Annals of reviews and research最新文献

{"title":"The Legislature in Intra-Executive Crisis and Institutional Instability in Nigeria","authors":"Ibraheem Oladipo Muhee","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555623","url":null,"abstract":"The preeminence of legitimate institutional preferences distinguishes popular government from dictatorship. The imperative for viable legislative institutions to the consolidation of popular government in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. This study interrogates legislatures’ complicity in intra-executive conflicts, deputy-governorship turnover, and institutional instability, with a view to mitigate further undermining of the institution of the legislature. Qualitative method, descriptive analysis, theories of separation of powers, institutionalization, and the prebendal conception of the Nigeria state, its post-colonial and post-conflict transactional politics suffice. The 1999 Constitution features bicameral national, and unicameral subnational assemblies and multi-level executives. It enjoins separation of powers with delineation of the functional boundaries of governmental institutions vis-à-vis the rule of law to guard against encroachment and impunity. Sections 176 and 186 provide for Governor, and Deputy-Governor, common to all the thirty-six States. Sections 130 and 141 provide for President and Vice-President respectively. Deputy-Governor is significant, as next to, and prospective Governor. Governorship candidates pick running mate for election and voters express support for the duo correspondingly. However, the ‘potential advantage is often counteracted by the prevalence of crisis-ridden executives’, exacerbate by compromised legislatures. Subnational legislative-executive relationship was characterized by the manipulation of legislatures by Governors to personal political ends. Cases abound of intra-executive crisis of confidence that thwarted collective executive successes while leaving both institutions deeply divided amidst accusations, counter-accusations and indictments. A survey of these cases reveals extensive legislatures’ complicity in summary impeachment, forced resignation and intimidation of many Deputy-Governors on sundry allegations leading to high Deputy-Governorship turnover. Pliable legislatures became executives’ whipping tools at the disposal of Governors to whip uncooperative and recalcitrant deputies into line, within days in blatant subversion of the Constitution. Judicial reviews invalidating identified undue legislative interferences underscore vexed question on legislatures’ autonomy, internal complexity and universalism, making mockery of constitutional government.","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42696146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Cream & Gel Formulations Containing Lidocaine and Tetracaine","authors":"T. Comoglu","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555621","url":null,"abstract":"There are multiple different topical anesthetic options available to minimize the pain associated with cosmetic dermatologic procedures. These options are used either alone or in combination and the most used dermal analgesics are lidocaine, tetracaine, prilocaine, or their combinations. EMLA® cream is a local anesthetic that contains lidocaine and prilocaine combination and can be applied to the skin to help suppressing the pain of needle procedures, but it requires occlusion and the length of time for the medication to stay on the skin depends on the type of procedure. It is usually applied at least 1-2 hours before minor skin procedures. The object of this study was to develop topical cream and gel formulations of lidocaine-tetracaine (LT) combination with a suitable consistency to maintain an effective pain alleviation with a faster onset of action which may be an alternative to EMLA® in superficial operations. Two different formulations of LT; a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion and an emul gel thickened with Carbomer 974 were manufactured. pH levels of emulgel formulations were ranged between 7.2-7.7 at t 0 , and 8.2-8.9 at t 30 , respectively. The w/o cream and emulgel formulations showed shear thinning thixotropic behavior at t 0 and t 30 . The morphological properties have been analyzed with a texture analyzer, and properties such as hardness, cohesiveness, and elasticity were calculated. The yield percentage of lidocaine was 65-100%, and tetracaine was 45-100% in emulgels, and 39-79% and 47-67% in creams. In vitro studies showed that LT release was faster in emulgel formulations, and tetracaine release had a longer duration in all formulations. In conclusion, cream and emulgel formulations of LT combination with a suitable consistency, pH level and longer duration of action have been manufactured and evaluated by means of in vitro tests.","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44460499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of Development Initiative Ownership by the Benefiting Community: The case of Community-Based Production and Marketing Systems","authors":"Kavoi J","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555622","url":null,"abstract":"This case study used a Private Public Partnership on a Gadam sorghum development initiative with a view to understanding the conceptualization, implementation, outputs, outcomes and lessons for policy, practice and research. The development initiative involved several stakeholders, namely, East African Breweries, Researchers, Ministry of Agriculture, Equity bank, Smart Logistics and Provincial administration, Ministry of culture and Social Services, and farmer producer groups. Research and development agencies introduced several organizational and technical innovations including production clusters, improved sorghum, payment using warehouse receipts and others. The farmers brought in various technical innovations, which included bird diversion strategies, bird avoidance strategy, planting along plough furrows and many sorghum recipes. The diverse recipes led to a change of perception towards this high value traditional crop and thus the grain became a source of food for the farmers. Payment through the bank helped the farmers to access finances easily and other banks started similar initiatives in the area. It was observed that a technology without appropriate configuration of partners will not create the desired impact. Communication between partners is important towards sustaining the innovation process and a feedback capture and incorporation tool into research is necessary. It was also apparent that support to the whole value chain is important rather than focusing on the output end of the chain. There is therefore need for policies to balance between the profit needs of the entrepreneur and the income/food needs of the farmers. It is important for producers to own such initiatives in order to build sustainability of the innovation process beyond the expiry of external agency intervention initiatives. There is also need to encourage formation of structures representing farmers to negotiate fair contracts with partners or to provide technical advice or credit to their members.","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42403425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrowing Gaps from Global Trends to National Contexts, How Clinical Guidelines Operating","authors":"H. Hussain","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555624","url":null,"abstract":"Evidenced-based and national context orientated Guidelines help clinicians translate best evidence into best practice. A wellcalipered guideline improves quality by reducing variations in healthcare delivery. Clinical Guidelines remarkably contributing to Improving diagnostic accuracy, enhancing effective therapy, and restricting ineffective or potentially non-effective interventions. Clinical guidelines methodology seems to be poorly defined and clearly varies at different organizations. One of the gaps needs to be closed under national clinical guidelines is to generate and develop a quality-driven, evidence-based through utilizing an efficient and rigors methodology for action and setting up ready recommendations with multi-disciplinary applicability. The Process of development, that permit moving from conception to completion in a well-defined period of time, always emphasizes a logical sequence of key action statements supported by amplifying text, evidence profiles, as well as a recommendation which link action to evidence [1].","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42011364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience Outside of Clinical Trial with Everolimus","authors":"Beatriz Losada Vila","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555625","url":null,"abstract":"100% of the patients are <65 years old (1 premenopausal, on treatment with gnRH analogue), with an ECOG 0-1 in 100%. 40% started as a metastatic disease. Disease-free interval was greater than 2 years in 100% of the patients.20% present 3 or more metastatic locations, while the remaining 80% present between 1-2 locations. 100% have visceral involvement. The indication of everolimus in the 5 patients was as much in 1st line as in 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th line. The patient who received everolimus in the first line was due to progression to aromatase inhibitor during the adjuvant setting. Regarding the treatments previously received, 60% were treated with fulvestrant, while also 60% had previously received chemotherapy for metastatic disease. 80% were on exemestane in combination with everolimus, while 20% combined it with letrozole. The starting dose of everolimus was 10 mg in all patients. The median time on everolimus was 7.5 months (2-14), presenting in 60% (3/5) toxicity, being 2/3 in the first 15 days and 1/3 in the following 15-30 days. A patient continues with everolimus at present. The most frequently reported toxicity is as mucositis in 60% (2/3 grade 3, 1/3 degree 2) that requires dose delay in all of them and dose reduction to 5 mg in 2/3. The second most frequent toxicity was pneumonitis (2/5 = 40% grade 1 and 2 respectively). All patients received mouthwash with dexamethasone prior to the onset of everolimus. As a hematological toxicity, only grade 1 plaquetopenia stands out in 20%. The maximum response was in the form of stability in 3/5 (60%), no partial or complete reduction, while progression was in 2/5 (40%) at the first reevaluation test [1,2].","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42111615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine theileriosis: Review","authors":"F. L. Leivas Leite","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555620","url":null,"abstract":"Equine theileriosis, caused by the Apicomplexa protozoan Theileria equi , is an intra-erythrocytic parasite disease found in horses, and it is widely distributed throughout the world. Its prevalence and endemicity are linked to the presence of tick vectors and chronic equine carriers. Diagnosis of theileriosis is based on serological methods, including ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), IFAT (indirect fluorescent antibody), and molecular methods such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Theileria has merozoite proteins, (EMA-1, EMA-2, EMA-3 and EMA-6). These antigens play an important role in pathogenesis and provide as host immune response targets against the parasite. EMA-1 and EMA-2 have been identified as immunodominant antigens and they are expressed on the surface of extra-erythrocyte merozoites. EMA-1 protein has been used in commercial testing of immunodiagnostic; however, EMA-2 is a highly conserved immunogenic protein and a promising target. The aim of this study is to contribute to improving the diagnosis and prevention of equine theileriosis.","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48333505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Malaria in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan - A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Najeeb Ullah Khan","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555619","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malaria is a fatal disease normally transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. It is usually found in tropical and subtropical climates where the parasites responsible for causing the disease live. Five types of malaria parasites infect humans: Plasmodium (P) falciparum, P . vivax, P . ovale, P . malariae and P . knowlesi. P. vivax and P . falciparum are present in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, but no actual prevalence data is yet recorded. This study was commenced to precisely estimate the prevalence rate of Malaria across the province through a review of papers reporting prevalence data in the region. Methods: The essential target of this efficient survey and meta-analysis was to describe the detailed clinical quality and the geographical variety of the prevalence of severe malaria, found in literature search from the databases, since 2003 to 2017. Abstracts and results of twenty-one papers were considered and the information was extracted, based on prevalence rate of malaria in general and local population. Results: Out of the 21 studies chosen, on the basis of inclusive criteria, 18 studies were finally selected for further analysis. The combined estimate from the random effect model gave 13.81% prevalence. The prevalence of malaria sharply increased from 2013 onwards compared to the previous years. Highly significant (p-value < 0.0001) heterogeneity is observed among the studies. Further it is found that study no. 16, and 9 out of those included possess maximum contribution to the heterogeneity and are highly influential. The corresponding funnel plot reveals significant considerable asymmetry and publication bias. Conclusion: Despite of malaria control program in recent years, the incidence of malaria is still in alarming situation at KP-Pakistan. Further analysis based on general population screening will be required to figure out the actual situation of malaria at KP-Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48365742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperhidrosis and its Prevalence in a Population: A Cross Sectional Survey","authors":"Mubashar Mashqoor Mir","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555617","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42046110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Vermicompost Prepared from Bombax Ceiba Flowers in Presence of Different Quantities of Cow Dung with or without Nutrient Additives","authors":"Sannigrahi Ak","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555618","url":null,"abstract":"Huge quantity of Bombax ceiba flowers remains unutilized for beneficial purpose and burnt as wastes by villagers. The vermicomposting experiment showed that good quality nutrient rich vermicompost having 1.13% N, 0.48% P, 2.68% K, 0.55% Ca, 0.69% S and 2.29% Na could be prepared within 57 days from a mixture of equal quantity of flower and cow dung with the help of Eisenia fetida earthworms. Vermicomposting of this flower was also possible with addition of one fourth or even no cow dung. Flower cow dung ratio, however, played a significant role in effective vermicomposting of Bombax ceiba flowers. Application of nutrient additives like 0.5% urea, 0.5% rock phosphate and 2.5% Mahua seed cake during initial preparation of compost beds helped to improve nutrient status of vermicompost. Vermicomposting being easy and low-cost procedure should be followed by villagers for beneficial utilization of these beautiful flowers.","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48963907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Banking Union Perspectives of Eurozone Peripheries: A Critical View","authors":"Dimitrios G Tsoutsas","doi":"10.19080/arr.2018.03.555616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/arr.2018.03.555616","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the perspectives of the Eurozone becoming a banking union apart from a monetary one. Risk- and debt-sharing of the financial sector between Eurozone member peripheries are under scrutiny and moral hazard incentives from the side of banking institutions are analyzed. While looking into advantages and drawbacks of debt mutualization, the beneficial character of a strongly-linked banking union is discussed, but also the rigorous constraints it has to overcome. JEL","PeriodicalId":93074,"journal":{"name":"Annals of reviews and research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42820959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}