Susan Andersen PhD, Henrik Steen Andersen MedSc, Hannah Ahrensberg MSc, Ioana Lazar MSc, Tine Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, Nanna Gram Ahlmark PhD
{"title":"Effects of hands-on mind-body therapy on posttraumatic stress disorder among Danish military veterans: A randomized clinical trial","authors":"Susan Andersen PhD, Henrik Steen Andersen MedSc, Hannah Ahrensberg MSc, Ioana Lazar MSc, Tine Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, Nanna Gram Ahlmark PhD","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.52","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.52","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects many military veterans. Given limited success of and barriers to conventional treatments, increasing interest is being paid to mind-body therapy approaches. However, little evidence exists on whether these have the potential to treat traumatic stress. The aim of this study was to compare 6 months of hands-on mind-body therapy as an add-on to treatment as usual (TAU) with TAU alone. Participants with PTSD resulting from active military service were randomly assigned to the intervention group or treatment-as-usual (TAU) group. The intervention group received 24 hands-on manipulative mind-body therapy sessions during 6 months as add-on to TAU. The primary outcome was the PTSD Checklist-Military version (PCL-M) at 6 months (postintervention). Outcome measurements were obtained at four time points; baseline, 3 months (midway), 6 months (postintervention), and 12 months (follow-up). Intention-to-treat analysis was done masked to allocation. A total of 42 participants were randomized (22 control, 20 intervention). In the intervention group, two discontinued the mind-body therapy. At postintervention, participants who had received mind-body treatment demonstrated greater reduction in PTSD severity (PCL-M scores between-group mean difference: −11.1, 95% CI −17.9 to −4.2, <i>p</i> = 0.002, effect size <i>d</i> = 1.06). At follow-up, PCL-M scores were not statistically significant between groups (between-group difference: −4.65, 95% CI −11.8 to 1.50). Post hoc analysis showed that number of participants remitting from PTSD from baseline to follow-up was 25% in the intervention group and 0% in the control group. Our study showed that hands-on mind-body therapy over 6 months produced clinically significant decrease in PTSD symptoms. The large reduction in symptoms was not maintained 6 months after the intervention period. Further research on mind-body therapy as adjunctive PTSD treatment is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140488904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grace E. Rowland, Juliann B. Purcell, Lauren A. M. Lebois, Milissa L. Kaufman, Nathaniel G. Harnett
{"title":"Child sexual abuse versus adult sexual assault: A review of psychological and neurobiological sequelae","authors":"Grace E. Rowland, Juliann B. Purcell, Lauren A. M. Lebois, Milissa L. Kaufman, Nathaniel G. Harnett","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.51","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sexual trauma (ST) occurs with alarming frequency in the United States in the form of both childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adulthood sexual assault (ASA). It is well established that the effects of ST are pervasive and that ST can be a risk factor for the development of several psychiatric disorders. However, the potential for distinct psychological consequences or neural correlates between CSA and ASA has received little attention. Furthermore, despite the high prevalence of sexual revictimization, the combinatorial effects of CSA and ASA are understudied in comparison to each form of ST on its own. In the current review, we present results from both clinical psychology and neuroscience research on the impacts of CSA and ASA, describing major psychological, biopsychosocial, and neuroimaging findings for each form of ST. We further highlight limitations in the current state of the research and needed areas of future research to better understand the distinct, overlapping, and cumulative effects of ST in both childhood and adulthood. The present study summarizes the state of the literature on this critical form of trauma and provides recommendations for future clinical research practices to mitigate the deleterious outcomes of ST.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139534648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dennis B. Daliri MD, Gifty A. Aninanya PhD, Timothy T. Laari RN, MPhil, Nancy Abagye BSc, Richard Dei-Asamoa MD, MPhil, MSc, Richard A. Afaya PhD candidate, Agani Afaya PhD
{"title":"Exploring the motivations of mental health service utilization among family caregivers in Bolgatanga, Upper East Region, Ghana","authors":"Dennis B. Daliri MD, Gifty A. Aninanya PhD, Timothy T. Laari RN, MPhil, Nancy Abagye BSc, Richard Dei-Asamoa MD, MPhil, MSc, Richard A. Afaya PhD candidate, Agani Afaya PhD","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.50","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Family caregivers' role in sending their mentally ill relatives to the mental health service (MHS) has been vital in the era of community mental healthcare. They are the determinants of where mentally ill relatives are sent for care. There is currently no evidence about the motivators of MHS use among these major stakeholders in the Bolgatanga municipality. This study, therefore, sought to explore the perceived utilization and the motivating factors for the utilization of MHS in the Bolgatanga municipality. A descriptive qualitative study design was employed to conduct the study in two health facilities (Presbyterian Psychiatric Hospital and the Upper East Regional Hospital). A semi-structured interview guide was used to conduct in-depth interviews among 19 purposively sampled participants consisting of 15 family caregivers of mentally ill relatives, two MHS providers, and two MHS administrators. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Two main themes emerged including perceived utilization of MHS by family caregivers and motivating factors for the utilization of MHS. The study showed that most participants sought MHS for their mentally ill relatives. The study further identified multilevel factors such as individual factors, interpersonal factors, organizational factors, and policy-level factors that motivated the utilization of MHS in the Bolgatanga municipality. There is a need to embark on activities that will further strengthen the factors that have been identified as motivators to encourage the continuous utilization of MHS in the municipality.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamie M. Gajos, Jason A. Oliver, Emily T. Hébert, Scott T. Walters, Michael S. Businelle
{"title":"Does the relationship between affect and social interactions among adults experiencing homelessness differ during moments when at a shelter versus not?","authors":"Jamie M. Gajos, Jason A. Oliver, Emily T. Hébert, Scott T. Walters, Michael S. Businelle","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.47","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The prevalence of alcohol-use disorders is higher amongst adults experiencing homelessness (AEH) compared with domiciled adults. Greater exposure to heavy drinkers increases personal risk for heavy alcohol use. AEH spend substantial periods of time at shelters and report greater pressure to use alcohol when near shelter locations, as well as greater negative affect when near a shelter. It is unclear if the relationship between affect and (1) interacting with people and (2) being near someone AEH drank alcohol with before differs when AEH are at a shelter versus not. AEH reporting alcohol misuse (<i>n</i> = 72, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 47, 85% male, 68% non-White) completed five daily smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments over 28 days. Generalized multilevel modeling revealed that when AEH were interacting with someone they drank with before, they had significantly lower positive affect when at a shelter (<i>b</i> = −0.17, <i>p</i> = 0.05) versus when not (<i>b</i> = 0.00, <i>p</i> = 0.99). AEH are likely to interact with previous drinking partners while at shelters. It may be important to deliver real-time treatment messages targeting affect in these moments, as well as deliver alcohol reduction/abstinence messages.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.47","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mia Harada-Laszlo, Anahita Talwar, Oliver J. Robinson, Alexandra C. Pike
{"title":"A series of unfortunate events: Do those who catastrophize learn more after negative outcomes?","authors":"Mia Harada-Laszlo, Anahita Talwar, Oliver J. Robinson, Alexandra C. Pike","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.49","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Catastrophizing is a transdiagnostic construct that has been suggested to precipitate and maintain a multiplicity of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the underlying cognitive mechanisms that result in catastrophizing are unknown. Relating reinforcement learning model parameters to catastrophizing may allow us to further understand the process of catastrophizing. Using a modified four-armed bandit task, we aimed to investigate the relationship between reinforcement learning parameters and self-report catastrophizing questionnaire scores to gain a mechanistic understanding of how catastrophizing may alter learning. We recruited 211 participants to complete a computerized four-armed bandit task and tested the fit of six reinforcement learning models on our data, including two novel models which both incorporated a scaling factor related to a <i>history of negative outcomes</i> variable. We investigated the relationship between self-report catastrophizing scores and free parameters from the overall best-fitting model, along with the best-fitting model to include <i>history</i>, using Pearson's correlations. Subsequently, we reassessed these relationships using multiple regression analyses to evaluate whether any observed relationships were altered when relevant IQ and mental health covariates were applied. Model-agnostic analyses indicated there were effects of outcome history on reaction time and accuracy, and that the effects on accuracy related to catastrophizing. The overall model of best fit was the Standard Rescorla–Wagner Model and the best-fitting model to include <i>history</i> was a model in which learning rate was scaled by history of negative outcome. We found no effect of catastrophizing on the scaling by history of negative outcome parameter (<i>r</i> = 0.003, <i>p</i> = 0.679), the learning rate parameter (<i>r</i> = 0.026, <i>p</i> = 0.703), or the inverse temperature parameter (<i>r</i> = 0.086, <i>p</i> = 0.220). We were unable to relate catastrophizing to any of the reinforcement learning parameters we investigated. This implies that catastrophizing is not straightforwardly linked to any changes to learning after a series of negative outcomes are received. Future research could incorporate further exploration of the space of models which include a <i>history</i> parameter.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"73-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felipe Saceanu Leser, Mirella Araújo Ribeiro, Lucas Dalsente Romano da Silva, Renato Garcia Domingues, Tiago Fleming Outeiro, Kevin Boyé, Eduardo Coelho Cerqueira, Fabiano Lacerda Carvalho, Phelippe do Carmo Gonçalves
{"title":"The relationship between anxiety and COVID-19-associated isolation and lifestyle changes in the university community as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","authors":"Felipe Saceanu Leser, Mirella Araújo Ribeiro, Lucas Dalsente Romano da Silva, Renato Garcia Domingues, Tiago Fleming Outeiro, Kevin Boyé, Eduardo Coelho Cerqueira, Fabiano Lacerda Carvalho, Phelippe do Carmo Gonçalves","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.48","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2020, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak emerged as a public health emergency. Three years later, we are still assessing the effects caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and by the lifestyle changes due to prevention measures, like social isolation. Here, we assessed the profile of both the anxiety screening scores and anthropometric variables in the university community, associated with the isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed social and epidemiological associated factors for anxiety and weight change to address and better identify the physical and mental conditions aggravated during the pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study based on the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale questionnaire applied virtually to university students and professors in the State of Rio de Janeiro (<i>n</i> = 480). In our population cohort, we showed that the majority of individuals showed moderate to severe anxiety and increased body weight during the COVID-19 pandemic. The major demographic associated factors for higher anxiety levels were young age, female gender, and low family income. The main modifiable associated factors for both anxiety and weight gain were the negative changes in living habits. In addition, there was a trend toward severe anxiety and greater weight change in people with increased time in social isolation. In view of these results, we suggest that bad habits, adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic, were the main reason for the high anxiety levels found in the studied population.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.48","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mayke Janssens, Jannes Eshuis, Eline Heilijgers, Nele Jacobs, Karin Hediger, Johan Lataster, Sanne Peeters
{"title":"Animal impact in real-life: Study protocol for an ecological momentary assessment study on the role of animal characteristics in the relationship between companion animals and mental wellbeing","authors":"Mayke Janssens, Jannes Eshuis, Eline Heilijgers, Nele Jacobs, Karin Hediger, Johan Lataster, Sanne Peeters","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.40","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.40","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The contribution of companion animals to human mental wellbeing has received an increasing amount of scientific interest. Research findings concerning the nature of this relationship are however mixed. Variability in behavior and characteristics of the animal might explain this heterogeneity. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the association between companion animals and mental wellbeing in daily life and the role that animal characteristics play in this association, using an ecological momentary assessment approach. The sample will comprise of adult owners of a dog and/or a cat. Participants will start with a baseline assessment including demographic characteristics of the owner and the animal, as well as the C-BARQ or Fe-BARQ to assess general behavior of the animal. After the baseline assessment, a signal-contingent scheme with semi-random intervals will be used to examine human–animal interaction (HAI) in the natural setting of pet-owners' daily lives. Participants will complete up to ten short assessments per day over the course of 5 days, reporting on the presence of-, interaction with-, and behavior of the companion animal. They also report on stressful activities and events, and on their current positive and negative affect. Multilevel regression analysis will be used to investigate the relationship between HAI, animal characteristics and mental wellbeing. With this study we hope to provide insight into the type of animal, behavior of the animal and specific elements of interaction with an animal, and their potential associations with human wellbeing. The knowledge gathered in this study will add to unraveling mechanisms underlying HAI and help to identify in which contexts and under what conditions HAI can have the greatest impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"50-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.40","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139267390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Calissano, Alistair Thompson, Janet Treasure, Valentina Cardi, Thomas Ward
{"title":"A systematic review of social rank perception and contribution to eating disorder psychopathology in individuals with eating disorders","authors":"Chiara Calissano, Alistair Thompson, Janet Treasure, Valentina Cardi, Thomas Ward","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.45","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.45","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Social rank theory states that achieving enhanced social rank is an essential biosocial goal for human beings, with individuals considering themselves to be high or low social rank on the basis of how they perceive that others view them. High social rank is associated with assertiveness, competence, and talent, whereas low social rank is associated with feelings of defeat and inferiority and submissive behavior. This theory has been applied to understand the etiology and psychopathology of eating disorders (EDs). The objective of this narrative systematic review was to summarize existing literature exploring perceptions of social rank and related constructs (e.g., submissiveness and inferiority) in EDs, to shed light on how individuals with EDs perceive their social rank, and to examine the relationship between perceived social rank and ED psychopathology. A systematic search of cross-sectional or longitudinal studies involving a clinical sample of individuals with EDs and using a validated measure of social rank or a related construct was conducted for studies published up to September 12, 2023 (PROSPERO, CRD42021227028). Five databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed) were systematically searched. Altogether, 1106 studies were included in the title and abstract screening. Seventeen studies (13 cross-sectional, 3 prospective cohort studies, and 1 ecological momentary assessment study) were included in the analysis and data extraction. The methodological quality of the studies was rated as generally <i>good</i>. There was evidence that individuals with EDs perceive their social rank as lower compared with healthy controls (<i>N</i> = 5 studies) and present features indicative of perceptions of low social rank (<i>N</i> = 9 studies). The perception of being of low social rank was significantly associated with more severe ED psychopathology (<i>N</i> = 10 studies). The findings of the review are discussed alongside limitations, implications for treatment models, and directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"27-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.45","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kiera Goerke, Ashley H. Ng, Gina L. Trakman, Adrienne Forsyth
{"title":"The influence of social media on the dietary behaviors of young Australian adults: A mixed methods exploration","authors":"Kiera Goerke, Ashley H. Ng, Gina L. Trakman, Adrienne Forsyth","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.46","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.46","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aims of this study were to (1) determine the impact of social media use on the dietary behaviors of young Australian adults, (2) explore the relationship between social media use and wellbeing, and (3) determine how social media influences dietary behaviors. Young Australian adults (18–25 years) were recruited by social media to complete an anonymous online survey (<i>n</i> = 107) and follow-up focus groups (<i>n</i> = 5). The cross-sectional survey collected demographic data, WHO-5 Wellbeing scores, and information about social media use and its impact on dietary behaviors. Focus groups explored salient findings in more detail. Participants altered their dietary habits due to social media (51%) and were inspired to make healthy choices they saw modeled (71%). However, participants who spent more time on social media had lower WHO-5 Wellbeing scores and were more likely to report social media had not had a positive impact on their diet (<i>H</i> = 10.38, <i>p</i> = 0.02, <i>df</i> = 3). Focus groups revealed that social media influenced attitudes, not behaviors; young adults trust credible social media creators; and food and nutrition literacy serve as a shield against misinformation. Further studies are needed to explore longitudinal impacts of social media use on wellbeing and dietary behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.46","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135391094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catha edulis (khat) use and demographic correlates of schizophrenia: Case-control study","authors":"Abraha Gosh Woldemariam, Gloria Thupayagale-Tshweneagae","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.44","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mhs2.44","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Use of <i>Catha edulis</i> is common among people living with schizophrenia. However, as is the case for most developing countries, the association of <i>Catha edulis</i> use and demographic variables to schizophrenia are not fully understood in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine <i>Catha edulis</i> use and demographic correlates of schizophrenia. Retrospective case-control study was conducted on 37 schizophrenia patients and 103 non schizophrenia patients. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured and pretested questionnaire. Associations between variable were determined using Mantel-Haenszel and Fisher's exact test. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to see the strength of association at 0.05 levels of significance. Findings of the present study show that age 18 to 30 years old (OR = 2.6; <i>p</i> = 0.020), being single (OR = 4.25; <i>p</i> = 0.001), unemployment (OR = 3.82; <i>p</i> = 0.001) and <i>Catha edulis</i> usage (OR = 3.89; <i>p</i> = 0.001) were significantly correlated to schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"2 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135726677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}