Mental health science最新文献

{"title":"Toward Cultural Validation of the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale in Karnataka, India: Psychometric Testing Among 13–17-Year Olds","authors":"Amy Palmer,&nbsp;Daryl B. O'Connor,&nbsp;N. Janardhana,&nbsp;Prachi Khandeparkar,&nbsp;Poornima Bhola,&nbsp;Sphoorthi Prabhu,&nbsp;Krupa A. L.,&nbsp;Mutharaju Arelingaiah,&nbsp;Jayalaxmi K. P.,&nbsp;Ritwika Nag,&nbsp;Siobhan Hugh-Jones","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Improving youth mental health is a national priority in India, especially given the very high rates of youth suicide. Yet, mental health prevalence data in India are often incomplete. More culturally validated mental health measures are needed to inform prevention and intervention work. The Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-47) is a widely used measure of mental health globally, including in India, but it is yet to be culturally validated there. This study presents the second stage (of two) of the cultural validation of the RCADS-47 in a sample of Indian adolescents (<i>n</i> = 332; <i>M</i>age = 14.81 years). Participants completed a revised version of the RCADS-47 (K-RCADS), alongside comparative measures. Psychometric testing for convergent and discriminant validity, alongside factor analysis, was conducted. The K-RCADS had good psychometric properties; high internal reliability (<i>α</i> = 0.89) and good construct validity when compared to measures of similar constructs (<i>r</i> = 0.51–0.69). Support was found for five of the six original RCADS factors. Findings suggest confidence in the rephrased RCADS-47 ability to identify symptoms of anxiety and depression among Indian adolescents, alongside highlighting the importance of culturally validating measures of mental health. Further research in this validation is also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Cultural Differences on Affective, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Measures: Evidence From a British-Chinese Comparison","authors":"Boyin Feng,&nbsp;Rosanna Sheehan,&nbsp;Priyanka Utama,&nbsp;Yixuan Wang,&nbsp;Jiamin Bao,&nbsp;Oliver J. Robinson,&nbsp;Yinyin Zang,&nbsp;Christina O. Carlisi","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Individuals worldwide share basic affective and cognitive abilities, and receive mental health diagnoses using similar scales. However, these measures have been predominantly developed and validated in Western contexts. Here, we compared British (<i>N</i> = 187; age 19–73 years) and Chinese participants (<i>N</i> = 194; age 19–60 years) on behavioral tasks of facial emotion recognition and sustained attention, evaluating affect and cognition, as well as mental health measures of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and impulsivity. Comparing British and Chinese populations is particularly important as they represent distinct cultural traditions in emotional expression, cognitive processing, and mental health conceptualization. We found that British participants were significantly better at recognizing emotions, especially negative ones; while Chinese participants showed higher obsessive-compulsive symptoms, driven primarily by the number-meaning item, the tendency to assign significance to numerical information. The groups showed negligible differences in sustained attention and other mental health measures. This study provides novel evidence that culture has a greater influence on affective abilities than cognitive ones, and highlights concerns about cultural biases in established mental health scales. However, these findings may not generalize beyond British and Chinese populations, which calls for broader cross-cultural research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Promise and Imperative for School Behavioral Health Research to Promote Youth Mental Health Parity","authors":"Katherine A. Perkins","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In response to the call for a research agenda to eliminate youth mental health disparities, this paper presents a purposive review of five areas of promise and concern for the amelioration of disparities in school settings: (1) mental health stigma, (2) behavioral health screening and referral disparities, (3) behavioral health treatment and outcome disparities, (4) socially and culturally responsive practices, and (5) alternatives to disparity-reproducing school discipline and carceral behavioral health systems. Each topic is placed in context with current advances in the study of multitiered systems of support (MTSS) frameworks, particularly the Interconnected Systems Framework (ISF) for integrating behavioral health personnel, expertise, and practice in schools, emphasizing the enormous opportunity and importance of school-based behavioral health systems research for youth mental health parity. Three approaches to research are highlighted with rationale for their likelihood to contribute to both youth mental health parity and to mutually beneficial research production, use, and participation in communities: Community-partnered research (such as community-based participatory research), research–practice partnerships, and research–policy partnerships. Recommendations are made for congruent research, training, and funding structures necessitated by these high impact approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Depression, Parental Reflective Functioning, and Emotional Responses to Infant Crying: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Christine Firk","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maternal depressive symptoms are highly prevalent postpartum and have been shown to negatively impact maternal caregiving. The emotional response to infant crying has been shown to predict individual differences in the quality of caregiving behavior. Parental reflective functioning, that is, the ability to understand and reflect on the infant's mental states, may aid in understanding infant distress signals and thereby also regulating negative emotions in response to infant crying. Therefore, the first aim of the current study was to investigate differences in emotional responses to infant crying and parental reflective functioning in mothers with clinically relevant symptoms of depression compared to mothers without clinically relevant symptoms of depression and second to test whether an association between depressive symptoms and emotional responses to infant crying is mediated by parental reflective functioning. Mothers with infants between 1 and 12 months of age who participated in an online survey about the developing parent−infant relationship in Germany were included in the present study. Depressive symptoms, parental reflective functioning, and emotional responses to infant crying were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ), and the My Emotions Questionnaire. A total of 25.1% (<i>n</i> = 148) of mothers reported clinically relevant depressive symptoms, whereas 74.9% (<i>n</i> = 441) reported no or only mild symptoms. Mothers with clinically relevant depressive symptoms showed increased emotional reactivity to infant crying and less optimal parental reflective functioning compared to mothers without clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Further, the association between maternal depressive symptoms and negative emotional responses like anxiety and frustration in response to infant crying was partly mediated by dimensions of parental reflective functioning. The findings indicate that the incorporation of parental reflective functioning in early parenting programs, particularly for mothers experiencing depressive symptoms or at risk for depression, may be a critical factor in promoting sensitive caregiving.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Burnout in the General Population of France: Comparing the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory","authors":"Lucia Romo,&nbsp;Oulmann Zerhouni,&nbsp;Stéphanie Nann,&nbsp;Erwan Rebuffe,&nbsp;Samantha Tessier,&nbsp;Chloé Touzé,&nbsp;Laurent Cruchet,&nbsp;Clément Duret","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.97","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Burnout is an occupational phenomenon that arises from the unsuccessful management of chronic job stress. Accurate measures of burnout are vital for the implementation of effective interventions. However, existing tools, such as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), have demonstrated variability in their assessments. This study aims to compare the MBI and CBI to determine which tool provides a more reliable and comprehensive measure of burnout in the general population of France. The secondary objective was to identify key predictors of work exhaustion in the general population. Residents of mainland France participated in an online anonymous survey that collected data on their demographic and job-related characteristics, including job satisfaction and work exhaustion. The data collected were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression analyses. Emotional exhaustion (in the MBI) was strongly associated with work exhaustion and personal, work-related and client-related burnout dimensions of the CBI. Correlations of participants' perceptions of work exhaustion with the CBI, MBI, and their dimensions showed a stronger correlation with CBI (<i>r</i> = 0.408 vs. 0.296; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that emotional exhaustion (MBI) and personal burnout (CBI) were significant predictors of work exhaustion, while depersonalization (MBI) was negatively associated, highlighting the distinct contributions of MBI and CBI in assessing burnout. This study provides valuable insights into the complex relationships among the MBI, CBI, and work exhaustion and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to better understand and address the phenomenon of burnout.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Bipolar Disorder Worked With in NHS Talking Therapies, and What Are the Views of Staff and Service Users? Results From a Linked Staff and Service User Survey and Freedom of Information Request","authors":"Thomas Richardson,&nbsp;Kim Wright,&nbsp;Rebecca Strawbridge,&nbsp;Jon Wheatley,&nbsp;YeeHin Chong","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 <p>CBT is effective for Bipolar Disorder (BD), however there is often poor access. Despite IAPT-SMI pilot sites, there has been no roll out of CBT for BD in NHS Talking Therapies Services. This study aimed to examine the extent to which BD is seen in these services. A survey was conducted of 147 service users with BD and 106 staff. A freedom of information request was also responded to by 48 NHS trusts. Forty-nine percent of those with BD had tried to access NHS Talking Therapies, with this being before a formal diagnosis for 42% of those who had tried to access. 29% were told that they could not be worked with as they had BD. Main reasons for referral were depression followed by anxiety disorders and PTSD. Staff surveys and FOI requests showed that relapse prevention work was rarely conducted with BD though comorbid conditions in particular anxiety and PTSD were often treated. BD was rarely routinely screened for, and staff were rarely trained about working with BD specifically. FOI requests showed that a formal BD diagnosis made up only 0.2% of overall referrals, with those with BD being significantly more likely to be discharged after an initial assessment (OR = 4.69). There are few people with a formal BD diagnosis seen within NHS Talking Therapies services, however, increased screening may help with earlier diagnosis of those who present with depression. Comorbid anxiety and PTSD are usually worked with in these services. Staff have limited confidence and additional training is warranted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Disparities in the Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Mental Health in Primary Care Settings","authors":"Cecilia Rogers,&nbsp;Katherine Boguszewski,&nbsp;Angela Gummadi,&nbsp;Mark Conaway,&nbsp;Laura Shaffer,&nbsp;Irène Mathieu","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study is to examine disparities in mental health diagnoses, depression screening, and depressive symptoms in pediatric primary care settings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to evaluate the use of electronic health records to study temporal trends in pediatric mental and behavioral health (MBH). This is an IRB-approved, retrospective study of pediatric patients (<i>n</i> = 11,001) who visited three primary care sites at an academic medical center before (2017–2019) and during (2020–2022) the COVID-19 pandemic. We used logistic regression to compare prevalence of diagnoses, depression screening, and depression symptom scores among demographic groups. This study demonstrates an increase in both PHQ-9A screening rates and average scores from 2017–2019 to 2020–2022. Despite an increase in overall PHQ-9A scores, prevalence of mental health diagnoses is lower in 2020–2022 compared to 2017–2019. There were significant disparities in common mental health diagnoses, including higher rates of psychological distress among lower income patients, both before and during the pandemic. In both cohorts, patients classified as African American, Asian, or Other racial groups had a lower prevalence of diagnoses compared to Caucasian patients. However, patients marked as having multiple racial groups had greater levels of diagnoses. There were also lower screening rates among Hispanic patients. Gender non-conforming patients had a significantly larger burden of psychological distress. This suggests a need for greater equity in routine MBH screening and additional research to better understand the underlying social determinants that may be driving the greater mental health burden for certain marginalized youth. This study also highlights the strengths and challenges of utilizing EHR data to characterize disparities in pediatric mental illness. Although the nature of care delivery in an academic medical center clinic and the limitations of the EHR for collecting relevant data present challenges to this measurement, the EHR is nevertheless a promising tool for measuring and tracking pediatric mental health disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional Vulnerability in Adolescents (EVA) Study: Identifying Potential Biopsychosocial Markers for Adolescent Depressive Symptoms and Well-Being","authors":"Asnea Tariq,&nbsp;Elaine Gray,&nbsp;Alice M. Gregory,&nbsp;Stella W. Y. Chan","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 <p>Adolescent depression is a highly recurrent and disabling mental health condition affecting a significant proportion of adolescents. Conversely, adolescent well-being is a positive state of health and enhanced quality of life. Depression and well-being are critical metrics of life quality. However, little is known about the biopsychosocial markers that differentiate between these states. Stemming from our extensive longitudinal emotional vulnerability in adolescents ((EVA) research, this study identified potential vulnerability markers by examining associations between a range of biopsychosocial factors and depression and well-being in a relatively homogenous sample of adolescents at baseline. <i>N </i>= 425 adolescents (60.5% female and 34.4% male) between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.06, SD = 1.75) were recruited from 12 state and independent schools. A comprehensive battery of standardized measures was administered to assess various biopsychosocial factors, including background demographic and clinical characteristics, lifestyle factors, neural-cognitive mechanisms, psychological and social stress-related factors, coping style, and personality traits. Multiple Regression analyzes using the backward eliminations indicated that less physical activity, more social media usage, eating disorder risk, greater perceived stress, higher neuroticism, excessive rumination and negative self-reference bias accounted for 68% of depressive symptoms. Lower stress, less social media usage, and positive cognitive interpretation bias were sufficient to account for 51% of well-being scores. The present findings suggest key bio-psycho-social risk and resilience factors that may play a role in predicting adolescent depression and well-being. Upon further examination of our longitudinal follow-up studies, these results will directly contribute to developing preventative intervention strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143717397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief Report: Exploring Perceived Stigma From Healthcare Professionals in an Adult Sample With Eating Disorders","authors":"Marta Marlais,&nbsp;Maria Livanou","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to develop and test a novel Perceived Stigma from Healthcare Professional's self-report questionnaire in a sample of female and male young adults with eating disorders (EDs). An online cross-sectional self-report study was conducted, recruiting a community and clinical sample of 18 to 35-year-olds diagnosed with or self-identifying with an ED (<i>N</i> = 140). The questionnaire utilised the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 to measure ED severity. Those who sought professional help for their ED proceeded to answer the novel Perceived Stigma from Healthcare Professionals questionnaire (<i>N</i> = 42). There was a large range of total perceived stigma scores but, volitional stigma and weight discrimination were the most frequently perceived stigmatising views. A Pearson's correlation illustrated that greater perceived stigma from healthcare professionals was moderately associated with greater ED severity, <i>r</i>(4) = 0.49. <i>p</i> = 0.001. The results indicate heterogeneity of experiences of stigma but, provide preliminary evidence that volitional stigma and weight discrimination may reflect common experiences. Greater stigma from healthcare professionals might be linked to worse outcomes for those with EDs. The findings underscore the importance of further exploration into perceived stigma from healthcare professionals and ED outcomes, using validated questionnaires and larger samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression: A Narrative Review","authors":"See Jia Whei,&nbsp;Sheryl Deva,&nbsp;Vetrivel Vijayakumar,&nbsp;Shayaan Sarfaraz Khan,&nbsp;Sarah Ahmed Awad,&nbsp;Ummul Asfeen,&nbsp;Romil Hemal Maniar,&nbsp;Bibek Shrestha","doi":"10.1002/mhs2.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhs2.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Postpartum anxiety and depression are two of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and emerge from being one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated mental health problems. Its prevalence has been reported to affect about 10%–20% of pregnant women. Due to such large-scale prevalence, the need for better diagnostic techniques and therapeutic management has been addressed in this review. Maternal health largely influences the health of the newborn, affecting not only the growth and development of the child but also the mother-child bond as mothers with postpartum depression reportedly have a lack of interest in their child. Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease including the hormonal factors, the neurotransmitter pathways that become skewed, genetic influences and psychosocial factors, are essential to develop treatment options. This review outlines all the different pathophysiology and theories so far researched in this field. Although significant strides have been made in developing diagnostic and therapeutic management, the need for further research and testing is emphasized. Unfortunately, research testing the safety of several antidepressant classes that can be used to treat postpartum anxiety, and depression cannot be undertaken due to the major ethical issues it raises in conducting such research in pregnant women. This review highlights the promising avenues of further research that have the potential to treat and prevent this debilitating disease. Using biomarkers for early detection, the field of pharmacogenomics which helps to tailor prescriptions for personalized treatment, and pharmacological treatments which include antidepressants like serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and various nonpharmacological measures including massages, psychotherapy, co-parenting, postnatal exercises, kangaroo care, and music remedies, have been discussed. Finally, the role of public education in highlighting the prevention of stigma surrounding postpartum anxiety and depression has been addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94140,"journal":{"name":"Mental health science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mhs2.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}