consequently, our findings may also question the assumption of a clear pain specificity in inhibitory action as assumed by theoretical approaches like 'conditioned pain modulation' (CPM). Furthermore, counterirritation appeared one more time resistant to the influence of negative emotions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connectivity of neural signals to the primary motor area during preparatory periods for movement following external and internal cues.","authors":"Jumpei Kudo, Minoru Hoshiyama","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2319592","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08990220.2024.2319592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We investigated the connectivity of neural signals from movement-related cortical areas to the primary motor area (M1) in the hemisphere contralateral to the movement side during the period of movement-related magnetic fields before movement.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Participants were 13 healthy adults, and nerual signals were recorded using magnetoencephalography. Spontaneous extension of the right wrist was performed at the participant's own pace and following a visual cue in internal (IC) and external (EC) cue tasks. The connectivity of neural signals to M1 from each movement-related motor area was assessed by Granger causality analysis (GCA). The GCA was performed on the neural activity elicited in a frequency band between 7.8 and 46.9 Hz during the pre-movement periods, which occurred durng the readiness field (RF) and the negative slope prime (NSp). F-values, as connectivity values obtained by GCA, were compared between the EC and IC cue tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For NSp periods, the connectivity of neural signals from the left superior frontal area (SF-L) to M1 was dominant in the IC task, whereas that from the left superior parietal area (SP-L) to M1 was dominant in the EC task. The F value in the GCA from SP-L to M1 was greater in the EC task during RF than in the IC task during equivalent periods.</p><p><strong>Conslusions: </strong>In the present study, there were differences in the connectivity of neural signals to M1 between IC and EC tasks. The present results suggested that the pattern of pre-movement neural activity that resulted in a movement was not uniform but differed between movement tasks just before the movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139975189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in temporal profile of brain responses by pleasantness of somatosensory stimulation in autistic individuals.","authors":"Alisa R Zoltowski, Michelle D Failla, Jennifer M Quinde-Zlibut, Kacie Dunham-Carr, Estephan J Moana-Filho, Greg K Essick, Grace T Baranek, Baxter Rogers, Carissa J Cascio","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2023.2294715","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08990220.2023.2294715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose/Aim</b>. Autistic individuals may show either <i>hyper-</i> or <i>hypo-</i> responsiveness to touch compared to non-autistic individuals. These behavioural responses depend on perceptual and evaluative mechanisms, which unfold sequentially and thus can be distinguished by exploring the timing of neural responses. In this study, we examined neural response timing to pleasant, unpleasant, and affectively neutral textures, to determine whether these perceptual versus evaluative subprocesses differ in autism and how each subprocess contributes to behavioural responses.<b>Materials and Methods.</b> Our sample included <i>n</i> = 13 autistic and <i>n</i> = 14 non-autistic adults who completed functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analysed early, intermediate, and late phases of the tactile response, derived from studies of noxious tactile stimulation, to three different textures.<b>Results.</b> The autistic group showed distinct differences from the non-autistic group to each of the textures, showing earlier, somatosensory differences in response to the pleasantly and unpleasantly rated textures and later, frontomotor differences in response to the neutrally rated texture. Further, reduced early phase response to the pleasant texture correlated with increased sensory seeking behaviour.<b>Conclusions.</b> While preliminary, these results suggest distinct patterns between autistic and non-autistic individuals in how the neural response to touch unfolds and its correspondence with the perceived pleasantness of tactile experience. The findings suggest perceptual differences in response to affectively charged textures and evaluative differences in response to neutral, ambiguous textures. These temporal properties may inform future studies of tactile processing in autism, lending a better understanding of <i>how</i> individuals differ in their sensory experiences across contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11193842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138886850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between-day variability of soleus H reflex recruitment curve parameters: how many stimulations are required to maximise the reproducibility of the measurements?","authors":"André D Gonçalves, Beatriz Agostinho, Jorge Infante, Pedro Pezarat-Correia, Carolina Vila-Chã, Gonçalo V Mendonça","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2025.2458881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2025.2458881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The H reflex recruitment curve represents the gold standard for quantifying changes in spinal circuitries. However, there is no agreement on how many stimulations should be applied for each parameter. Thus, we explored the impact of varying the number of stimulations (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 stimuli per intensity) on between-day reliability of soleus H reflex.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty healthy participants (11 males, 9 females; age: 22.4 ± 2.3 years) visited the laboratory on two days for H-recruitment curves construction, using a 3 s inter-stimuli interval. To explore whether H reflex parameters differed between days, without varying the number of stimulations, paired-sample <i>t</i> tests were performed. Relative and absolute reliability were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the coefficients of variation (CVs), respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>M_max, H_max/M_max, H slope, H_thresh, current at 50% of H_max and current at H_max were not significantly different between days (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). ICCs of M_max, H_max/M_max and H_thresh were all good (0.79-0.89). H slope ICCs were moderate (0.56-0.73) between 3 and 12, but good (0.75) with 15 stimulations. Current at H_max ICCs were moderate (0.55-0.0.73) with all stimulations, except with 9 (good: 0.76). CVs of the current at H_max were all moderate (between 5-to-10%). H_thresh CV was poor (>10%) with three, but moderate for other stimulations. M_max, H_max/M_max and H slope CVs were generally poor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>9 stimulations are required to ensure higher between-day reliability of H reflex parameters, except for H slope that requires 15 stimulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual muscle tendon vibration does not impede performance of a goal-directed aiming task.","authors":"Niyousha Mortaza, Steven R Passmore, Katinka Stecina, Cheryl M Glazebrook","doi":"10.1080/08990220.2023.2272971","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08990220.2023.2272971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Application of muscle-tendon vibration within the frequency range of 70-120Hz has been studied as a tool to stimulate somatosensory afferents with both the goal of studying human sensorimotor control and of improving post-stroke motor performance. Specific to applications for rehabilitation, current evidence is mixed as to whether dual muscle-tendon vibration is detrimental to the performance of goal-directed upper-limb movements. The current study aimed to determine the effects of muscle-tendon vibration over the wrist flexors and extensors (dual vibration) on performance of a computer goal-directed aiming task.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty healthy participants were assigned to the vibration or control group. An aiming task that involved acquiring targets by moving an unseen cursor on a screen was performed. Vision of the cursor and hand were unavailable throughout the four blocks of movement execution. Only the vibration group received dual vibration throughout four blocks. Task performance was assessed using measures of endpoint accuracy and timing. Perceived hand location was assessed using a set of questions and a computerised conscious perception task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The vibration group had significantly shorter reaction times, without any change in endpoint accuracy, indicating more efficient and effective movement planning. The vibration group did report illusory movement sensation, which was reduced by block 4.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dual vibration did not adversely affect aiming accuracy and showed some improvement in reaction time. The present findings support the potential for using dual vibration to stimulate the somatosensory system as participants improved their performance of a novel goal-directed movement. Notably, improvements were maintained when the vibration was removed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94211,"journal":{"name":"Somatosensory & motor research","volume":" ","pages":"238-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71416435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}