Bone最新文献

{"title":"Comparing bone and muscle parameters in community-dwelling older adults with obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus","authors":"Costas Glavas ,&nbsp;Jakub Mesinovic ,&nbsp;Peter R. Ebeling ,&nbsp;Surbhi Sood ,&nbsp;Elena S. George ,&nbsp;Melkamu Tamir Hunegnaw ,&nbsp;Ayse Zengin ,&nbsp;Robin M. Daly ,&nbsp;Paul Jansons ,&nbsp;David Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Obesity is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is associated with lower fracture risk. However, older adults with T2DM have higher fracture rates, suggesting distinct effects of T2DM on musculoskeletal health. We aimed to compare associations between components of T2DM and musculoskeletal health in community-dwelling older adults with obesity, with and without T2DM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included adults aged ≥60 years with self-reported obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m²). Physical function was assessed by short physical performance battery (SPPB), handgrip strength, stair-climb and jumping mechanography. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured body composition and areal BMD (aBMD). High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) assessed tibial bone densitometry and microarchitecture.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 116 participants, 40 (34 %) had T2DM with a higher proportion of females (80 %) compared to those without T2DM (63 %). T2DM participants had higher glucose (31 % mmol/L, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001), HbA1c (15 %, p &lt; 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (136 %, p &lt; 0.0001), and exhibited lower hand grip strength (11 % ± 10 %, <em>p</em> = 0.036), SPPB scores (5 % ± 2 %, <em>p</em> = 0.044), stair-climb power (5 % ± 2 % W/kg, <em>p</em> = 0.010) and vertical jump power (2 % ± 8 % W/kg, <em>p</em> = 0.038) compared to counterparts. There were no differences between groups for bone outcomes except increased total hip aBMD (10 % ± 0.2 % g/cm², <em>p</em> = 0.026) and trabecular thickness (5 % ± 0.03 % mm, <em>p</em> = 0.017). In all participants, total fat mass was associated with impaired physical function, while appendicular lean mass was positively associated with muscle power but negatively associated with cortical BMD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Older adults with obesity and T2DM demonstrate impaired muscle function and power, but have similar bone health and body composition, compared with those with obesity alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145288063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of bone fracture healing modelling: from mechanobiological theory to personalized rehabilitation protocols","authors":"Lunjian Li ,&nbsp;Minoo Patel ,&nbsp;Lihai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite standard rehabilitation protocols, many patients still suffer from limited mobility, delayed union, or even non-union. This underscores the need for personalized rehabilitation protocols. Fracture healing is a dynamic process governed by the interplay of mechanical stimuli and biochemical signalling pathways. This review first summarizes current understanding of the biological and mechanobiological mechanisms that regulate bone repair. It also discusses different simulation models, including the finite element method (FEM), agent-based models (ABM), reaction–diffusion models (RDM), and machine learning (ML), and evaluates their respective strengths. Recent advances in patient-specific models are also reviewed, particularly those integrating CT-derived geometry, bone properties, and musculoskeletal (MSK) loading. These approaches enable individualized predictions of healing and can inform clinical rehabilitation strategies. Finally, the key challenges and future priorities for implementing these technologies in clinical practice are discussed, providing insights to support the development of more precise and patient-specific fracture care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The “Last Mile” of ResNet50-based osteoporosis screening on chest radiographs: Standardization, federated learning, and interpretability","authors":"Siyi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117677","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are not associated with bone mineral density longitudinally: The Rotterdam Study","authors":"Mengyuan Cai ,&nbsp;Jinluan Chen ,&nbsp;Jiawei Li ,&nbsp;Katerina Trajanoska ,&nbsp;Evert F.S. van Velsen ,&nbsp;M. Carola Zillikens","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed through non-enzymatic glycation of, e.g., proteins in collagen have been associated with prevalent fractures, but their relation with bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS) is unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the association of skin AGEs with BMD and TBS changes over time.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the Rotterdam Study, skin AGEs were assessed as skin autofluorescence (SAF) using the AGE Reader®. Total body (TB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). SAF was analyzed with baseline and follow-up BMD and TBS, employing a linear mixed effects model adjusted for clinical and lifestyle confounders, with interaction analysis for sex, prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), chronic kidney disease, and bisphosphonate use.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Longitudinal analyses between SAF and TB BMD were performed in 2553 participants (mean follow-up time 4.9 years), and between SAF and LS BMD, FN BMD and TBS in 851 participants (mean follow-up 5.6 years). SAF was not associated with BMD nor with TBS changes over time. Significant interactions were observed with sex (TB and FN BMD) and with diabetes (FN BMD), but stratified analysis revealed no significant associations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We did not observe a longitudinal association between SAF and BMD at multiple sites or TBS, which is consistent with our earlier findings that associations of SAF with prevalent fractures were not explained by BMD or TBS. Other aspects of bone quality or muscle characteristics including fall risk may be involved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117676"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deep intronic PHEX variant in a large Danish family with hereditary hypophosphatemia and a milder skeletal, but more severe dental phenotype","authors":"Jenny Blechingberg ,&nbsp;Kristian Alsbjerg Skipper ,&nbsp;Signe Sparre Beck-Nielsen ,&nbsp;Pernille Axél Gregersen","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hereditary hypophosphatemia (HH) are rare diseases, characterized by excessive renal phosphate wasting, rickets and osteomalacia in growing children, and osteomalacia in adults. There are several types of HH caused by pathogenic variants in a number of different genes. We present a large Danish family consisting of 19 family members with clinically and biochemically hypophosphatamia caused by a previously unreported deep intronic splice variant in <em>PHEX</em>: c.1080-687 A &gt; G (p.?). The affected family members displayed a milder HH phenotype compared with a larger group of individuals with other disease causing <em>PHEX</em> variants. We were able to genetically confirm a diagnosis of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) by genome sequencing intron analysis and in vitro analysis consisting of an exon trapping assay. Our findings emphasize the phenotypic variability of XLH, where this family in general displays a milder phenotype. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that XLH can be caused by intron variants in <em>PHEX</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw following osteoporosis therapy: A real-world retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX global collaborative network","authors":"Tse-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Ya-Lian Deng ,&nbsp;I-Chieh Chen ,&nbsp;Ching-Heng Lin ,&nbsp;Jun-Fu Lin ,&nbsp;Yi-Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Hsu-Tung Lee ,&nbsp;Hui-Chih Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) was first reported in cancer patients receiving high-dose intravenous bisphosphonates and later linked to other anti-resorptive agents such as denosumab and romosozumab. However, large-scale real-world data on MRONJ risk following these therapies remain limited. This study focuses on the widely used parenteral anti-resorptive agents—ibandronate, denosumab, and zoledronic acid—chosen for their clinical popularity, cost-effectiveness, and convenient dosing. We aimed to assess the risk of MRONJ associated with each agent using real-world data from a global healthcare network.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX network. To clarify the causal relationship, cohorts were created to include patients treated with only one anti-resorptive medication. Propensity score matching was applied to adjust for known risk factors associated with MRONJ. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed for cancer and non-cancer patient populations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Propensity score matching yielded balanced cohorts (<em>n</em> = 36,983 each) for comparing MRONJ risk. Among matched patients, 106 denosumab users and 41 zoledronic acid users developed MRONJ (HR: 0.378; 95 % CI: 0.264–0.543). No case occurred in the ibandronate group (<em>n</em> = 11,405), which showed substantially lower risk compared to zoledronic acid and denosumab. The incidence of inflammatory condition of jaws share similar trends compared to those of MRONJ among the three groups. In cancer patients, MRONJ risk was 0.294 % with denosumab and 0.525 % with zoledronic acid. Non-cancer patients had much lower risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study used real-world data from the TriNetX platform to evaluate the risk of MRONJ associated with various anti-osteoporosis medications, excluding combination therapies for clarity. Our findings indicate that among the commonly used parenteral anti-resorptive agents, denosumab has been associated with the highest risk of MRONJ, followed by zoledronic acid, with ibandronate showing the lowest risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on “Impact of baseline PINP on the BMD increase with romosozumab, teriparatide, and denosumab in treatment-naïve primary osteoporosis: A retrospective cohort study”","authors":"Daquan Liao ,&nbsp;Xuezheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Shiye Huang ,&nbsp;Yubin Feng ,&nbsp;Ziye Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117667","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing early subchondral bone structural changes in osteoarthritis progression in a collagenase-induced mouse model using microCT","authors":"Han Liu ,&nbsp;Zihui Li ,&nbsp;Catherine E. Davey ,&nbsp;Kathryn S. Stok","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder affecting millions of people worldwide, and involves deterioration to subchondral bone. This study aims to reveal the early bone microstructural changes at high temporal resolution in a small animal model of OA with joint laxity and inflammation.</div><div>Seventy-five male C57BI/10 mice aged nine weeks were recruited and assigned to three cross-sectional cohorts, baseline, control, and OA. Of these, forty-seven ten-week-old mice assigned to the OA cohort received intra-articular injection of collagenase on the right knee to destabilize the right tibiofemoral joint. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) scan was performed after humanely killing the mice at nine time points (eight weeks in total). Quantitative morphometric analysis (QMA) was performed to measure structure of subchondral cortical and epiphyseal femoral and tibial bone, and osteophyte activity.</div><div>Early pathological changes caused by collagenase-injection were characterized by bone morphometry measures and osteophyte detection. Compared to control joints, bone loss, lower bone volume fraction, thinner trabeculae, larger trabecular spacing, smaller trabecular number, thinner cortical bone, and osteophyte formation were observed in osteoarthritic joints at multiple time points, with changes detectable as early as one week post disease induction. Additionally, a non-linear pattern of structural changes was observed throughout the experiment, with a critical transition occurring within three weeks after disease induction. These findings underscore the necessity of early and frequent quantification to capture rapidly changing bone microstructure alterations in early stage of OA, potentially enabling earlier diagnosis, intervention, and treatment of OA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145403212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between body roundness index and lumbar marrow fat content in postmenopausal women","authors":"Peng Luo ,&nbsp;Zeyang Miao ,&nbsp;Mengyao Guo ,&nbsp;Lingdi Qin ,&nbsp;Run Xu ,&nbsp;Li Lu ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Guanwu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the relationship between body roundness index (BRI) and lumbar marrow proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in postmenopausal women, with emphasis on potential nonlinear associations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this retrospective cross-sectional study of 186 postmenopausal women, lumbar PDFF was quantified using T2-corrected magnetic resonance spectroscopy (L3 vertebra), and bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression and nonlinear analyses (smooth curve fitting, two-segment linear models) were employed to evaluate BRI-PDFF relationships, adjusting for age, menopause duration, physical activity, and BMD.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both BRI and lumbar BMD exhibited significant inverse correlations with PDFF (BRI: <em>r</em> = −0.513; BMD: <em>r</em> = −0.462; both <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Higher BRI quartiles were associated with elevated BMD at total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05, Q4 vs. Q1–Q3) and a progressive reduction in adjusted PDFF (<em>P</em>_trend &lt; 0.05). Linear regression confirmed dose-dependent inverse associations between BRI (continuous/quartile) and PDFF (adjusted β = −1.870 to −11.098, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05 for Q3–Q4 vs. Q1; <em>P</em>_trend &lt; 0.001). Nonlinear analysis identified a threshold at BRI = 2.58: below this point, BRI strongly predicted PDFF reduction (β = −26.048, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), whereas the association attenuated above it (β = −1.086, <em>P</em> = 0.024).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Increased BRI independently correlates with reduced marrow adiposity in postmenopausal women, with a nonlinear threshold effect (BRI = 2.58) suggesting distinct biological mechanisms at lower versus higher adiposity levels. These findings highlight BRI as a potential biomarker for marrow fat dynamics and a target for metabolic bone disease interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117684"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145310144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional analysis of subtrochanteric femoral cortical bone microstructure in healthy adults using double-echo ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"Yitong Li ,&nbsp;Zheng Ran ,&nbsp;Bowen Hou ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Luo ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Chu ,&nbsp;Zhongyichen Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bone.2025.117686","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The subtrochanteric region of the femur is a common site for atypical femoral fracture (AFF), and the research of its cortical bone microstructure is important but currently lacking. Conventional whole-bone analysis may mask regional heterogeneities of cortical bone characteristics. This study aimed to utilize double-echo ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI for in vivo regional investigation of subtrochanteric femoral cortical bone microstructure in healthy adults, exploring regional differences in microstructure at this site and the effects of various factors, thereby providing references for subsequent related research.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Materials and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Healthy adults without osteoporosis risk factors (n = 124) were enrolled and underwent double-echo UTE MRI of the non-dominant proximal femur. The delineation of the subtrochanteric femoral cortical bone region of interest (ROI) and the division of regions (anterior, medial, posterior, and lateral) were performed manually by two radiologists independently, and then the porosity index (PI) and cortical bone thickness (CbTh) were obtained using image processing software. The repeatability of regional measurements was evaluated using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. We used one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc contrast tests to verify regional variations, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to verify global and regional sex differences, and finally a general linear model with repeated measures to investigate effects of various factors on cortical bone microstructure.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A total of 110 healthy subjects (44 females, 66 males) aged 18–50 years were finally included, with no significant difference in age between sexes (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.240) but males having a higher BMI than females (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001). The repeatability of regional measurements was good to excellent (ICC: 0.866 to 0.964). There were statistically significant regional differences in PI and CbTh in the subtrochanteric femoral cortex, regardless of sex (all &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), with the lateral region exhibiting the highest PI (+28.61 % from the global mean in all subjects) and the medial region exhibiting the largest CbTh (+11.09 % from the global mean in all subjects). Apart from CbTh in the lateral region (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.930), both global and regional cortical bone microstructures showed statistically significant sex differences (all &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.01), with the most pronounced sex difference in PI in anterior region (−10.97 % in females compared to males) and CbTh in posterior region (−14.68 % in females compared to males). Cortical PI was affected by region (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.003) and sex (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.001), with sex being the most significant factor (η&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 13.8 %); CbTh was affected similarly by sex (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.003) and BMI (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002), and also affected by interactio","PeriodicalId":9301,"journal":{"name":"Bone","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 117686"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145350503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}