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First known survey of cannabis production practices in California 加利福尼亚州已知的首次大麻生产实践调查
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.3733/ca.2019a0015
Houston Wilson, H. Bodwitch, Jennifer Carah, K. Daane, C. Getz, T. Grantham, V. Butsic
{"title":"First known survey of cannabis production practices in California","authors":"Houston Wilson, H. Bodwitch, Jennifer Carah, K. Daane, C. Getz, T. Grantham, V. Butsic","doi":"10.3733/ca.2019a0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2019a0015","url":null,"abstract":"Legalization of cannabis production has daylighted a unique and highly valuable crop in California agriculture. State and regulatory agencies must now address the ecological, social and agricultural effects of cannabis production, but little is known about how growers produce this crop. Using an online survey, we gathered information from growers in July 2018 on their production practices. According to responses from about 100 growers, most cannabis was produced outdoors or in greenhouses, relied primarily on groundwater and used biologically based inputs for pest management. Many farms employed seasonal workers paid at fixed piece rates. Regulatory compliance varied according to farm size. Beginning to document growing practices will help scientists formulate key environmental, social and agronomic questions and develop relevant research and extension programs to promote best management practices and minimize negative environmental impacts of production.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42035373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
Growers say cannabis legalization excludes small growers, supports illicit markets, undermines local economies 种植者表示，大麻合法化排除了小型种植者，支持了非法市场，破坏了当地经济
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.3733/ca.2019a0018
H. Bodwitch, Jennifer Carah, K. Daane, C. Getz, T. Grantham, G. Hickey, Houston Wilson
{"title":"Growers say cannabis legalization excludes small growers, supports illicit markets, undermines local economies","authors":"H. Bodwitch, Jennifer Carah, K. Daane, C. Getz, T. Grantham, G. Hickey, Houston Wilson","doi":"10.3733/ca.2019a0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2019a0018","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, we surveyed cannabis growers about their experiences with California's commercial cultivation legalization system. Our results suggest high rates of noncompliance with the new regulations. Of the respondents, 31% reported income from cannabis and had not applied for cultivation licenses, indicating a violation of state regulations. These findings highlight the need to further explore conditions that might incentivize growers to apply for cultivation licenses. Respondents' answers and comments indicate modifications to cannabis cultivation licensing programs might be needed to reduce compliance costs and regulatory inconsistencies and to overcome threats of legal repercussions from enhanced bureaucratic oversight. Growers characterized legalization as a process that excludes small growers, contributes to an increase in black market sales and undermines the economies in rural communities. More research is necessary, including on the socioeconomic and environmental contributions that unlicensed small cannabis growers make to rural regions.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45077664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
“We can't just be a county that supports inebriants”: Voices of the noncannabis agricultural community “我们不能只是一个支持醉酒者的县”:非大麻农业社区的声音
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.3733/ca.2019a0016
James C. LaChance
{"title":"“We can't just be a county that supports inebriants”: Voices of the noncannabis agricultural community","authors":"James C. LaChance","doi":"10.3733/ca.2019a0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2019a0016","url":null,"abstract":"Legalized recreational cannabis poses uncertainty and challenges for the noncannabis agricultural and ranching community in Northern California, including what it might mean in terms of the price of farmland and ranchland and the effects on the regional culture of diverse crop production. In-depth interviews in Humboldt, Mendocino and Sonoma counties with noncannabis farmers, ranchers and key individuals closely tied to the community revealed insight and an overarching concern about the future for noncannabis producers in those counties. The research was conducted in the summer and fall of 2017, when the state and counties were ramping up development and implementation of recreational cannabis cultivation policies. Interviewees expressed concern about land prices, potential crop shifts, and outside investment in the cannabis sector, and recognized the parallels and emerging alliances between wine and cannabis producers. They also identified opportunities for diversifying their production and for improving the environmental impacts of cannabis production.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48862964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The rapid evolution of UC cannabis research 加州大学大麻研究的快速发展
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.3733/ca.2019a0024
L. Crowder
{"title":"The rapid evolution of UC cannabis research","authors":"L. Crowder","doi":"10.3733/ca.2019a0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2019a0024","url":null,"abstract":"At campuses across the UC system, cannabis researchers are grappling with questions that have accompanied legalization.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43782090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
UC ANR advisors support cattle ranchers after wildfires 加州大学ANR顾问在野火后支持牧场主
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.3733/CA.2019A0004
H. White
{"title":"UC ANR advisors support cattle ranchers after wildfires","authors":"H. White","doi":"10.3733/CA.2019A0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/CA.2019A0004","url":null,"abstract":"A free hay program was started after the Thomas fire, closed highways were opened for ranchers after the Camp fire, and UC research helped answer ranchers' questions about pasture recovery.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48187158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
To build a walled garden 建造一个有围墙的花园
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.3733/CA.2019A0007
L. Crowder
{"title":"To build a walled garden","authors":"L. Crowder","doi":"10.3733/CA.2019A0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/CA.2019A0007","url":null,"abstract":"Through cooperative ventures around the state, the UC Master Gardener program brings horticultural knowledge to Californians in jails, detention centers and treatment facilities.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41334070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cover crops prove effective at increasing soil nitrogen for organic potato production 覆盖作物被证明能有效增加土壤氮，用于有机马铃薯生产
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.3733/CA.2019A0005
Robert R. Wilson, D. Culp, S. Peterson, K. Nicholson, D. Geisseler
{"title":"Cover crops prove effective at increasing soil nitrogen for organic potato production","authors":"Robert R. Wilson, D. Culp, S. Peterson, K. Nicholson, D. Geisseler","doi":"10.3733/CA.2019A0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/CA.2019A0005","url":null,"abstract":"Many farms in northeast California are experimenting with organic production to take advantage of price premiums and niche markets. A common challenge in organic farming is finding dependable nitrogen sources to meet the needs of vegetable and grass crops, especially in fields with low soil nitrogen. This study assessed the use of cover crops and organic amendments for increasing soil nitrogen for potato production at the Intermountain Research and Extension Center in Tulelake. Researchers evaluated several cover crop species, three planting dates and multiple cover crop mixes. Amendments included composts, manures, bloodmeal and soymeal. The data collected in the study included total nitrogen from cover crops and amendments, plant-available nitrogen in the soil, potato petiole nitrate and crop yield and quality. Vetches and field peas, managed as green manure, were successful at satisfying potatoes' in-season nitrogen demand. These cover crops, grown alone or in mixes with non-legume species, produced potato crops whose yield and quality were similar to crops grown with conventional fertilizers. The cover crops' influence on potato pest pressure was neutral. Chicken manure was the most cost-effective amendment for satisfying potatoes' in-season nitrogen demand.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
UC experts can lead on carbon dioxide removal UC专家可以在去除二氧化碳方面发挥领导作用
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.3733/CA.2019A0009
D. L. Sanchez, B. Houlton, W. Silver
{"title":"UC experts can lead on carbon dioxide removal","authors":"D. L. Sanchez, B. Houlton, W. Silver","doi":"10.3733/CA.2019A0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/CA.2019A0009","url":null,"abstract":"Through technology demonstration and policy engagement, UC ANR specialists, advisors and AES faculty can support California's ambitions to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41502527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ratio of farmworkers to farm jobs in California increased to 2.3 in 2016 2016年，加州农场工人与农场工作的比例上升到2.3
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.3733/CA.2019A0002
Philip Martin, Brandon Hooker, M. Stockton
{"title":"Ratio of farmworkers to farm jobs in California increased to 2.3 in 2016","authors":"Philip Martin, Brandon Hooker, M. Stockton","doi":"10.3733/CA.2019A0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/CA.2019A0002","url":null,"abstract":"California Employment Development Department data suggest that almost 5% of California's workers were employed in agriculture, in 2016. In that year, monthly average employment in agriculture was 425,400, but the number of workers with at least one job in agriculture was 2.3 times that figure, 989,500. The number of hired farmworkers, including supervisors and office personnel, rose almost 20% between 2015 and 2016. Most workers employed in agriculture do not work year-round, so there is a gap between the average earnings of a full-time equivalent job in agriculture ($32,316 in 2016) and the average earnings of actual agricultural workers ($19,800 in 2016). This gap was widest for the third of all farmworkers employed by farm labor contractors (FLCs). Over half of the workers whose maximum earnings were in agriculture had only one farm job. Almost 20% of farmworkers received unemployment insurance benefits in 2016, including half of those whose maximum earnings were in logging and cotton ginning. Public policy has long favored a farm labor market in which most workers are employed year-round; these data indicate that the farm labor market in California is, on average, heading in the opposite direction.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42577768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Virus surveys of commercial vineyards show value of planting certified vines 商业葡萄园病毒调查显示种植认证葡萄的价值
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学
California Agriculture Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.3733/CA.2019A0006
K. Arnold, N. McRoberts, M. Cooper, Rhonda J. Smith, D. Golino
{"title":"Virus surveys of commercial vineyards show value of planting certified vines","authors":"K. Arnold, N. McRoberts, M. Cooper, Rhonda J. Smith, D. Golino","doi":"10.3733/CA.2019A0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3733/CA.2019A0006","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are of great concern in vineyards. They cost the California wine grape industry as much as $91,661 per acre over the life of a vineyard, according to a 2015 economic study of the North Coast wine-growing region. As a first step toward managing viruses, growers are encouraged to plant certified material regulated by the California Grapevine Registration and Certification program. There are risks in sourcing plant material from stocks that are not subject to the same level of regulation. We surveyed vineyards of varying ages for eight common viruses to demonstrate the value of selecting certified material for new plantings.","PeriodicalId":9409,"journal":{"name":"California Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43031928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
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