Austin journal of public health and epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Determination of IgG Response Profile in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Using a Multiplex Serological Assay","authors":"E. Brochot, Souplet, P. Follet, P. Ponthieu, C. Olivier, G. Even, C. Audebert, R. Malbec","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1096","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Beyond the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, tools delivering a global picture of the patients’ humoral response may be of interest for the comprehension of the disease severity and the assessment of the patients’ protection for vaccination strategy. Objectives: Here we use a commercial multiplex serological immunoassay CoViDiag®, based on an array of five different antigens of the virus (the Nucleocapsid, the Spike 1 and Spike 2 subunits, and the RBD and NTD domains of the Spike), to investigate the profile of the IgG humoral response for patients with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection depending on the disease severity outcome, or the time post-PCR. Results: No cross-reaction was observed with the four other seasonal coronaviruses (100% specificity, 0/28). 100% (20/20) of the hospitalized patients PCR-positive to SARS-CoV-2 presented detectable levels of IgGs. 14 days post-PCR diagnosis, 92.3% of the patients, PCR-positive, that did not required hospitalization are presenting IgG (36/39). Interestingly for CoViDiag-positive samples, detectable levels of anti-RBD were found mainly in hospitalized patients (85%, 17/20), while the presence of anti-S1 (60.9%, 28/46) combined with the absence of anti-RBD (6.5%, 3/46) was more characteristic of nonhospitalized patients. Screening campaign group lacked both anti-S1 (18.2%, 4/22) and anti-RBD (4.5%, 1/22). Conclusion: The CoViDiag® IgG assay could be used to evaluate patients’ immunization and improve their management.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47927755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection a Multifaceted Interplay - Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Adipokine Disbalance and Immunity","authors":"Cherneva Rv, D. Valev, Cherneva Zv","doi":"10.26420/austinpublichealth.2021.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinpublichealth.2021.1013","url":null,"abstract":"Overweight and obesity are the most common comorbidities in SARSCoV- 2 patients, requiring hospitalization in intensive care units. The multifaceted nature of obesity including its effects on respiratory mechanics and immunity can fundamentally alter the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia, which are the major causes of death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most coronaviruses overcome host antiviral defense, and the pathogenicity of the virus is related to its capacity to suppress host immunity. Hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation are hallmarks of obesity, which is associated with a leptin and insulin resistant state. Leptin regulates appetite and metabolism and through the Jak/STAT and Akt pathways modulates T cell number and function; insulin receptor signaling is closely engaged in T cell proliferation, whereas low garde adipose tissue inflammation provokes aberrant inflammasome activation. The review discusses these phenomena. It presents the reasons for susceptibility to respiratory viral infections in obese patients, as well as, the immunomodulatory effects of obesity to the outcome.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91364150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"« What a Catch! »: A Case Report on Denial and Myocardial Infarction","authors":"A. Naviaux, Émilie Banse, Antoine Guédès, P. Janne, M. Gourdin","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1095","url":null,"abstract":"Coronary disease has long been associated with different behavioral patterns (Pattern A, D) and denial mechanisms. Denial can take various forms that put the coronary patient at risk during the whole course of his illness [1,2]. Objective This case shows to what extent denial mechanisms can interfere in the relationship between some coronary patients and their caregivers. Case Presentation Roger, - now deceased - would have been 95 this year and had two heart attacks. His first infarction was anteroseptal, while his second was an inferior infarct. He suffers from coronary disease and has a history of unstable angina. He had a double coronary bypass (saphenous vein graft on left anterior descending artery and right coronary artery.). Heart wise, when we met him, he was currently symptom-free but presented a dyspnea of grade II to III. He denied any ongoing chest pain even during moderate effort. We assessed Roger in the context of his heart surgery. We met him in Intensive Care Unit both before and after the intervention. During the postoperative phase, he described his second heart attack. He really enjoyed telling us the story of his second infarction, which occurred while he was already on antianginal medication (i.e. Cedocard®). It all started while he was angling during the weekend. Roger had been fishing for several hours but had not caught anything. He was upset and about to leave (Pattern A typical impatience) [1-3] when all of a sudden, he felt his line snapping tight for a split second: a line bite! The trout was, allegedly, huge, and his fishing rod was too light to land the fish in one go. Being a strategic angler, Roger decided to wear the fish down and to slowly bring it back to shore so that he could scoop it with his landing net. While doing so, he felt the first angina pain occurring and persisting. He tried to reach for his tablets in his pocket but could not manage as his hand was already benumbed. He explained: « At that stage, I told myself: Roger, it’s you or the trout! » Well, he went for the trout! He landed the fish first (after a one-hour struggle) and only then agreed to go to hospital in emergency (if this term remains appropriate in such a context).","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47043258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Point-of-Use Water Treatment Methods and the Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in a Peri-Urban Community of Bonendale, Douala IV, Cameroon","authors":"H. Ngouakam, J. FruCho, B. Tientche, Estuary Academic, Cameroon Insam","doi":"10.26420/AUSTINJPUBLICHEALTHEPIDEMIOL.2021.1093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/AUSTINJPUBLICHEALTHEPIDEMIOL.2021.1093","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The study aimed at assessing the knowledge of Bonendale populations related to safe drinking water; determine the microbiological quality and the household treatment practices of drinking water at the point of use (PoU). Methods: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, conducted between November 2017 and November 2018 in Bonendale, Douala IV. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 237 households. Results: The main source of drinking water in the study population was dug wells (64.9%). The major activity around the boreholes was agriculture 50% (6/12) while agriculture and livestock rearing were practiced around 34.3% (12/35) and 42.8% (15/35) of dug wells respectively. Nearly half 110 (46.4%) of respondents had a good knowledge of physical properties of drinking water. Fifty-nine water samples out of a total of 60 tested (98.3%) were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Analysis of water samples indicated that 47.6% (10/21) of dug wells, 37.0% (10/27) of Camwater, and 41.2% (5/12) of boreholes had a total coliform count varying between 101-1000 CFU/100mL. And only a single Camwater water sample 1 (137%) had a coliform count of 0 CFU/100mL. Conclusion: These findings indicated the poor microbiological quality of point water used by Bonendale populations representing an important potential health risk of water-borne diseases. The results also reveal that a very high proportion of households treat their PoU before drinking.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45845558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Climate Change Contributing to Food Insecurity and Poor Health Outcomes in Mozambique?","authors":"Macassa G, M. E, Francisco Jdc","doi":"10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjpublichealthepidemiol.2021.1092","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change poses a considerable threat to food security, with potentially existential economic, political and social outcomes for the entire humanity. The impact will be especially severe in low and middle-income countries that are struggling to meet the needs of a growing population. This mini-review aims to contribute to the global and, specifically, the Mozambican debate on the potential impact of climate change on food security and how it might affect the health of current and future generations. In Mozambique, climate change has already had an impact on food security and in some instances, it is exacerbating already existing diseases such as diarrhoea, malaria and cholera. However, more research is needed using empirical data that will shed light on the potential pathways and mechanisms of climate change, and its relationship with food insecurity and health outcomes. Furthermore, to ensure that climate change does not worsen the prevalence of food insecurity that is currently ravaging the country, Mozambique needs to implement all the adaptation and mitigation strategies, which have already been approved and adopted in the national climate change plan.","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49219524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Hispanic Black Americans' Diminished Protective Effects of Educational Attainment and Employment against Cardiometabolic Diseases: NHANES 1999-2016.","authors":"Hossein Zare,&nbsp;Shervin Assari","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and employment are among the major drivers of health and illness, the health returns of SES indicators may differ across racial groups. Built on Marginalization related Diminished Returns framework (MDRs) that refers to weaker health effects of SES indicators for marginalized and minoritized groups than non-Hispanic White people, we conducted this study with two aims: First to test the association between educational attainment and employment with cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), and second, to test racial variation in these associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2016) data. Participants included 29,230 adults who were either non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic Black. Race, demographic factors (age and sex, and marital status), SES (educational attainment and employment), behaviors (smoking, drinking, and exercise), health insurance, and CMDs (diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and congestive heart failure) were measured. Weighted Poisson regression models were used in Stata to adjust for the complex sample design of the NHANES. Models without and with interactions were performed in the pooled sample. We also ran race-stratified models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, high educational attainment and employment showed inverse associations with some CMDs. As documented by statistical interactions between race and our SES indicators, we observed weaker inverse associations between educational attainment and employment with some CMDs. Race-stratified models also confirmed our main analysis. However, the results varied across CMD conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We observe that SES indicators such as educational attainment and employment have differential associations for racial groups. Compared to non-Hispanic White people, non-Hispanic Black people remain at CMDs risk across the full SES spectrum. This finding is in line with the MDRs framework and may be due to the structural racism, social stratification, and Marginalization of non-Hispanic Black Americans.</p>","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39677762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fentanyl Test Strip Use and Overdose History among Individuals on Medication for Opioid Use Disorder.","authors":"C B Mistler,&nbsp;A O Rosen,&nbsp;W Eger,&nbsp;M M Copenhaver,&nbsp;R Shrestha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The number of deaths from drug overdose in the United States has more than doubled in the past decade. In particular, drug overdose deaths involving fentanyl have doubled every year since 2013. Rapid fentanyl test strips (FTS) are a useful strategy for detecting traces of fentanyl in substances and have received overwhelming support from individuals with opioid-dependence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated fentanyl use, knowledge of FTS, willingness to use FTS, and overdose history among a sample of 105 individuals currently on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the majority (63%) of the sample had experienced a non-fatal overdose and that 85% of participants were willing to use FTS. The majority of participants reported concern about fentanyl in their drug supply (70%) and 77% reported likelihood of past unintentional fentanyl use. Of note, only about half (47%) of participants knew of FTS prior to being surveyed, and only 17% reported ever using FTS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results expand on previous literature that documents high levels of willingness, yet low uptake of FTS among individuals on MOUD. Widespread education about FTS, in addition to the implementation of the use of FTS, is a highly promising and critical primary prevention alternative to overdose treatment and/or death due to fentanyl.</p>","PeriodicalId":93417,"journal":{"name":"Austin journal of public health and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9249264/pdf/nihms-1783455.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40467265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}