Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco, Francesco Dotta, Guido Sebastiani
{"title":"Leveraging circulating microRNAs for personalized disease-modifying therapies in type 1 diabetes.","authors":"Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco, Francesco Dotta, Guido Sebastiani","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2563498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17410541.2025.2563498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease marked by the progressive immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. The clinical management of T1D is complicated by its heterogeneity and the variability in individual responses to treatment. Personalized medicine has emerged as a promising strategy to address these challenges by tailoring interventions to individual patient profiles. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) - small, non-coding RNAs found in bodily fluids - represent potential biomarkers across various diseases, including T1D. This review examines the role of circulating miRNAs in advancing personalized medicine for T1D, emphasizing on their application in the response prediction of innovative therapeutic strategies. We discuss key miRNAs -detectable in blood plasma- implicated in modulating immune responses and beta-cell function and associated with patient-specific differences in disease onset, progression, and therapeutic responses, underscoring their potential in refining treatment strategies. We explore how miRNA signatures can enhance clinical decision-making by predicting disease progression, assessing susceptibility to complications, and monitoring responses to newly proposed therapies, thus leveraging these more precise and individualized treatment regimens, improving the effectiveness and outcomes of T1D management. The integration of circulating miRNAs into personalized treatment frameworks represents a transformative opportunity to advance T1D care and improve patients' outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating ethical problems of commercialization: towards inclusive organoid research.","authors":"Manon van Daal, Karin R Jongsma","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2564622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17410541.2025.2564622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organoids are three-dimensional, self-organizing cell structures grown from human biospecimens that allow researchers to study development, disease, and drug responses. Organoid technology holds promise for precision medicine, as it can tailor therapies to specific individuals. Including diverse groups within organoid research is essential to collect representative data for the development of treatments for all populations and to reduce health disparities. Commercial parties are increasingly involved in organoid research. The involvement of such parties can negatively affect the ways in which underrepresented groups are included and recruited and can affect their willingness to donate their biospecimen. In this paper, we argue that commercial involvement in organoid research poses three problems that can hinder the equal representation of groups or the equitable access to treatments derived from organoid research. First, commercially driven organoid research presents challenges to the informed consent process. Second, commercial involvement can undermine trust among underrepresented groups and reduce their willingness to donate biospecimens. Third, benefit sharing becomes ethically more complex when profits are generated and underrepresented groups are involved. Therefore, researchers and commercial parties should actively address these challenges by (re)establishing trust, using transparent and inclusive communication, ensuring ongoing reciprocity, and uphold shared responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Enrique Tiongco, Roselle Arbas, Ana Caguiat, Eliezer John Castro, Kristin Chernelle Dela Cruz, Michael John Dominguez, Ma Agatha Anne Guintu, Julie Ann Mercado, Johana Vallo
{"title":"Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene and antidepressant response in depression: an updated meta-analysis.","authors":"Raphael Enrique Tiongco, Roselle Arbas, Ana Caguiat, Eliezer John Castro, Kristin Chernelle Dela Cruz, Michael John Dominguez, Ma Agatha Anne Guintu, Julie Ann Mercado, Johana Vallo","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2544352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17410541.2025.2544352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The <i>Val66Met</i> polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene has been linked to antidepressant treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), yet findings remain inconclusive. This updated meta-analysis aimed to clarify this association and explore subgroup effects based on antidepressant class and treatment duration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted through 27 December 2024. Studies were included if they assessed <i>BDNF rs6265</i> genotypes and antidepressant response in MDD. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Review Manager 5.4 under four genotypic models. Study quality was assessed using the Clark-Baudouin scale, and sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen studies with 19 datasets were included in the meta-analysis. The overall outcomes indicated no association between the polymorphism and treatment response to antidepressants. Upon removal of outlier studies and studies that deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, significant and homogenous associations were noted with a strong relationship among East Asians treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The <i>Met</i> allele may predict favorable antidepressant response in SSRI-treated East Asian patients. Limitations include small sample sizes, moderate study quality, and limited ethnic diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144796582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Personalized medicinePub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2025.2515002
Riya Mohan, Margaux Reckelbus, Pascal Borry
{"title":"Regional disparities in access to gene therapies in the European Union, the United States, Japan, and China.","authors":"Riya Mohan, Margaux Reckelbus, Pascal Borry","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2515002","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2515002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the regional differences in approved gene therapies, clinical trial development, and regulatory frameworks is crucial for ensuring equitable access and addressing justice issues in advanced therapeutics. This review aimed to evaluate the differences between the US, the EU, Japan, and China and offer policy recommendations to promote harmonization between these countries and regions. Gene therapy approvals show significant regional disparities, with the US leading with 23 approved therapies, followed by the EU with 16. Few products are accessible worldwide reflecting challenges in obtaining cross-border approvals. Moreover, access is uneven within regions like the EU, with high-income countries having better accessibility. High costs and complex reimbursement processes exacerbate these issues, with some products being withdrawn from the market due to pricing disputes. Regulatory differences, such as differing data needs, further delay access in countries, like Japan, where gene therapy products are unavailable until years after a product is ready for approval. Clinical trial activity mirrors these disparities, with China's growing number of trials potentially reshaping the landscape. Harmonizing regulations across regions could streamline the approval process for therapies, making them more efficient and reducing disparities. Furthermore, key solutions include incentivizing cost reductions, adopting innovative payment models, and aligning evidence/reimbursement requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"267-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Personalized medicinePub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-13DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2025.2531737
Francisco Cezar Aquino de Moraes, Gustavo Tadeu Freitas Uchôa Matheus, Maria Eduarda Cavalcanti Souza, Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano
{"title":"Gastric cancer risk and BRCA1/2 mutations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Francisco Cezar Aquino de Moraes, Gustavo Tadeu Freitas Uchôa Matheus, Maria Eduarda Cavalcanti Souza, Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2531737","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2531737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gastric cancer is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease, primarily sporadic, with only 1-3% of cases being hereditary. However, gastric cancer is a component of several hereditary cancer syndromes. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes encode key DNA repair proteins involved in homologous recombination. Studies suggest a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant studies. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using DerSimonian and Laird random-effect models. Heterogeneity was assessed via I<sup>2</sup> statistics. Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.2.3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen studies with 160,551 patients were included, of whom 25,934 had BRCA1/2 mutations (BRCA1: 14322; BRCA2: 11612). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were significantly associated with increased gastric cancer risk (RR 2.30; 95% CI: 1.33-3.97; <i>p</i> = 0.003; I<sup>2</sup> = 82% and RR 2.45; 95% CI: 1.82-3.28; <i>p</i> < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup> = 25%). Among the gastric cancer patients, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were associated with RRs of 3.02 (<i>p</i> = 0.101; I<sup>2</sup> = 65%) and 4.86 (<i>p</i> < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This meta-analysis suggests that BRCA1/2 mutation carriers have a higher risk of developing gastric cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"245-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144628310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Personalized medicinePub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2025.2515003
Elizabeth Charnysh, Sarah McCain, Alexandra Truhlar, Subhamoy Pal, Jonathan M Reader, Kunal Sanghavi, Wendy R Uhlmann, Katherine Hendy, Amy Leader, Drew Blasco, Anya E R Prince, William Gregory Feero, Rachael Brandt, Veda N Giri, Charles Lee, J Scott Roberts
{"title":"Perceived understanding and psychosocial outcomes: employees' responses to learning results of workplace genetic testing.","authors":"Elizabeth Charnysh, Sarah McCain, Alexandra Truhlar, Subhamoy Pal, Jonathan M Reader, Kunal Sanghavi, Wendy R Uhlmann, Katherine Hendy, Amy Leader, Drew Blasco, Anya E R Prince, William Gregory Feero, Rachael Brandt, Veda N Giri, Charles Lee, J Scott Roberts","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2515003","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2515003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study explored employees' understanding of, and psychosocial responses to, workplace genetic testing (wGT) results.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Employees of a US healthcare system who underwent wGT (hereditary cancer/heart disease risk, pharmacogenomics) and received results were surveyed. We ascertained pretest education engagement, test understanding, and psychosocial responses. Regression analyses identified predictors of scores on a modified Feelings About genomiC Test Results questionnaire (positive feelings, negative emotions, and uncertainty after wGT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>N</i> = 418 employees (mean age = 44 years; 88.3% female; 80.6% white) completed the survey. Mean scores (out of 12; higher scores indicate a greater extent of each feeling) were 5.2 (SD = 2.9) for positive feelings, 1.2 (SD = 2.2) for negative emotions, and 2.0 (SD = 2.5) for uncertainty. Identifying as non-Hispanic African American/Black and receiving increased risk (cancer/heart disease) wGT results were associated with lower positive feelings and higher negative emotions and uncertainty scores (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). Open-ended responses indicated difficulty interpreting, recalling, and utilizing results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>wGT was associated with low levels of measured psychosocial harm among participants. However, results suggested a greater likelihood of negative psychosocial responses among those with increased risk of cancer/heart disease and non-Hispanic African American/Black employees. Future studies should explore strategies to ensure all employees undergoing wGT have educational and psychosocial support.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"211-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144268294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Personalized medicinePub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2025.2515000
Bao-Lam Pham, Brigitte N Durieux, Amanda Bianco, Corinne Cécyre-Chartrand, Elena Guadagno, Amalia M Issa, Dan Poenaru
{"title":"Clarifying a working definition for 'precision communication': a scoping review of medical literature on communication.","authors":"Bao-Lam Pham, Brigitte N Durieux, Amanda Bianco, Corinne Cécyre-Chartrand, Elena Guadagno, Amalia M Issa, Dan Poenaru","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2515000","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2515000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>While \"tailored communication\" and \"precision medicine\" have been well-defined in medical literature, the concept of \"precision communication\" in healthcare has yet to be clarified. We sought to review how \"precision communication\" has been used in the medical literature to date and propose a working definition for this term.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>We searched seven medical literature databases from inception until 22 May 2024, for articles using terms related to \"precision communication.\" Multiple reviewers screened titles/abstracts and full-texts; an initial pool of full-text articles underwent thematic analysis to clarify relevant themes for inclusion. Data regarding the use of the term \"precision communication\" were manually charted and analyzed descriptively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 7,648 articles identified, 21 full-text articles were included in the final descriptive analysis. These articles highlighted the personalization of tailored communication to patient characteristics, its impact on clinical outcomes, and the recipients of \"precision communication.\" The latter may distinguish \"precision communication\" from similar terms: where \"tailored communication\" was mostly applied to undefined groups, we propose that \"precision communication\" is precise toward specific patient subpopulations, paralleling the use of genomics in precision medicine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>From this review, we defined precision communication as \"the personalization of communication to subpopulations.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"257-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of miRNA gene polymorphisms on prostate cancer susceptibility: a case-control study and an updated meta-analysis.","authors":"Sourabh Sharma, Rahul Gupta, Jyotdeep Kour Raina, Shivalika Loona, Tanishq Kour, Parvinder Kumar, Rakesh Kumar Panjaliya","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2530924","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2530924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men. Due to their potential functional significance, microRNA genes are considered promising candidates for identifying cancer-related genetic biomarkers. This study investigates the association between microRNA-196a2 (rs11614913), microRNA-146a (rs2910164), and microRNA-149 (rs2292832) and the risk of prostate cancer among males in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 320 male participants were recruited from various areas of the Jammu region, including 120 confirmed cases and 200 unrelated healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP, and the results were validated through Sanger sequencing. Additionally, a meta-analysis was also conducted to validate the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study found a significant association between microRNA-196a2 and the risk of developing prostate cancer (CaP) in our population, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.62 and a p-value of 0.05. In contrast, we observed no significant associations for microRNA-146 (rs2910164) and microRNA-149 (rs2292832). Additionally, a meta-analysis of microRNA-146a also confirmed its lack of association with prostate cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MicroRNA-196a2 gene polymorphism is linked to a higher risk of prostate cancer (CaP), while microRNA-146 and microRNA-149 did not show an association with CaP.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"235-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Personalized medicinePub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2025.2532361
Afeez A Soladoye, David B Olawade, Adebimpe O Esan, Nicholas Aderinto, Bolaji A Omodunbi, Ibrahim A Adeyanju, Stergios Boussios
{"title":"Enhancing Parkinson's disease prediction using meta-heuristic optimized machine learning models.","authors":"Afeez A Soladoye, David B Olawade, Adebimpe O Esan, Nicholas Aderinto, Bolaji A Omodunbi, Ibrahim A Adeyanju, Stergios Boussios","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2532361","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2532361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder affecting movement and cognition. Early detection is crucial but challenging with traditional methods. This study applies meta-heuristic optimization to enhance machine learning prediction models. A Parkinson's dataset with demographic, lifestyle, medical, clinical, and cognitive features was analyzed using three feature selection techniques: Whale Optimization Algorithm, Artificial Bee Colony Optimization, and Backward Elimination (BE). Random Forest (RF) models were optimized using Artificial Ant Colony Optimization for hyperparameter tuning. The optimized RF model with BE achieved 93% accuracy and 97% AUC, outperforming K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, Logistic Regression, XGBoost, and Stacked Ensemble models. Optimization reduced tuning time from 133 to 18 minutes. A comparison with traditional approaches and negative controls validated the results, though clinical validation remains essential before deployment. Meta-heuristic optimization significantly improves Parkinson's prediction performance and efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"223-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An evidence gap map of the personalized medicine in bladder cancer.","authors":"Hadi Mostafaei, Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr, Fatemeh Sadeghi Ghyassi, Helia Mostafaei, Sakineh Hajebrahimi, Shahrokh Shariat","doi":"10.1080/17410541.2025.2530918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17410541.2025.2530918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aims to develop an Evidence Gap Map (EGM) to summarize the current evidence cited in personalized medicine (PM) in bladder cancer, focusing on systematic reviews and high-level evidence syntheses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The review involved a comprehensive search in databases up to June 2024, and involved a two-phase analysis, using data from PubMed for scientometric analysis and R Studio with the Biblioshiny tool for co-occurring word network analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After filtering out irrelevant articles, the selection was narrowed to 3,705 items. The most frequently occurring words were aged, middle-aged, animals, cell lines, tumor, prognosis, gene expression, and mice. The study identified gaps and under-researched categories in PM and bladder cancer research, with Immunotherapy, Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant Therapy, and Gene Therapy being the most researched areas. The evidence map revealed a predominance of low or moderate quality evidence in most domains of PM in bladder cancer, particularly within clinical trials for immunotherapy and biomarker.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The field of PM in bladder cancer requires robust research methodologies and interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome challenges. By improving study design and data quality, the field can translate scientific discoveries into clinical innovations, utilizing molecular profiling and targeted therapies to enhance treatment strategies and improve outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94167,"journal":{"name":"Personalized medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144610702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}