Research quarterly for exercise and sport最新文献

{"title":"The Meaning of Physical Education Practice in Students with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).","authors":"Daniel Bores-García, Domingo Palacios-Ceña, Carmen Jiménez-Antona, Romain Marconnot","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2294097","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2294097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: This study seeks to describe the perspective of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and physical education (PE) teachers concerning physical activity practice in high school. <b>Methods</b>: A qualitative descriptive study based on an interpretative framework was conducted with secondary school students with ADHD, and their teachers of physical education. In-depth interviews and researchers' field notes were used to collect the data. Purposive sampling and inductive thematic analysis were applied. <b>Results</b>: Results show that ADHD is not experienced as limiting the practice of PA and PE by students, except in motor activities that require concentration such as tactical games. On the contrary, PA and PE helps them feel better. Teachers have not had to make extensive methodological modifications in their teaching styles with students with ADHD in relation to other situations or incidents. <b>Conclusions</b>: Students with ADHD do not seem to show significant difficulties in PE lessons or in the practice of extracurricular PA. PE teachers do not need to make significant adaptations with these students.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"656-663"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139643680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Training Improves Gene Expression Related to Immunosenescence in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Individuals.","authors":"Diego T Brunelli, Ivan L P Bonfante, Vinicius O Boldrini, Pedro G Scolfaro, Renata G Duft, Keryma Mateus, Raphael F Fatori, Mara P T Chacon-Mikahil, Alessandro S Farias, Ana M Teixeira, Cláudia R Cavaglieri","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2299716","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2299716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate combined training (CT) on both the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers and senescence in the immune system in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of obese middle-aged individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). <b>Methods:</b> Thirty obese individuals (50.2 ± 9.4 years; body mass index: 31.8 ± 2.3 kg/m²) with T2D underwent 16 weeks of a CT group [CT; aerobic (50-60% of VO2_max) plus resistance (50-75% of 1RM) training; 3 times/week, 70 min/session; <i>n</i> = 16)] or a control group (CG, <i>n</i> = 14). Nutritional patterns, muscle strength (1RM), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2_max), waist circumference (WC), body composition (Air Displacement Plethysmograph) and blood collections for biochemical (serum leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and anti-CMV) and molecular (gene expression of leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, PD-1, P16^ink4a, CCR7, CD28 and CD27 in PBMCs and SAT) analyses were assessed before (Pre) and after (Post) the 16 weeks of the experimental period. <b>Results:</b> Significant decreases were observed in WC and IL4, TNF-α, PD-1 and CD27 expression in PBMCs for CT. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in 1RM and VO2max for CT after the experimental period. <b>Conclusion:</b> Moderate CT contributed to a reduction in the gene expression of markers associated to chronic inflammation and immunosenescence in PBMCs of obese middle-aged individuals with T2D.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"730-739"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Anticipation Skill Learning Bayesian?","authors":"Nicholas J Smeeton, Johannes Meyer, Matyas Varga, Stefanie Klatt","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2294100","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2294100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: The aims of this study were to examine the learning of anticipation skill in the presence of kinematic and outcome probabilities information, and to see if this learning exhibited characteristics of Bayesian integration. <b>Method</b>: Participants with no competitive tennis playing experience watched tennis player stimuli playing forehand tennis shots and were tasked with predicted shot outcomes. Accuracy, response times and perceived task effort were recorded, pre, post and during four acquisition blocks where outcome feedback was provided. In both Experiment 1 and 2, kinematic information about shot direction was either present in the training group stimuli or absent. In Experiment 1, left/right shot probability information remained equi-probable for both groups. In Experiment 2, both groups also trained with a bias in the shot outcome probability toward one shot direction on 80% of the trials across acquisition blocks (and were not told about this manipulation). <b>Results</b>: Pre-to-post anticipation performance improved in the presence of kinematic (EXP 1) or both information sources (EXP 2). Pre-to-post improvements in the presence of shot outcome probability information were congruent with the bias in the shot direction trained (EXP 2). Superior anticipation performance was found when both information sources were present. The presence of kinematic information resulted in increased perceived effort during early training (EXP 1 & 2). Bayesian odds ratios indicated that shot direction probabilities and kinematic information were integrated during anticipation skill learning. <b>Conclusion</b>: Learning with shot direction probabilities and kinematic information shows characteristics of Bayesian integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"664-679"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection-Dependent Differences in Youth Elite Basketball Players' Relative Age, Maturation-Related Characteristics, and Motor Performance.","authors":"Daniel Leyhr, David Rösch, Sean P Cumming, Oliver Höner","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2311644","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2311644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of players' relative age, maturation-related characteristics, and motor performance tests on two different stages of talent selection (regional and national level) in youth elite basketball. <b>Methods</b>: Relative age, maturation-related variables (height, weight, maturity offset, maturity timing) and motor performance (Countermovement jump, Standing long jump, Modified agility T-test, Linear sprint 20 m) of <i>N</i> = 68 male youth basketball players (<i>M</i>_<i>age</i> = 14.39 ± 0.28 years) were assessed during the initial selection tournament for the German U15 national team. Pre-selection biases regarding relative age and maturity timing on the regional level were investigated utilizing one-sample <i>t</i>-tests. Differences in relative age, maturation-related characteristics and motor performance between players selected (<i>n</i> = 27) and non-selected (<i>n</i> = 41) for the youth national team were examined via independent samples' <i>t</i>-tests and logistic regression analyses. <b>Results</b>: Strong pre-selection biases toward early-born and early-maturing players were confirmed on the regional level. Significant advantages in height and weight and higher values in maturity offset and maturity timing were found for selected players. Among the motor variables, only Countermovement jump performance was significantly better in selected players. When controlling for relative age and biological maturation regression models including motor performance variables did not significantly discriminate players' selection status. <b>Conclusion</b>: Coaches working in national, but also preceding selection stages (regional and club level) should raise their awareness to relative age and biological maturation when evaluating players' potential and current (motor) performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"775-788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nocturnal Melatonin Ingestion Improves Soccer Players' Short-Term Maximal Performances on the Following Day.","authors":"Kais Ghattassi, Mohamed Amine Farjallah, Ahmed Graja, Mohamed Romdhani, Nahla Boudhina, Alexandre Guimard, Tarak Driss, Nizar Souissi, Hamdi Chtourou, Omar Hammouda","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2303457","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2303457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Exogenous melatonin has been proven to have beneficial effects on sleep. A good sleep quality promotes recovery and improves physical performance. In this sense, the present study aimed to explore the potential effect of nocturnal melatonin ingestion on psycho-cognitive and short-term maximal performances, in the following morning. <b>Method:</b> Twelve professional soccer players (22.9 ± 1.3 years, 1.80 ± 0.05 m, and 72.0 ± 8.8 kg) volunteered to perform two separate testing sessions after either nocturnal melatonin or placebo ingestion. The next morning, participants performed the following psycho-cognitive and physical tests: Hooper's index, reaction time, vigilance, handgrip strength (HG), squat jump (SJ), modified agility T-test (MAT) and Wingate anaerobic test (WanT). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate [La] were recorded, respectively, immediately and 3 min after the WanT. Blood glucose [GL] was measured before and 3 min after WanT. <b>Results:</b> Compared with placebo, melatonin improved subjective sleep quality, short-term maximal performances (HG and SJ), reaction-time, as well as peak and mean WanT powers and decreased fatigue index and RPE scores. However, [La] and [GL] were not affected by melatonin ingestion. <b>Conclusion:</b> Nocturnal melatonin intake before sleep has beneficial effects on cognitive and physical performances the following day.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"751-758"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting Exploration During Learning: Effect of Imposed and Self-Controlled Practice Schedules on Learners' Behavioral Flexibility.","authors":"Guillaume Hacques, John Komar, Ludovic Seifert","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2300967","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2300967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Enriching learners' motor repertoires in a complex pluri-articular task, such as climbing, could help learners' adaptation to various sets of task constraints. Promoting exploration with variable practice conditions is one solution recurrently proposed. However, recent studies have shown that a too elevated exploration-exploitation ratio during practice could impair learning. A proposed solution is to give learners some control over their practice schedule, which appeared to better respect the individual learning dynamic in comparison to the usual experimenter-imposed practice schedule. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether giving learners the possibility of controlling when to confront to new climbing routes would result in greater flexibility in their motor repertoire compared to giving them an imposed schedule of climbing routes or a constant practice condition. <b>Method:</b> Participants were assigned to either a constant practice group (CPG), an imposed-variability group (IVG) or a self-controlled variability group (SVG) to carry out a climbing task. To assess participants' behavioral flexibility, a scanning procedure was conceived by manipulating the route design and the instructions. <b>Results:</b> Participants showed an initial lack of flexibility as they strongly relied on a single coordination pattern. At posttest and retention, the three groups more frequently used a new hand coordination pattern and more often showed coordination patterns associated with high climbing fluency. Results suggest that the individualized rate of exploration in the self-controlled practice condition may have helped the learners improve their flexibility, whereas forcing exploration did not seem more beneficial than constant practice in this complex pluri-articular task.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"740-750"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carry-Over of Exercise-Related Self-Regulation to Eating-Related Self-Regulation in Women Participating in Behavioral Obesity Treatments.","authors":"James J Annesi, Sara M Powell","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2311652","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2311652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: Because obesity has not responded well to instructing affected adults in healthier eating behaviors and increased physical activity/exercise, enhanced research on psychosocial determinants of those behavioral changes is needed. Intervention foci on self-regulation have been suggested, but targeted research is required. <b>Method</b>: Women with obesity participated in community-based treatments that were either self-regulation-focused (self-regulation emphasis group; <i>n</i> = 52) or typical instruction-based (education [treatment-as-usual] group; <i>n</i> = 54). <b>Results</b>: There were overall significant increases in exercise-related self-regulation, physical activity/exercise, exercise-related self-efficacy, and eating-related self-regulation that were each significantly more pronounced in the self-regulation emphasis group. Increase in exercise-related self-regulation over 3 months predicted eating-related self-regulation over 6 months; however, sequential entry of changes in physical activity and exercise-related self-efficacy significantly mediated that relationship. However, only the path from changes in exercise-related self-regulation to exercise self-efficacy to eating-related self-regulation was significant. In a revised model where change in exercise self-efficacy was the sole mediator, treatment group did not significantly moderate the exercise self-regulation to eating self-regulation change relationship, but full mediation of that relationship occurred. <b>Conclusion</b>: Findings indicated salience for perceived ability/self-efficacy for physical activity, over actual physical activity progress, and its role in the transfer of self-regulatory skills from an exercise to eating context. Increased eating self-regulation significantly predicted weight loss over 6, 12, and 24 months. In the self-regulation emphasis group that translated to meaningful weight loss/weight-loss maintenance of greater than 5% of initial weight. Findings contributed to an increased understanding of psychosocial-change processes within obesity treatment research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"789-794"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multicomponent Physical Program: Effects on Physical Fitness of Older Women of Different Age Groups.","authors":"Andréa Kruger Gonçalves, Priscilla Cardoso da Silva, Eliane Mattana Griebler, Wagner Albo da Silva, Débora Pastoriza Sant Helena, Vanessa Dias Possamai, Valéria Feijó Martins","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2306285","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2306285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Experimental studies investigating the outcomes of physical exercise among age-stratified groups of older women are still incipient. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a ten-month multicomponent physical program on the physical fitness of older women in three age-stratified groups (60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years). <b>Method:</b> Participants (<i>n</i> = 141) were divided into three age groups: GR1 60-69 years (<i>n</i> = 45; 65.2 ± 2.3 years); GR2 70-79 years (<i>n</i> = 67; 72.9 ± 2.9 years), GR3 ≥80 years (<i>n</i> = 29; 83.5 ± 4.5 years). The participants performed the multicomponent physical program and were evaluated before and after the intervention with Senior Fitness Test. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, Bonferroni test (<i>p</i> ≤.05) and effect size (Cohen's <i>d</i>). <b>Results:</b> For the group factor, there were significant differences in lower limb strength (<i>p</i> = .003), upper limb strength (<i>p</i> < .001), upper limb flexibility (<i>p</i> < .001), balance/agility (<i>p</i> < .001), and cardiorespiratory fitness (<i>p</i> < .001). For the time factor, significant differences were observed in lower limb strength (GR2, <i>p</i> = .014, small effect size), upper limb strength (GR1, <i>p</i> = .003; GR2, <i>p</i> < .001; GR3, <i>p</i> = .017; small effect sizes), lower limb flexibility (GR1, <i>p</i> = .025, non-significant effect size), cardiorespiratory fitness (GR1, <i>p</i> < .001, medium effect size; GR2, <i>p</i> = .002; small effect size). <b>Conclusion:</b> Physical fitness improved with training, but effects differed between age groups. Positive effects were observed for GR1 and GR2, whereas GR3 showed maintenance of physical fitness. Aging interferes more strongly in women aged 80 years and older and it is necessary for specific training programs for this age group.                                                      .</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"759-765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of the Metabolic Response During Steady-State Exercise at FATmax in Young Men with Obesity.","authors":"Isaac A Chávez-Guevara, Ratko Peric, Francisco J Amaro-Gahete, Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2311641","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2311641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: In this study we evaluated the reliability of blood lactate levels (BLa), energy expenditure and substrate utilization during prolonged exercise at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (FATmax). Furthermore, we investigated the accuracy of a single graded exercise test (GXT) for predicting energy metabolism at FATmax. <b>Methods</b>: Seventeen young men with obesity (26 ± 6 years; 36.4 ± 7.2 %body fat) performed a GXT on a treadmill in a fasted state (10-12 h) for the assessment of FATmax and cardiorespiratory fitness. Afterward, each subject performed two additional prolonged FATmax trials (102 ± 11 beats·min^-1; 60-min) separated by 7 days. Indirect calorimetry was used for the assessment of energy expenditure and substrate utilization kinetics whereas capillary blood samples were taken for the measurement of BLa. <b>Results</b>: The BLa (limits of agreement (LoA): -1.2 to 0.8 mmol∙L^-1; <i>p</i> = 1.0), fat utilization (LoA: -8.0 to 13.4 g∙h^-1; <i>p</i> = 0.06), and carbohydrate utilization (LoA: -27.6 to 22.4 g∙h^-1; <i>p</i> = 0.41) showed a good agreement whereas a modest systematic bias was found for energy expenditure (LoA: -16811 to 33355 kJ∙h^-1; <i>p</i> < 0.05). All the aforementioned parameters showed a moderate to good reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.67-0.92). The GXT overestimated fat (~46%) and carbohydrate (~26%) utilization as well as energy expenditure (36%) during steady-state exercise at FATmax. Conversely the GXT underestimated BLa (~28%). <b>Conclusion</b>: a single GXT cannot be used for an accurate prediction of energy metabolism during prolonged exercise in men with obesity. Thus, an additional steady-state FATmax trial (40-60 min) should be performed for a tailored and precise exercise prescription.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"766-774"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Education Teachers' Perceptions of and Strategies for Managing Bullying: The Influence of Socialization.","authors":"Mengyi Wei, Kevin Andrew Richards, Kim C Graber","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2294088","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2023.2294088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> This study aimed to investigate how teachers' socialization experiences influence their perceptions of and responses to bullying. <b>Methods:</b> Thirty in-service physical education teachers were recruited to participate. One semi-structured, individual interview was conducted with each participant lasting approximately 60 minutes. Data analysis employed inductive and deductive techniques. <b>Results:</b> Two themes emerged that described teachers' perceptions of and responses to bullying. These themes included: (a) socialization experiences and socializing agents influence teachers' perceptions and behaviors in relation to bullying, and (b) teachers have developed strategies to address bullying but also experience significant challenges. <b>Discussion:</b> The current study suggests that while enrolled in a physical education teacher education program, preservice teachers should be provided greater knowledge about and strategies for addressing bullying. In-service teachers are encouraged to pursue professional development that increases their self-efficacy in managing bullying.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"625-634"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139503295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}