Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)最新文献

{"title":"Is Tissue Damage caused in Group A Streptococcal Infections Augmented by Synergizing with Neutrophils’ Pro-inflammatory Products?","authors":"I. Ginsburg, Erez Koren","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1053","url":null,"abstract":"Catalase-negative penicillin-sensitive group A hemolytic streptococci (GAS) are multifactorial microorganisms, which do not produce a unique damage-associated molecular patterns which if effectively neutralized might effectively stop their pathogenicity. GAS is involved in the pathogenicity of pharangitis, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, arthritis, necrotizing fasciitis (NF), toxic shock syndrome and also in sepsis. GAS-induced NF is quite a rare but dangerous and deadly infection, which most commonly occurs in the arms, legs and abdominal wall and is fatal in 30%-40% of cases. GAS, which possess surface capsular polysaccharide and antigenic M and T proteins, arrive at the inflammatory areas by generating spreading factors such as hyaluronidase, DNase and streptokinaseactivated plasmin. GAS can spread in tissues and avidly adhere to membranes of target cells to deliver a nonimmunogenic cell bound hemolysin (CBH) upon cells’ membrane phospholipids to induce a penetrating membrane damage (“a kiss of Death”). Two additional potent extracellular hemolysins, Streptolysin O (SLO) and a nonimmunogenic streptolysin S (SLS) produced can injure neutrophils (PMNs), which are recruited to the infected sites in large numbers. However, PMNs can engage in phagocytosis and also undergo activation to release various proinflammatory agents including NADPH-generated superoxide which dismutates to H2O2 and with myeloperoxidase (MPO) which forms toxic HOCl upon interaction with halides. Activated PMNs also deliver highly cationic peptides such as LL37, cationic elastase, cathepsins and nuclear histone, which interact electrostatically with negatively-charged membrane sites forming membrane lesions. PMNs also secrete many acid hydrolases, several Th1 cytokines and chemokines, which recruit more PMNs. Similarly, to beta-lactams antibiotics, cationic peptides can also activate bacteriolysis and trigger the release of the pro-inflammatory agents lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PPG). We hereby propose that in infectious and inflammatory sites GAS and PMNs exo-products and also microbial cellwall structures might all act synergistically to cause cell and tissue damage. Cell damage might be ameliorated by appropriate cocktails of anti-inflammatory agents. also, containing highly negatively charged heparin 23.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42347328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Past Present and Future Status of HIV-AIDS Pandemic Problem in World","authors":"N. K. Chopra, H. Ni, Vichard Lim","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1050","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Scientists believe that HIV originally came from a virus particular to chimpanzees in West Africa during 1930s, and originally transmitted to human through the transfer of blood through hunting. Over the decades, the virus spread through Africa and to the other parts of world. When acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) first emerged, no one foresaw how the epidemic would spread across the world and how it would change many millions of lives. There was no of real idea of what caused it and, consequently, no real idea of how to protect against it. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has devastated families, communities and whole continents. We have seen the epidemic set back the development of countries by many decades, widen the gulf between rich and poor nations, and push already stigmatized groups closer to the margins of society.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48996368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimalarial Treatment Study in South-Western Nigeria","authors":"A. Olufemi, J. Thornthwaite, A. A. Ademola, Alli O.A.T","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47224304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological Study of Fungal Contaminants in ‘Agidi’: A Commercially Produced Cereal Food in Akoko Communities, Nigeria","authors":"A. O., A. G.","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1064","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of ‘Agidi’ food commonly consumed fermented food products in Akokoland, Nigeria were purchased from Obada, Okore and Osele markets of Ikare-Akoko community, Nigeria. This food source was examined for occurrence of aflatoxigenic mould contamination. The results obtained shows that the mould count ranged from 95×103 sfu/mL to 12×105 sfu/mL; 195×103 sfu/mL to 55×105 sfu/mL; 82×103 sfu/mL to 62×105 sfu/mL; 44.33×103 sfu/mL to 10×105 sfu/mL; 43×103 sfu/mL to 37×105 sfu/mL; 55×103 sfu/mL to 14.33×105 sfu/mL; 45×103 sfu/mL to 33×105 sfu/mL; 21×103 sfu/mL to 5×105 sfu/mL and 15.33×103 sfu/mL to 4×105 sfu/mL respectively for the samples examined. Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Saccharomyces spp., Wardomyces spp. were the most prevalent species obtained from Agidi samples identified. Other isolates obtained belong to the fungal group Geotrichum and Fusarium spp. The most prevalent strains isolated and studied further were Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. The Aspergillus flavus are usually responsible for aflatoxigenic mould contamination. Isolation of mould and aflatoxin producing strains of Aspergillus flavus in this study are of significance because they are sources of public health threat. It is recommended that high level of hygiene be maintained in the preparatory processes and production of this cereal food (Agidi) to enhance health safety.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69746302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Ecology of Mobile Phones Staff Maternity Hospital Public Lubumbashi, DR Congo","authors":"Kapopo Mwewa Christelle, M. L. Hendrick, M. Henri, Malonga Kaj Françoise","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1063","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Mobile phones are used throughout; However, in hospitals they can be carriers of pathogens that can cause nosocomial infections. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of mobile phones by maternity staff of public hospitals in Lubumbashi and determine the bacterial contamination of mobile phones. Methods: The study was descriptive cross conducted during the period July to December 2016. The sampling was done by volunteer staff in maternity wards of public hospitals in Lubumbashi. Were excluded from the study staff did not have a maternity-care activity. A form was filled by bringing together all the data regarding the type of mobile phone caregivers (with ordinary buttons, digital and / or digital with pouch) and the use of mobile phones during work time. The collection of samples was performed by swabbing on phones by using ISO / DIS 14698-1. Sample analysis was performed in the laboratory of the University Clinics of Lubumbashi and statistical analyzes were performed using Epi Info 7.1. Results: The results showed that 100% (54) of our respondents had a mobile phone and used it in the presence of patients. The majority of staff (40/54 or 74.1%) stopped caring to answer the phone and of these, 39 (97.6%) did not apply hand hygiene systematically before resuming treatment. 51 of the 54 phones collected were infected (94.4%). Most organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (17.6%), Enterococcus faecalis (15.6%) and Citrobacter freundi (11.7%). The presence of bacteria on the cell phone was significantly associated with the phone hygiene (p = 0.005) and personal care who stopped to answer the phone (p = 0.001). The association between the type of phone, and the presence of germs was not statistically significant (p = 0,). Conclusion: Mobile phones could play a role in the transmission of nosocomial infections. It is necessary to promote hand hygiene and the use of hydro-alcoholic solutions for disinfecting both mobile phones as hands.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69746289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concordance Between the Germs of Hospital Surfaces and those Isolated Nosocomial Infections in Parturient in Public Hospitals in Lubumbashi","authors":"M. L. Hendrick, Ntambue Mukengeshayi Abel, Makoutode Michel, Malonga Kaj Françoise","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1061","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The objective of the study was to compare the germs found on hospital surfaces and those found in biological fluids of parturients hospitalized in public hospitals in Lubumbashi. Methods: Data collection was performed on the surfaces by swabbing, by using ISO / DIS 14698-1. Similarly, samples of biological fluids were taken and all were analyzed in the laboratory of the university clinics in Lubumbashi to investigate the susceptibility and antibiotype. Kappa coefficient was used to study the correlation between the identified germs on hospital surfaces and those found in biological fluids of parturient at p ≤ 0.05 significance. Results: The antibiotype showed that the isolated germs on surfaces are the same strains as those isolated in pus, blood and urine of pregnant women. However, we noted a significant correlation of 0.02 between the surfaces germs and bacteria isolated in liquid surgical site. The probability of a woman in labor hospitalized in a public obstetric setting in Lubumbashi of contracting a nosocomial infection (NI) in a surface containing the same germs as that in question for this infection was 14.3% for Citrobacter freundi, 58.6%. for Escherichia coli, 19.2% for Klebsiella spp, 28.6% and this concordance was nevertheless negligible (0.10). We noticed that as long as hospital hygiene conditions improved, that is, with a high score, the risk of nosocomial infections decreased. Conclusion: The hospital environment contributes to the occurrence of (NI) in these public hospitals, however, note that there are several factors that influence the occurrence of these infections.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69746249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Novel Formulations using Lipophilic Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate against Influenza Virus Infection","authors":"D. Dickinson, Shannon Xayaraj, S. Dickinson, Xueling Shao, S. Hsu","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1045","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza virus infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and effective prophylactic and therapeutic methods to reduce infection outbreaks are lacking. Vaccination and current prevention/treatment approaches are not associated with a decline in morbidity or mortality, either globally or in the United States. Neither vaccination nor current anti-viral drugs prevent viral entry into the body and host cells, but rather target post-infection events in individuals. Hand washing and sanitizing do not prevent aerosol viral transmission, which accounts for the majority of influenza virus infections. Therefore, protection of the epithelia of the respiratory tract from viral entry is a significant gap in preventive strategies that needs to be filled. We hypothesize that lipophilic epigallocatechin3-gallate (L-EGCG), and EGCG-palmitate (EC16) in particular, is able to fill this gap and become a first-in-class prophylactic and therapeutic approach against influenza virus infection. The objective of the current study was to investigate a proof-of-concept for the use of EC16 to prevent and treat influenza virus infection. The experimental design included direct contact of formulations containing EC16 with H1N1 influenza virus prior to infection assay (TCID50) in MDCK cells, incubation of cells with EC16 formulations either before or after H1N1 viral infection (without direct formulation contact with the virus), and coating the cell surface with EC16 formulations prior to H1N1 viral infection, followed by TCID50 assays. The results demonstrated that at a 0.1% concentration, EC16 formulations were effective (>95%) in blocking H1N1 infection regardless of direct contact with the virus. In conclusion, formulations containing EC16 could be an effective prophylactic and therapeutic approach to combat influenza infection in the respiratory tract, pending further in vitro and in vivo studies.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47513199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Case of Pantoea Agglomerans Causing Haematuria and Urethritis in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)","authors":"Onugbo Nnenna Kalu Okomba, M. Prahladan","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1049","url":null,"abstract":"Pantoea agglomerans, a Gram negative bacterium of the family, Enterobacteriaceae, has been reported to cause septic arthritis/synovitis, endophthalmitis, periostitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, cholelithiasis, peritonitis and skin allergy [1-6]. We report the first case of haematuria with pantoea urethritis in a 51 year old adult male who was undergoing chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia on the AML 19 trial. He developed a persistent fever with haematuria five days after completion of chemotherapy. The blood culture from his PICC line grew pantoea agglomerans sensitive to ceftriaxone. He became neutropenic with associated fevers post chemotherapy, so he was started empirically on meropenem and vancomycin as per the neutropenic sepsis policy. He continued these for eight days until blood culture results were available. Although urine culture was negative, CT Urogram however revealed features consistent with urethritis. He completed another week of intravenous ceftriaxone and haematuria subsequently resolved. It is very likely that pantoea agglomerans caused the urethritis which resolved with antibiotics and repeat blood cultures returned negative. Pantoea agglomerans commonly occurs in plants as an epi or endophytic symbiont [7] with reports of opportunistic infection mostly in immunocompromised individuals. 6 Most human infections reportedly occur through skin breaks for instance through thorn pricks [2,4,6] during gardening, although there are also reports of sepsis through contaminated parenteral fluids [1,2] and indwelling lines/ catheters [8] or even presenting like a tumour [9]. Timely antibiotics intervention led to the favourable outcome in our case. Mortality with pantoea agglomerans infection has been reported especially in immunocompromised children, [10] our case of pantoea agglomerans urethritis was most likely line associated. The case highlights the importance of developing policies on performing investigations on immunocompromised patients including those at risk of neutropenic sepsis with timely intervention and targeted antibiotics to give the best possible outcome and patient care.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44388852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual Complication of Varicella Zoster (Vzv) Infection in a Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient","authors":"S. Prem, S. Thyagu, F. Michelis, Dennis (Dong Hwan) Kim, A. Viswabandya, Rajat Kumar, J. Lipton","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41732358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological Failure at Six Months of Triple Antiretroviral Therapy at Brazzaville University Hospital: Prevalence and Associated Factors","authors":"O. Br, Okemba Okombi Fh, Bemba Elp, R Babanga, T AdouaDoukaga, Angonga Pabota Ella, Ellenga-Mbolla Bf","doi":"10.33425/2639-9458.1044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9458.1044","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of immunological failure at six months of antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV and to identify associated factors. Patient and Method: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study covering the period from March to September 2017, including all types of PLWAs who had been under highly active antiretroviral therapy for at least six months and gave their informed consent freely. Results: A total of 325 female patients (n = 249, 76.6%) with an average age of 42 ± 44 years, unemployed (n = 70, 21.5%), low socio-economic status (n = 261, 80.3%), single in 33.8% (n = 110). Patients were in WHO stage IV in 15.4% of cases (n = 50). The average initial CD4 was 235 ± 178.95 cells / mm3. Chronic diarrhoea was the most common opportunistic infection in 98.15% of cases. The most commonly used protocol was TDF + FTC + EFV with 215 patients (66.2%). This average CD4 at six months was 160.02 ± 121.44 cells / mm3, and immunologic failure was reported in 231 patients (71.1%). The occupation (P = 0.001), basic WHO stage (P < 0.001), the duration of serologic status (P = 0.001), tuberculosis (P = 0.001) were statistically significant with the occurrence of failure and there was a correlation between the initial CD4 rate and that at 6 months. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the prevalence of immunologic failure remains high in relation to low socioeconomic status, screening and late management of HIV infection in addition to opportunistic infection.","PeriodicalId":93597,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology & infectious diseases (Wilmington, Del.)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46714919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}