{"title":"Human Placental Stem Cells Derived Exosomes Xenograft Recover Ovarian Function in Training-induced Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Rats.","authors":"Lu Yang, Honglan Li, Yan Xu, Cui Wei","doi":"10.2174/011574888X330007250504205644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X330007250504205644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were able to restore ovarian function in premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which can be largely attributed to the paracrine effects of MSCs therapy. However, the function and mechanism of MSC-derived exosomes transplantation for POI are not fully understood.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of human placental derived MSCs derived exosomes (hpMSC-Exos) xenotransplantation in incremental load training-induced POI.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The incremental exercise treadmill training was employed for constructing the POI rat model. hpMSC-Exos were administered to POI rats by tail vein injection. The ovarian function was assessed based on histological analysis and hormone levels. Ovarian function parameters, follicle counts, oocyte aging, granulosa cell apoptosis, and follicular microenvironment were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The tracking of hpMSC-Exos indicated that they generally colonized the ovarian tissues. hpMSC-Exos transplantation increased telomere length and telomerase activity, reduced oxidative stress, downregulated the Bax and caspase-3 gene expression, upregulated the Bcl-2 gene expression, and increased the insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression level. Furthermore, the findings showed that the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level and FSH to luteinizing hormone (LH) ratio were decreased, whereas the population of follicles significantly increased after transplantation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>hpMSC-Exos transplantation was observed to improve the function of the injured ovarian tissues in the incremental load training-induced POI rats. Furthermore, the mechanisms of hpMSC-Exos are related to delaying aging in the oocyte, reducing apoptosis of granulosa cells, and regulating the follicular microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multiple Stem/Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Limbus.","authors":"Xuying Wang, Guigang Li","doi":"10.2174/011574888X358606250414063844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X358606250414063844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs), which are responsible for the renewal and repair of corneal epithelium, are located in limbus. The limbus is an important structure for maintaining the normal corneal epithelium. Damage to the limbus can lead to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), a common blind-causing disease. However, the cellular composition of the limbus and the functions of various cell populations have not yet been accurately reproduced, making it difficult to reconstruct the normal structure of the limbus under disease conditions. Currently, there are mature methods for isolating and culturing various types of stem/progenitor cells from the limbus, including LESCs, limbal niche cells (LNCs), and limbal melanocytes (LMs). Successful culture of these cells helps to better investigation of their biological functions, their role in sustaining corneal epithelial homeostasis, and their feasibility for basic research or clinical applications. This review summarizes the definitions, functions, and characteristics of these three types of stem/progenitor cells that can be isolated and purified from the limbus, in the hope of drawing attention to and stimulating discussion on this topic. This will help to clarify the cellular composition of the limbus, reconstruct the normal structure of the limbus, and develop innovative stem cell therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mitochondria Transfer in Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Unraveling the Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Jingyi Chen, Zhilang Xie, Huayin Zhou, Yingxin Ou, Wenwen Tan, Aizhen Zhang, Yuying Li, Xingliang Fan","doi":"10.2174/011574888X362739250416153254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X362739250416153254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold transformative potential in translational medicine due to their versatile differentiation abilities and regenerative properties. Notably, MSCs can transfer mitochondria to unrelated cells through intercellular mitochondrial transfer, offering a groundbreaking approach to halting the progression of mitochondrial diseases and restoring function to cells compromised by mitochondrial dysfunction. Although MSC mitochondrial transfer has demonstrated significant therapeutic promise across a range of diseases, its application in clinical settings remains largely unexplored. This review delves into the novel mechanisms by which MSCs execute mitochondrial transfer, highlighting its profound impact on cellular metabolism, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. We provide an in-depth analysis of the therapeutic potential of MSC mitochondrial transfer, particularly in treating mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases and advancing tissue repair strategies. Additionally, we propose innovative considerations for optimizing MSC mitochondrial transfer in clinical trials, emphasizing its potential to reshape the landscape of regenerative medicine and therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anand Krishnan, V S Harikrishnan, A Sabareeswaran, Naresh Kasoju
{"title":"Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Extracellular Vesicles in the Management of Bleomycin-induced Lung Injury in Model Animals: A Comparative Preclinical Study Focused on Histomorphometric Analysis.","authors":"Anand Krishnan, V S Harikrishnan, A Sabareeswaran, Naresh Kasoju","doi":"10.2174/011574888X366742250417065341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X366742250417065341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pulmonary fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive lung tissue scarring, remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Given the potential of human Wharton's jelly- derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (hWJ-MSC-EVs) as minimally invasive and scalable therapeutic options for pulmonary fibrosis in clinical settings, this study investigates the potential of hWJ-MSCs and hWJ-MSC-EVs in mitigating bleomycin-induced lung injury in C57BL/6J mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>hWJ-MSCs were cultured and characterized for their ability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. EVs were successfully induced via serum starvation, purified using ultracentrifugation, and characterized for their protein and nucleic acid content, size distribution, and EV markers. A bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model was established in C57BL/6J mice. Mice were monitored for weight loss, mortality, and lung fibrosis severity following treatment with hWJ-MSCs and hWJ-MSC-EVs. Histological analysis and Ashcroft scoring were used to assess lung fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bleomycin administration in mice resulted in significant weight loss, increased mortality, and severe lung fibrosis, as demonstrated by histological analysis and Ashcroft scoring. Treatment with hWJ-MSCs and hWJ-MSC-EVs significantly alleviated these symptoms. Mice receiving these treatments exhibited improved body weight, enhanced survival rates, and reduced lung fibrosis, with notable improvements in alveolar structure and decreased fibrotic tissue deposition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the potential of hWJ-MSCs and hWJ-MSC-EVs as therapeutic agents in treating pulmonary fibrosis by reducing inflammation and promoting lung tissue repair, offering a potential new avenue for regenerative therapy in severe lung diseases. Future research directions involve elucidating the molecular pathways involved in tissue repair, optimizing therapeutic delivery, and conducting comprehensive clinical evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simultaneous Co-transplantation for Highly Efficient Cell Therapy.","authors":"Ji-Hee Choi, Mingu Ryu, Sung-Hwan Moon","doi":"10.2174/011574888X359983250408105711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X359983250408105711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell therapy involves transplantation of cells to replace damaged tissues and cells and is used in regenerative medicine. Since its introduction, numerous cell therapy modalities have been developed to treat various diseases, and cell therapy has shifted the paradigm of the treatment of degenerative and refractory diseases. However, it faces limitations in terms of long-term therapeutic effects and efficiency. To overcome these challenges, the concept of co-transplantation, which utilizes two different cell sources, has been proposed. Stem cell-based co-transplantation approaches have been extensively studied both experimentally and clinically for various diseases, including graftversus- host disease (GVHD), infertility, acute liver failure (ALF), and myocardial infarction (MI). These have yielded improved transplantation efficiency and stability compared to single-cell transplantation methods. This review examines the development and effectiveness of co-transplantation through its application in four diseases. Additionally, it discusses the clinical applicability of cotransplantation, explores future research directions, and highlights its potential benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hui Pan, Li Bao, Meng Ji, Zhengbing Lyu, Nianmin Qi, Yuehong Wu
{"title":"A Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Neural Stem Cell Senescence Model Triggered By Oxidative Stress","authors":"Hui Pan, Li Bao, Meng Ji, Zhengbing Lyu, Nianmin Qi, Yuehong Wu","doi":"10.2174/011574888X365639250214045110","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011574888X365639250214045110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neural stem cells (NSCs) are vulnerable to oxidative stress, which triggers aging and subsequently leads to a reduced regenerative capacity of the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the challenges in acquiring aged human NSCs and the lack of an oxidative stressinduced aging model specifically designed for human NSCs, research related to the aging mechanisms and the screening of anti-aging drugs have been limited. Here, we aimed to establish an oxidative stress-induced senescence model of NSCs by using D-galactose (D-gal).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated into hESC-NSCs using a type I collagen method. hESC-NSCs were characterized by flow cytometry combined with immunofluorescence. A senescence model of hESC-NSCs was established using D-gal and characterized by CCK-8 assay, neurosphere formation, crystal violet staining, DNA damage assay, SA-β-gal staining and ROS levels measurement. To further explore the profile of gene expression in D-gal-induced hESCNSCs senescence model, transcriptome sequencing was performed and analysed by bioinformatics method, following verified by qPCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hESC-derived NSCs senescence model demonstrated reduced proliferation and elevated β-galactosidase activity, accompanied by DNA damage and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis unveiled the potential central role of the MAPK signaling pathway in D-gal-induced senescence, which involves the key genes including DDIT3, ATF3, CEBPB, JUN, and CCND1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We presented an oxidative stress-induced senescence model of hESC-NSCs and identified key pathways and genes related to D-gal-induced senescence. Our study might offer an alternative approach for investigating human NSC aging and provide valuable data for understanding the underlining mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143470423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organoids for Obesity-related Diseases: Disease Models and Drug Screening.","authors":"Jiaman Xie, Keyi Zhou, Hanyu Zhang, Zhijia Jiang, Jingxian Fang","doi":"10.2174/011574888X357011250406044043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X357011250406044043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Organoids are three-dimensional structures that faithfully mimic the intricate internal environment of the human body. Compared to conventional models, they demonstrated superior performance. Recently, they have emerged as valuable platforms for modeling obesity- related diseases and advancing therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review not only aimed to simply discuss the limitations of 2D cellular and animal models for obesity-related diseases but also highlighted the importance of developing organoids to better understand the relationship between obesity, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and chronic inflammation. It also identifies the challenges and potential directions for organoid applications in these diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched for keywords related to organoids, obesity, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, chronic inflammation, disease models, and drug screening in scientific research databases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Organoids have emerged as promising tools for investigating the pathophysiology of diseases and developing therapeutic interventions. They have effectively bridged the gap in research on obesity-related diseases between conventional experimental models and the human body. They could offer more efficient and physiologically relevant experimental models while also improving the treatment efficacy for individuals with obesity-related conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Organoids are beneficial for investigating obesity-related diseases. However, it is imperative to implement standardised culture procedures to improve reproducibility and broaden their application. Combining medicine and science to create these processes and minimise variation can increase the reliability and consistency of organoid cultures and provide new opportunities for addressing obesity-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficacy of Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Qinpin Zheng, Sensen Wang, Tian Wang, Guirong Zhang","doi":"10.2174/011574888X352270250407170235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X352270250407170235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is still incurable. Therapy with stem cell or extracellular vesicles is a promising strategy for AD treatment. Therefore, we evaluated whether stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles could improve cognitive function and pathological features in AD model mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library were searched for studies reporting stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment of AD mice from the establishment of each database to 1st August 2023. SYRCLE was used to assess the risk of bias. The extracted data were analyzed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>19 studies were included in the analysis. Meta-analysis showed that treatment with stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles significantly improved cognitive performance of AD mice in the Morris water maze test and the novel object recognition test, reduced β-amyloid deposition, alleviated neuroinflammation and decreased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brain of AD mice. However, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle did not affect the level of brain phosphorylated tau (p-Tau).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may promote the degradation of β-amyloid plaques in the brain, regulate immunity and protect nerves, which result in cognitive improvement in AD mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ziyue Liu, Jintao Yuan, Lan Wang, Muhammad AzharUd Din, Yiqing Tian, Fei Mao
{"title":"PLGA-hucMSC-Ex Ameliorates Colitis by Reversing Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition.","authors":"Ziyue Liu, Jintao Yuan, Lan Wang, Muhammad AzharUd Din, Yiqing Tian, Fei Mao","doi":"10.2174/011574888X344050250320233038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X344050250320233038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hucMSC-Exs) have been found to exhibit therapeutic effects on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, due to the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract, exosomes, as a type of biological drug or carrier of bio-active substances, are still delivered by tail vein injection.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, hucMSC-Ex were coated with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer to form microparticles, PLGA-hucMSC-Ex, by double emulsion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The oral administration of PLGA-hucMSC-Ex particles alleviated inflammation in the mice model of IBD by reversing IBD-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This provides an alternative to exploring IBD treatments, with potential clinical application to relieve IBD in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regenerative Potential of Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Stromal Cells along with Phytosterol Campesterol in Wound Healing of a Rat Model.","authors":"Ahmad, Tahir Maqbool, Mahwish Arooj, Moutasem Salih Aboonq, Awais Altaf, Madaniah Omar Zakari, Moaz Abdullah Mojaddidi, Sajida Shahnawaz, Muzammal Mateen Azhar, Inamullah -","doi":"10.2174/011574888X345915250317063656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X345915250317063656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB-MSCs) have a well-known role in fastening the wound healing process due to their less immune rejection, anti-inflammatory effects, and their role in cellular growth. Campesterol is a nutritional phytosterol with extensive health values and a competitor of cholesterol in the blood. Campesterol shares some anti-inflammatory effects via its regulation of inflammatory markers by inhibiting the proinflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, TNF-α, and IL-6) levels.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The purpose of this study was to assess the ameliorative role of combined therapy (campesterol and UCB-MSCs) in wound healing without immune rejection. The study comprised both invitro and in-vivo experiments. In-vitro analysis included assessments of the cell viability of campesterol on UCBMSCs using MTT, crystal blue, trypan blue, and cell scratch assays. For in-vivo trials, superficial burn wounds were created on Sprague Dawley rats to evaluate the effects of campesterol, UCB-MSCs, and their combination on healing outcomes. Tissue regeneration progress in the wound vicinity was assessed using H&E staining and ELISA (inflammatory and growth markers) analysis.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Results of in-vitro experiments indicated that campesterol at concentrations of 10μg, 20μg, and 30μg demonstrated the most efficient cell viability. Moreover, a 30ug dose of campesterol along with UCBMSCs was further applied, leading to smooth and uncomplicated healing in the animal models. H&E staining showed nearly normal skin tissue while hematological and biochemical markers were near to control. Serum levels of tissue growth promoter factors, including VEGF and collagen- 3, were higher, and pro-inflammatory markers (such as TGF-β1, TNF-α, and IL-6) were lower at the same time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the combined (MSCs and campesterol) therapy showed enhanced wound healing abilities. However, further studies are recommended to explore new aspects of this promising therapeutic approach of UCBSCs along with steroid derivative campesterol.</p>","PeriodicalId":93971,"journal":{"name":"Current stem cell research & therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}