ImmunoHorizons最新文献

{"title":"Increasing learning, confidence, and retention in the immunology classroom with LEGO.","authors":"Bernice Yphantides, Heather A Bruns, Louis B Justement, Christine Loyd, Mallary C Greenlee-Wacker","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/immhor/vlag043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The process of variable-diversity-joining (V(D)J) recombination gives rise to incredible diversity in the Ab repertoire. Given its complexity, V(D)J recombination is a difficult process for undergraduates to learn. We hypothesized that modeling recombination with LEGO would increase learning gains, as well as student confidence and interest in this process. To test this, students at 3 undergraduate universities watched the same video lecture about recombination, then the LEGO modeling exercise was either demonstrated in front of students or performed by students. Students who modeled or observed modeling with LEGO performed significantly better on an exam essay question than those that opted out of the modeling exercise. Our next objective was to determine whether tactile manipulation of the model was associated with increased interest and confidence. Survey results suggested that most students preferred visual learning, followed by explanations and activities. Although most students agreed that the LEGO activity gave them more confidence and increased their interest in the material, students who did the activity were more likely to strongly agree with affirming statements. For example, students who modeled were more likely to strongly agree that the LEGO activity helped them memorize the steps of V(D)J recombination and increased their level of confidence in describing key aspects of the process. Overall, these data suggest LEGO modeling of V(D)J recombination improves student comprehension, interest, and confidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of voiceovers and review games in teaching immunology.","authors":"Emily Chou, Dylan Cooper, Pranshul Goel, Justin Tang, Garrett Henkle, Savannah Zemeida, Hannah Wolfson, Yennie L Shyu, Esther Chang, Alyssa Abram, Valerie A Gerriets, John K Cusick","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/immhor/vlag042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Active learning and flipped classrooms have gained popularity in higher education due to their ability to improve educational outcomes. This study evaluated whether combining voiceover lectures and review games could improve learner engagement and satisfaction while achieving learning outcomes comparable to those of traditional immunology didactic lectures. A total of 123 first- and second-year medical students were randomly assigned to groups that took formative quizzes on immunology material after exposure to either: (i) a traditional didactic lecture, (ii) a voiceover lecture followed by an in-class discussion of the voiceover and subsequent review game, or (iii) a blind control group that had no exposure to the material. Furthermore, students provided feedback on the pedagogy and their learning preferences. Students were very enthusiastic about the review games and preferred shorter voiceovers containing formative questions embedded within the voiceover. Importantly, there was no significant difference in quiz performance between the 2 pedagogies, and both groups performed significantly better than the blind control group. A slight but significant decrease in student preference for voiceovers was noted throughout the duration of this multiyear study, which occurred during and shortly after the COVID-19 pandemic. Faculty who observed this pedagogy expressed an increased willingness to use voiceovers and review games if they received training and information technology support. Collectively, this longitudinal study demonstrated support from both faculty and students for the combined use of voiceovers plus review games and captured a potential shift in medical student preferences for learning in recent years during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRAF1 S146 is constitutively phosphorylated in OP9-cultured primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by PKN1/2.","authors":"Birinder Ghumman, Laura Nicolucci, Mark D Minden, Tania H Watts, Ali A Abdul-Sater","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/immhor/vlag045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) is a prosurvival signaling adaptor that contributes to NF-κB activation downstream of a subset of TNF receptor superfamily members. TRAF1 is overexpressed in many cancers of mature B cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Previous studies have established that TRAF1 S146 is a target of phosphorylation by the kinase PKN1 and that PKN1 is required to prevent cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP)-dependent degradation of TRAF1 in the CD40 signaling complex. The kinase inhibitor OTSSP167 inhibits PKN1 in the nanomolar range and its addition to primary CLL cells was previously shown to induce dose-dependent loss of TRAF1 and concomitant increases in activated caspase 3 and cell death. These studies identified PKN1 as a target for therapy of CLL. To identify more potent and specific PKN1 inhibitors for therapy of B-cell cancers, it is important to measure a direct target of PKN1, such as phospho-TRAF1. To this end, here we use overexpression of an S146A mutant of human TRAF1 in HEK293 cells to validate a recently generated TRAF1 phospho (p)S146-specific antibody and to confirm that this phosphorylation is lost upon treatment with OTSSP167. Using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in RAJI cells, we also show that both PKN1 and the closely related family member PKN2 can phosphorylate TRAF1 S146. We further show that TRAF1 S146 is constitutively phosphorylated in OP9 cultured primary human CLL cells, including those with p53 mutations, and that this phosphorylation is sensitive to inhibition with OTSSP167. These findings provide support the development of more potent PKN1/2 inhibitors for CLL.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binding specificity of IgG antibodies to mycobacterial DNA in plasmas of patients with tuberculosis and healthy controls.","authors":"Angel Garza Reyna, Diane Spencer, Uma Gautam, David S Pisetsky","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag047","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-DNA antibodies are a diverse set of antibodies that bind to structures on DNA that vary with clinical setting. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), anti-DNA antibodies interact with the B-DNA backbone, binding DNA irrespective of species origin. In contrast, in the sera of otherwise healthy individuals (normal human subjects [NHSs]), anti-DNA antibodies bind to certain bacterial DNA. Furthermore, sera from patients with SLE and NHS controls can bind to the left-handed Z-DNA conformation. In the current studies, we have explored the antibody response to mycobacterial DNA from patients with tuberculosis (TB) and NHSs, focusing on DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), given their high GC content and predicted capacity to form Z-DNA. Using ELISAs, we demonstrated that plasmas from patients with TB and NHSs contain antibodies to mycobacterial DNA, with a greater response to Mtb DNA than BCG DNA. To elucidate these findings, we conducted an in silico analysis with Z-Hunt-III, synteny analysis, and an in-house R Shiny program, Z-GENIE, to identify Z-DNA-forming sequences (ZFSs) and genomic regions that may be antigenic. Our analysis suggested that regions of difference and single-nucleotide polymorphism-generated ZFSs may contribute to sequence differences, which may influence antigenicity. Additionally, we provide evidence that shared sequences between DNA of Mtb and nontuberculous mycobacteria could explain the observed pattern of antibody reactivity. Together, these findings suggest that anti-DNA antibodies from patients with TB and NHS controls can distinguish between the DNA of different mycobacterial species and could serve as serological markers for infection or exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13495106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct immunomodulatory effects of synthetic progestins compared with natural progesterone in human immune cells.","authors":"Apurva J Patel, Ankur N Karandikar, Aracely Miron-Ocampo, Nitin J Karandikar, Ashutosh K Mangalam","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/immhor/vlag046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Progesterone exerts important immunomodulatory functions, yet the immune effects of structurally diverse synthetic progestins remain incompletely defined. Given their variable receptor-binding profiles and links to altered inflammatory outcomes, we examined how commonly used progestins regulate immune signaling in primary human cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy female donors were exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of natural progesterone (P4) and representative synthetic progestins spanning multiple generations. Cytokine responses were quantified at both the protein and transcript levels. Baseline steroid receptor expression and age of donor was correlated with cytokine output. High-dimensional flow cytometry coupled with unsupervised clustering was used to define the cellular sources of inflammatory cytokine production. In parallel, naïve CD4+ T-cell differentiation was performed to determine effects on T helper (Th) cell polarization. Only P4 induced immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10, whereas all progestins, except first-generation norethindrone, induced markedly higher IL-6 production compared with media control. Gene expression analysis confirmed induction of multiple proinflammatory genes at physiologically relevant concentrations. High-dimensional flow cytometry identified CD14+ monocytes as the dominant cellular source of IL-6 following progestin exposure. In contrast, P4 selectively suppressed Th1 differentiation and promoted Th2 lineage commitment, whereas synthetic progestins failed to reproduce these immunoregulatory effects. Together, these findings demonstrate that synthetic progestins differentially regulate innate and adaptive immune responses compared with P4 and promote proinflammatory responses that may influence immune homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell-intrinsic IL-7Rα deficiency in Foxp3+ Tregs increases type 1 diabetes incidence in NOD mice.","authors":"Albert R Jones Iv, Peyton S Smith, Hans Dooms","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag034","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs), as defined by expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, strongly depend on the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2) for their survival and function and are often identified by the combination of high IL-2Rα (CD25) and low IL-7Rα (CD127) expression. Nevertheless, subsets expressing higher levels of IL-7Rα have been described, and IL-7 signaling does play a role in Treg function in some specific biologic contexts and tissues. The precise role of IL-7Rα-expressing Tregs in autoimmunity remains poorly defined though, potentially hampering current efforts to develop IL-7Rα blockade for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases. To ask whether cell-intrinsic IL-7Rα expression in Tregs was required for their function during type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, we generated non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice in which IL-7Rα is exclusively deleted in Foxp3-expressing Tregs. In young NOD mice, IL-7Rα deficiency did not alter Treg numbers and phenotype. However, 100% of NOD mice with IL-7Rα-deficient Tregs became diabetic, while the T1D incidence is typically around 50-60% in our colony. This increased susceptibility for T1D indicates that IL-7Rα expression in Tregs is required to protect a subset of NOD mice against islet autoimmunity. At the time of T1D onset, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from NOD mice with IL-7Rα-deficient Tregs showed increased IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokine production. Our data demonstrate that cell-intrinsic IL-7R signaling in Foxp3+ Tregs is required to suppress effector T cell responses and to prevent full penetrance of T1D in NOD mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13433263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148671815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of immunology education and establishment of American Association of Immunologists-recommended immunology content guidelines for undergraduate medical education in the United States.","authors":"Justin Andrews, Timothy J Bauler, Andrea Bottaro, Jennifer T Grier, Pooja Jain, Vijaya Knight, Michelle Swanson-Mungerson, Scott B Thompson, Yuan Zhao, Nicholas A Pullen, Aimee Pugh-Bernard","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/immhor/vlag041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical schools in the United States have varying curricular designs and limited instructional time, which challenge cohesive and comprehensive immunology coverage necessary for future physicians. To address this challenge, the American Association of Immunologists formed a Medical Education Immunology Curriculum Task Force, to generate recommendations for U.S. medical schools in the field of immunology. In June 2024, faculty from all U.S. medical schools were invited to participate in an initial research survey designed to assess the current field of immunology content taught to medical students. Approximately 30% of the invited participants responded, with 25% of respondents from DO programs and 75% from MD programs, which reflects the overall distribution of these schools nationally. This article shares the core content identified by the participating faculty, along with various demographic and opinion-based metrics. The Task Force developed specific learning objectives (LOs) and associated immune-relevant clinical conditions for each core area of content. These were then vetted by the broader medical immunology education community by presentation at an immunology-focused professional meeting and through a second feedback survey. The final recommended content includes foundational topics and associated LOs, as well as a list of key associated clinical conditions aligned with each foundational topic. These LOs have the advantage of being inserted throughout integrated curriculum and/or could be used in stand-alone immunology course blocks in the medical school curriculum. The inclusion of these LOs in a medical curriculum will sufficiently educate future physicians regarding the impact of the immune system on overall health and illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysregulated myelopoiesis and enhanced glutaminase-dependent neutrophil survival in preclinical obesity.","authors":"Madison Babcock, Aric Lechner, Julia Drolet, Lynn Agostini, Ruth Weinstock, Norifumi Urao","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag025","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is increasingly recognized as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation associated with altered immune cell function, yet the mechanisms driving these changes remain incompletely understood. This study investigated myeloid cell subpopulations and neutrophil behavior in adult participants exhibiting preclinical obesity (body mass index [BMI] 32-51 kg/m2, n = 12) compared to normal-weight controls (BMI 21-24 kg/m2, n = 9), correlating findings with metabolic and inflammatory markers. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify myeloid cell populations and TLR4/IL-1R surface expression. Neutrophils were cultured under normoxic (18% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions, with or without glutaminase inhibition, to assess spontaneous neutrophil death. Participants with preclinical obesity exhibited increased monocyte numbers and eosinophils, whereas total neutrophil numbers were not significantly different between groups, together with a higher percentage of HLA-DR-/low monocytes and activated immature (CD16-CD11b+CD10-) neutrophils. In participants under 60 yr of age, IL‑1R expression on monocytes was significantly increased in the obesity group. Significant metabolic differences were also noted, including higher A1c (5.9 ± 0.1% vs 5.3 ± 0.1%), hs-CRP (9.01 ± 3.33 vs 0.69 ± 0.17 mg/L), and alkaline phosphatase (102.33 ± 9.67 vs 65.75 ± 5.54 U/L) in the preclinical obesity cohort, alongside decreased mean cell hemoglobin. Ex vivo neutrophil culture revealed that hypoxia reduced spontaneous neutrophil death in both groups; however, this effect was significantly reduced by glutaminase inhibition specifically in neutrophils from participants with preclinical obesity, suggesting a heightened reliance on glutamine metabolism for survival under hypoxia. These findings demonstrate dysregulated myelopoiesis and altered neutrophil behavior in preclinical obesity, providing mechanistic insight into the early immune consequences of metabolic dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13401487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148595316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absence of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) in myeloid cells results in enhanced hypoxia-induced remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and heart with modest effects on allergic lung inflammation.","authors":"Luz M Villanueva, Homare Ito, Xiulan Qi, Svetlana P Chapoval, Rose M Viscardi, Stefanie N Vogel, Achsah D Keegan","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag028","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously reported that global insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS2)-deficient mice demonstrated enhanced pulmonary vascular remodeling in response to allergen exposure or to hypoxia. To evaluate the specific contribution of IRS2 in myeloid cells to this process, we analyzed responses in mice with conditional IRS2-deficiencies in myeloid cells by crossing Irs2fl/fl mice to LysM-Cretg/wt mice and examined responses to allergens and hypoxia. There were no significant differences in the allergic inflammatory response induced by either ovalbumin adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide or by house dust mite (HDM) between Irs2fl/flLysM-Crewt/wt (Cre-/-) and Irs2fl/flLysM-Cretg/wt (Cre+/-) littermates. However, there was a significant difference between Cre-/- and Cre+/- mice in the HDM-induced remodeling of small pulmonary blood vessels. Such remodeling can lead to changes in cardiopulmonary function including increases in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). While we did observe an increase in RVSP in response to hypoxia or allergen, there was no significant difference in RSVP between Cre-/- and Cre+/- mice. However, there was a significant difference in right heart remodeling as indicated by changes in right ventricular internal diameter and Fulton Index. These results indicate that IRS2 expression in myeloid cells limits pulmonary and cardiac remodeling responses that are induced by allergic inflammation or hypoxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13418194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148623391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-animal models in undergraduate education: opportunities, applications, and future directions.","authors":"Sarah Teakel, Joanne Connolly, Thiru Vanniasinkam, Maurizio Costabile","doi":"10.1093/immhor/vlag032","DOIUrl":"10.1093/immhor/vlag032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of animals in education and research has received increased scrutiny due to ethical and pedagogical considerations. Researchers have used non-animal models in immunology, medical, and veterinary disciplines for decades. Conversely, in education, there has been a reduced focus on teaching the theoretical and practical applications of these technologies. This has resulted in a gap between research and practice, limiting student exposure to the potential advantages of these technologies. In the last few decades, as non-animal technologies have become more sophisticated and widely available, the traditional reliance on animal models has slowly declined. With the emergence of new approach methodologies (NAMs), including organoids, organ-on-chip systems, bioprinting, computer simulations and other interactive digital tools, these offer authentic experiences while significantly reducing the need for animal use. Technologies such as organoids and computer simulations are now being increasingly introduced into undergraduate education. This \"On The Horizons\" narrative examines current non-animal model technologies, their benefits and limitations, and their implications for the evolving landscape of higher education. Importantly, the technologies covered in this paper have the potential to improve the student experience in programs that traditionally require the use of animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":94037,"journal":{"name":"ImmunoHorizons","volume":"10 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13391161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148564264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}