Current neurovascular research最新文献

{"title":"Lipid-based Nanocarriers for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Bridging Blood-brain Barrier Biology and Translational Drug Delivery.","authors":"Ajay Pal Singh, Shatrudhan Prajapati, Shikha Yadav, Anjali Yadav","doi":"10.2174/0115672026478560260909100922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026478560260909100922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, remain difficult to treat because the Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) severely restricts therapeutic access to the central nervous system. This review evaluates BBB biology and the potential of lipid-based nanocarriers to improve brain-targeted drug delivery and facilitate clinical translation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured narrative review of peer-reviewed preclinical and clinical literature published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Evidence concerning BBB structure and transport mechanisms, lipid-based nanocarrier design, physicochemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, computational modelling, therapeutic applications, and translational challenges was critically synthesized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated improved drug solubility, stability, controlled release, systemic circulation, and brain targeting. Preclinical evidence indicates enhanced brain bioavailability and therapeutic effects, including reductions in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and disease-associated pathological processes. However, clinical translation remains constrained by formulation complexity, scalability, long-term safety, and inconsistent clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Integration of BBB transport biology with surface functionalization, receptormediated targeting, formulation engineering, and computational modelling may enable more rational nanocarrier development. Nevertheless, standardized characterization, reproducible manufacturing, comprehensive safety evaluation, and stronger clinical validation are required to bridge the gap between promising preclinical findings and therapeutic implementation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lipid-based nanocarriers represent promising platforms for overcoming biological and pharmacokinetic barriers in neurodegenerative disorders. Further optimization and rigorous translational validation are essential to establish their safety, reproducibility, and clinical effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Engineering of Metallic Nanoparticle Using Natural Flavonoids: From Synthesis to Biological Evaluation.","authors":"Namra Aziz, Gagandeep Singh Basra, Ankita Wal, Nishant Kumar, Hanish Singh Jayasingh Chellammal, Rajni Kant Panik, Md Sajid Ali, Pranay Wal","doi":"10.2174/0115672026455076260829144743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026455076260829144743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder driven by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although flavonoids such as luteolin and fisetin exhibit strong antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, their therapeutic utility is limited by poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the safety and antioxidant potential of luteolinand fisetin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (LF-ZnONPs) as a nanomedicine-based strategy for neurodegenerative disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LF-ZnONPs were synthesized using a chemical method and characterized by UV- visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) were assessed. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies were conducted in male Wistar rats following OECD guidelines, supported by hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LF-ZnONPs exhibited spherical morphology with particle sizes of 50-100 nm and high crystallinity. FTIR and TGA confirmed stable flavonoid incorporation. The formulation demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (90.36%) and sustained drug release, with 57.88% cumulative release within 40 minutes. Significant, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity was observed. Acute toxicity testing revealed an LD50 of approximately 1667 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity. Sub-acute studies showed mild, dose-dependent biochemical and histopathological changes at higher doses, while lower doses remained within physiological safety limits.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Encapsulation of luteolin and fisetin within ZnO nanoparticles enhanced stability and functional performance while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. The findings are consistent with existing literature supporting flavonoid-based nanocarriers for oxidative stress- mediated neurodegeneration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LF-ZnONPs represent a safe and promising nanocarrier system with potential application in the management of Parkinson's disease, warranting further mechanistic and diseasespecific efficacy studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Therapy Targeting Pathological Networks in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Translation from Stem Cells to Extracellular Vesicles.","authors":"Xinyuan Duan, Yanqi Li, Ruping Zhao, Xue Jiang, Chao Xia, Fei Xie","doi":"10.2174/0115672026476083260903180127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026476083260903180127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, are characterized by interacting pathological processes such as protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impaired proteostasis. This narrative review examines how embryonic/ induced pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, immune cells, and extracellular vesicles may intervene across these pathological networks. A targeted PubMed search and reference-list screening through 5 July 2026 identified relevant mechanistic, preclinical, clinical, manufacturing, and regulatory evidence. The reviewed strategies act through cell replacement, paracrine support, immunomodulation, metabolic stabilization, and pathological- protein clearance. Evidence maturity differs substantially by disease and product: pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors have entered early clinical evaluation in Parkinson's disease, whereas most mesenchymal stem/stromal cell studies remain small and exploratory, and immune-cell and extracellular-vesicle approaches are predominantly preclinical or early translational. Major barriers include product heterogeneity, mechanism-linked potency testing, longterm safety, delivery and dose optimization, disease-stage selection, clinically meaningful endpoints, and regulatory comparability. Future development should emphasize standardized manufacturing, biomarker-guided trial design, transparent reporting of negative findings, and rational combinations with pharmacological or gene-based therapies. Cell-based interventions remain promising, but durable clinical benefit has not yet been established.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Iron Dysregulation, GPX4/FSP1 Signaling, and Emerging Neuroprotective Strategies.","authors":"Nainsi Kumari, Shruti Dwivedi, Satyam Yadav, Sourabh Kosey","doi":"10.2174/0115672026502165260904054005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026502165260904054005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's Disease (HD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), are increasingly associated with ferroptosis, a regulated irondependent form of cell death characterised by the excessive accumulation of lipid peroxides.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review examines the molecular underpinnings of ferroptosis, focusing on dysregulation in iron homeostasis, increased vulnerability of polyunsaturated fatty acids in neuronal membranes, and impairment of antioxidant defence systems, particularly the Glutathione-GPX4 and FSP1-CoQ10-NADPH pathways. Relevant literature was critically analysed to explore mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pathological hallmarks such as amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein were found to disrupt iron metabolism, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction across various NDDs. These alterations significantly contribute to neuronal damage and disease progression through ferroptosis-related mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Emerging therapeutic strategies, including radical-trapping antioxidants, iron chelators, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems, show potential in targeting ferroptosis. However, challenges in clinical translation persist. Artificial intelligence and personalised medicine approaches may address these issues by enabling patient stratification, biomarker discovery, and optimisation of therapeutic interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ferroptosis represents a promising therapeutic target for mitigating oxidative and metal-induced neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disorders. Future research integrating multiomics profiling, longitudinal clinical data, and advanced computational modelling is essential to validate the efficacy of ferroptosis-targeted interventions and facilitate their successful translation into precision neurotherapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Publications in 2025: Highlights in Neurovascular Research.","authors":"Ya-Qun Zhou","doi":"10.2174/0115672026521842260902103550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026521842260902103550","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149013352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age at Menarche is Linked to Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution: A Nationally Representative Study.","authors":"Yanyan Xiao, Bilikezi Abuduhelili, Shenyi Jin, Chan Yang, Junfei Xu, Yimeng Gu, Ling Shan, Xin Jin, Caifang Sun, Qinyi Yin, Huayi Wu, Qi Chen, Hao Lu, Chi Chen","doi":"10.2174/0115672026477609260827115558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026477609260827115558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study comprehensively examined the association between age at menarche and multiple indicators of body adiposity among U.S. women representative of the national population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 5,480 women participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 were analyzed. Age at menarche was obtained via self-reporting. Qualified technicians measured body mass index and waist circumference. The total and regional body fat were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age at menarche was 13 years. After adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle, reproductive and metabolic factors, early menarche (≤11 years) was significantly associated with an elevated risk of general obesity (OR 1.837, 95% CI 1.462-2.308), abdominal obesity (OR 1.576, 95% CI 1.229-2.022), and excess body fat (OR 1.822-95% CI 1.394, 2.381) compared with normal menarche (12-14 years). Furthermore, age at menarche was negatively associated with the android-to-gynoid fat ratio (β = -0.008, 95% CI: -0.012 to -0.004) and positively associated with the leg-to-trunk fat ratio (β = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.013) after multivariate adjustment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The study's findings suggest that earlier menarcheal onset is associated with increased adiposity and an unfavorable body fat distribution in adulthood. These results support the importance of reproductive factors in obesity pathophysiology and highlight the need for early preventive interventions among girls experiencing early menarche.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Earlier menarche is associated with an elevated risk of adiposity and unfavorable body fat distribution among U.S. women. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to further assess causality and to explore the mechanisms involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148946332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Dysbiosis in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Bystander or Driver?","authors":"Shenyi Jin, Yanyan Xiao, Hao Lu, Chi Chen","doi":"10.2174/0115672026516770260826142409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026516770260826142409","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148946390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement and Challenges in Multiple Sclerosis: Understanding the Disease from Etiology to Treatment.","authors":"Kamal Kant Ravi, Kunal Arora","doi":"10.2174/0115672026468062260824061821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026468062260824061821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurodegenerative disorder of the Central Nervous System (CNS) that affects more than 2.8 million people worldwide. It is recognized as one of the leading causes of non-traumatic neurological disability among young adults. It is an inflammatory demyelination disease with axonal damage and progressive neurological disability, which creates high personal, social, and economic costs. The development of neuroimaging, immunobiology, and molecular biology has significantly enhanced the accuracy of diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic development, enabling earlier intervention and better relapse management with disease-modifying therapeutic agents. These innovations have improved clinical training, retention, and optimization of treatment for relapsing forms of the disease. The Pathophysiology of MS is complex, and the factors that lead to the condition are a complicated interplay of genetic risk, environmental exposure (Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D deficiency, and smoking), and impaired immunological responses. Despite these gains, there are some significant limitations. There are limited therapeutic interventions that are effective against progressive multiple sclerosis; remyelination failure still plays a role in irreversible disability. Predicting treatment response in this disorder is yet to be identified. The existing literature has identified gaps in understanding immune dysregulation, neurodegeneration, and new modulators, including viral exposures, the gut microbiota, and cell signalling pathways. These unaddressed gaps impede the design of individual and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches that can modify the disease course over the long term. This review critically examines the recent developments and current issues in multiple sclerosis, including etiology and Pathophysiology and diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, with a particular focus on highlighting critical areas of knowledge gaps as well as future research directions that may be used in support of multidisciplinary and integrative approaches to enhance the quality of life and multiple sclerosis clinical outcomes in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148946367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Signal Processing and Deep Learning Framework for Parkinson's Disease Classification and Determination of ON and OFF Medication Condition.","authors":"Fatma Latifoğlu, Fırat Orhanbulucu, Sultan Penekli, Murat Gültekin, Recep Baydemir, Muhammad E H Chowdhury","doi":"10.2174/0115672026485254260821045826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026485254260821045826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that can cause motor or non-motor symptoms as a result of damage to nerve cells in the brain. Recently, studies on the diagnosis and prediction of this type of disease continue with the application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods to electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. This study proposes a novel diagnostic framework for classifying PD across both ON and OFF medication states, leveraging EEG-based signal analysis and DL architectures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the proposed approach, EEG signals were obtained from 15 patients with PD (ON and OFF medication), with a mean age of 62.60, and 16 healthy controls (HC), with a mean age of 63,50. Data augmentation was achieved by decomposing EEG signals into subbands using Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) as a signal processing method. Spectrogram images were obtained by applying the Wavelet Coherence (WC) method to these subbands. The obtained images were classified using a 2D convolutional neural network (2D-CNN).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the classification process, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-Score values were obtained and interpreted. In this study, which examined subband performance, the best results were achieved with 99.80% accuracy, 99.79% sensitivity, 99.80% specificity, and 99.79% F1-Score.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings of this study confirm that the proposed approach outperforms similar approaches in the literature. Given the clinical need for reliable, non-invasive methods for diagnosing Parkinson's disease, the success of the developed model represents a significant contribution to the existing literature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study has contributed a high-performance, innovative approach to the existing literature on Parkinson's disease diagnosis. The successful results obtained clearly demonstrate that the model developed can serve as a robust and reliable framework not only for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, but also for similar biomedical signal analyses and the investigation of various neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148908340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Argon as a Stabilizer of the Neurovascular Unit in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Rostislav A Cherpakov, Ekaterina A Boeva, Viktoriya V Antonova, Oleg A Grebenchikov","doi":"10.2174/0115672026495622260821111208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672026495622260821111208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>Dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit (NVU) represents a common pathway of injury in ischemia-reperfusion and critical illness. Disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity, microcirculatory reperfusion heterogeneity, and neuroinflammation synergistically amplify secondary neural damage. In this context, attention is increasingly being directed toward interventions that stabilize the NVU as an integrated system rather than targeting neurons alone. This review aimed to summarize and critically appraise the evidence on the beneficial effects of argon in experimental models of ischemia-reperfusion and related critical scenarios, with emphasis on the hierarchy of evidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A focused narrative review was conducted by searching major bibliographic databases through December 2025, followed by manual selection of relevant studies and citation tracking. The SANRA checklist was applied for internal quality control of the narrative review. Statements were structured according to level of evidence (\"demonstrated,\" \"indirectly supported,\" and \"not demonstrated\") and linked to model type, therapeutic time windows, and outcome measures. A total of 110 references were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The strongest body of evidence concerns the neuroimmune compartment. Argon attenuates microglial activation and suppresses pro-inflammatory cascades, including inflammasomerelated signaling, thereby reducing pyroptotic markers. In the neuronal compartment, argon is associated with pro-survival shifts, including modulation of the Bcl-2 family balance, reduced caspase-3 activity, and partial preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential. By contrast, microcirculatory improvement is documented mainly at the level of integrated outcomes, such as perfusion, cerebral blood flow, and neurological performance.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>However, the underlying cellular mechanisms involving endothelial cells, pericytes, and microthromboinflammation remain insufficiently characterized. Direct evidence regarding tight junction proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, and endothelial nitric oxide signaling under argon exposure is limited, indicating a clear asymmetry in mechanistic resolution across NVU compartments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current evidence supports argon as a promising NVU-oriented neuroprotective modulator, with the strongest support for neuroimmune mechanisms. Evidence for barrierrelated and microcirculatory mechanisms remains limited and requires direct validation in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93965,"journal":{"name":"Current neurovascular research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148908283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}