{"title":"Psychobiotics: Evolution of Novel Antidepressants.","authors":"Timothy G Dinan, Mary I Butler, John F Cryan","doi":"10.1159/000510424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system which allows the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract to interact with and respond to each other rapidly and effectively. It is becoming increasingly clear that major players in this complex system are gut bacteria. The mechanisms of signal transmission from bacteria to the brain are complex and not fully elucidated, but include neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. It was initially demonstrated in a rodent model of depression that the gut microbiota was altered. This observation has been replicated in patients with major depression who show decreased microbial diversity. Furthermore, when rodents receive a microbiota transplant from a depressed patient their behaviour alters, as does their tryptophan metabolism and immune status. Several studies of psychobiotics (bacteria with a potential mental health benefit) have been conducted in healthy populations and in patients with depression. While some psychobiotics have shown efficacy in treating depression, other bacteria have yielded negative findings. Larger-scale, well-designed studies are required. EU-funded guidelines recommend that patients with depression or vulnerability to depression should be encouraged to enhance a plant-based diet with a high content of grains/fibres, fermented foods, and fish. A significant impact of such a diet is likely mediated through the gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"134-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39029773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurocognitive Development and Decline.","authors":"Caitlin S M Cowan, John F Cryan","doi":"10.1159/000510414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the beginning of life on earth, microorganisms have played a significant role in evolution. Throughout the history of Homo sapiens and its precursor humanoid forms, microorganisms have been present at birth and proliferated until death. It is at these extremes of life that the microbiome, especially that within the gastrointestinal tract, is most dynamic and perhaps has its greatest influence on host health. Here, we focus on the role of the gut microbiome as a regulator of brain and behaviour through key points in the human lifespan. We first describe trajectories of the microbiome in early life and ageing, before providing evidence for the existence of sensitive periods in the microbiome-gut-brain axis at these extremes of the lifespan. Finally, we briefly examine potential mechanisms for interactions between the microbiome and the brain during development and ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"12-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39016305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Cussotto, Gerard Clarke, Timothy G Dinan, John F Cryan
{"title":"Psychotropic Drugs and the Microbiome.","authors":"Sofia Cussotto, Gerard Clarke, Timothy G Dinan, John F Cryan","doi":"10.1159/000510423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human gut microbiome plays a key role in host physiology in health and disease. There is a growing emphasis on the bidirectional interaction between various medications and the gut microbiome. Here, we will first review how drugs can affect microbiome composition and how the microbiome can alter the pharmacodynamics and potentially pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medications. We will take into consideration different classes of psychotropics, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, anticonvulsants/mood stabilisers, opioid analgesics, drugs of abuse, alcohol, nicotine, and xanthines. The varying effects of these widely used medications on microorganisms are becoming apparent from in vivo and in vitro studies. This has important implications for future drug discovery in psychiatry which will need to consider the host microbiome as a major potential target.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"113-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39029772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niamh C Wiley, John F Cryan, Timothy G Dinan, R Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton
{"title":"Production of Psychoactive Metabolites by Gut Bacteria.","authors":"Niamh C Wiley, John F Cryan, Timothy G Dinan, R Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton","doi":"10.1159/000510419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiome plays a vital role in numerous aspects of physiology, including functions related to metabolism, the immune system, behaviour, brain structure and function. Furthermore, it is now becoming increasingly clear that alterations in microbial composition or diversity are implicated in several disease states, including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiota has the potential to be useful in the treatment of both stress-related disorders and metabolic diseases. An important method by which the gut microbiome can influence the gut-brain axis is through microbial production of psychoactive metabolites. Several bacteria have been shown to produce metabolites which can impact host health, such as short-chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, antimicrobials, exopolysaccharides, and vitamins. Furthermore, several molecules with neuroactive functions, including serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, catecholamines, and acetylcholine, have been isolated from bacteria within the human gut. This review aims to explore the psychoactive metabolites reported to be produced by gut bacteria, particularly those of relevance to stress-related disorders. Screening methods for psychoactive metabolite production, as well as the challenges and limitations of this research, will also be addressed. Finally, the implications of metabolite production for neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress, behavioural disorders such as ASD, and neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"74-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39016310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy Loughman, Heidi M Staudacher, Tetyana Rocks, Anu Ruusunen, Wolfgang Marx, Adrienne O Apos Neil, Felice N Jacka
{"title":"Diet and Mental Health.","authors":"Amy Loughman, Heidi M Staudacher, Tetyana Rocks, Anu Ruusunen, Wolfgang Marx, Adrienne O Apos Neil, Felice N Jacka","doi":"10.1159/000510422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is accumulating evidence from observational and intervention studies in nutritional psychiatry regarding the importance of diet for mental health outcomes across the lifespan. Here, we synthesise this evidence, including findings from large meta-analyses showing cross-sectional and prospective associations between diet quality and mental health, even following adjustment for relevant confounding factors. Potential mechanistic pathways underpinning these associations include those of the gut-brain axis, demonstrated mostly in animal models. Dietary fibre is an important component of healthy diet and may be relevant for common mental disorders, with some studies showing a dose-dependent relationship between fibre intake and risk of depression. The potential contribution of nutraceuticals is also discussed, such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and psychobiotics. We consider the relevance of special diets such as the ketogenic diet and food sensitivities in the management of severe mental illness (e.g., anorexia nervosa) and brain disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). Given the relatively early nature of research in nutritional psychiatry, there remain a number of challenges to its translation into clinical practice. These span individual, clinical, and societal domains. We conclude with a discussion of micro- and macroeconomic factors which may be considered in the successful application of nutritional psychiatry research to improve public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"100-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39016311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Caitlin S M Cowan, Brian E Leonard","doi":"10.1159/000510413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The theme of this monograph reflects the growing research interest in the contribution of the microbiome-gut-brain axis to mental health. This chapter introduces readers to the study of the microbiome in psychiatric research and emphasises how research into the gut microbiome has had a significant impact on our understanding of mental health. A brief summary of the historical background for microbiome research in mental health is followed by examples of evidence linking gut microorganisms to changes in brain function. As novel technological developments have played a major role in providing the evidence for microbiome modulation of brain function, an overview of modern techniques and technologies is then provided. These have broadened our understanding of the range of microorganisms, in addition to bacteria, which contribute to the changes initiated by the microbiome. In addition, common experimental models are reviewed in light of the important role that animal studies, particularly in germ-free rodents, have played in establishing microbiome-gut-brain interactions. This introduction concludes with a summary of the challenges for future microbiome research, providing a forward-thinking perspective echoed in many of the following chapters.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39028825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kevin Champagne-Jorgensen, Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
{"title":"The Effect of Microbiota on Behaviour.","authors":"Kevin Champagne-Jorgensen, Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld","doi":"10.1159/000510417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is currently enormous interest in the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the development and function of the brain via activity of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It has long been recognised that symbiotic microorganisms influence host behaviour, but in recent years evidence has accumulated that this can, in fact, be beneficial to the host. Indeed, substantial research has now demonstrated an influence of the intestinal microbiota on a wide range of mammalian behaviours. Here, we review what is currently known about the influence of intestinal microbiota on learning and memory, olfaction, social behaviours, and circadian processes. While work in animal models is compelling, further work is required to elucidate mechanisms whereby bacterial influence is occurring, as well as to determine the extent to which gut microbiota can influence similar phenotypes in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"58-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39016308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is Anxiety Associated with the Gut Microbiota?","authors":"Jane A Foster","doi":"10.1159/000510418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000510418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how the microbiome influences health and disease has emerged as an important area of research across all domains of biomedical and health sciences. An extensive body of work in animal models has established a link between the gut microbiome and anxiety-like behaviour. Foundational work on germ-free mice provided the catalyst for neuroscientists to consider the microbiota-brain axis and brain health. Research manipulating the microbiome, including use of germ-free mice, antibiotics, and probiotics, provide evidence that the microbiota influences stress systems and in particular anxiety-like behaviour. Consideration of anxiety-like behaviour in animal models of metabolic and inflammatory disorders expands the scope of the work and correlates in clinical studies are emerging. This chapter highlights the work done to date in animal studies and reviews the recent clinical literature translating these observations to anxiety disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"68-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39016309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface.","authors":"Caitlin Cowan, Brian E Leonard","doi":"10.1159/000511097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000511097","url":null,"abstract":"Viṣṇu is a central deity in the Hindu pantheon, especially in his manifestation as the seductive cattleherding youth, Kṛṣṇa. The purāṇas are a genre of sacred texts, which, as the Sanskrit name implies, are collections of narratives from ‘long ago’. The Viṣṇu Purāṇa is thus an ancient account of the universe and a guide to life, which places Viṣṇu–Kṛṣṇa at the centre of creation, theology and reality itself.","PeriodicalId":93215,"journal":{"name":"Modern trends in psychiatry","volume":"32 ","pages":"VIII-IX"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39029774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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