The International zoo yearbook最新文献

{"title":"The development of the Red panda Ailurus fulgens EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation","authors":"J. Kappelhof,&nbsp;J. Weerman","doi":"10.1111/izy.12278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Red panda <i>Ailurus fulgens</i> is an Endangered small carnivore that occurs in Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal and the People's Republic of China. Wild populations of Red pandas have declined by 50% over the last three generations as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting and poaching. In 1979 an international studbook was established for the species to monitor the demographically small and unstable population in human care. At that time the breeding results were poor. In 1985 a European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) was initiated and from then onwards the Red panda population started to grow as improved breeding techniques were utilized. As at 31 December 2019 there were 407 Red pandas: 177.228.2 (♂♂.♀♀.??) in the EEP housed at 182 institutions. The EEP developed in stages over four decades, from a small population of Red pandas with low breeding success and high mortality, to a popular breeding programme with high breeding success and direct links to <i>in situ</i> conservation. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed, such as mean kinship and genetic diversity, climate change and its effects on juvenile mortality, and the welfare of individuals housed in long-term bachelor groups. These issues are highlighted to encourage future research into the conservation of this species with some indications given of what zoos can do to find solutions to the most-pressing challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"102-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43951854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation status, ex situ priorities and emerging threats to small carnivores","authors":"D. Willcox","doi":"10.1111/izy.12275","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Madagascar contains the highest concentration of threatened carnivore species anywhere in the world. The country's deteriorating protected-area network makes it a priority for small carnivore conservation, and several species may need some form of <i>ex situ</i> action. Small carnivores in South East Asia are under significant pressure from hunting to supply the illegal wildlife trade, as well as habitat loss, and the interactions between these two factors. Owston's civet <i>Chrotogale owstoni</i> is the conservation priority from this region. The rapidly declining status of Large-spotted civet <i>Viverra megaspila</i> needs careful monitoring, as it may warrant intervention soon. Otters (Lutrinae) in Asia are in decline and there may exist as yet undescribed conservation units that are extremely threatened. Hairy-nosed otter <i>Lutra sumatrana</i> is not yet a priority for <i>ex situ</i> conservation because of low feasibility; efforts should focus on managing the populations of Smooth-coated otter <i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i> and Asian small-clawed otter <i>Aonyx cinereus</i> already in human care. The future of European mink <i>Mustela lutreola</i> and Black-footed ferret <i>Mustela nigripes</i> will depend on ongoing support to conservation-breeding efforts, as well as threat reduction. To a lesser extent, Red panda <i>Ailurus fulgens</i> conservation is also dependent on continued support to its integrated conservation plan. There are no obvious candidate species for <i>ex situ</i> conservation of small carnivores from Africa, though the bushmeat trade, planned large-scale infrastructure projects and a growing transnational wildlife trade link to Asia may change this assessment in the near future. It is unclear what role <i>ex situ</i> conservation would have for Pygmy raccoon <i>Procyon pygmaeus</i>: the main threat to this species is hurricanes. A speculative assessment of emerging threats to small carnivores includes: infrastructural development in the tropics, illegal wildlife trade networks that include Latin American, African and Asian markets, and the growing Vietnamese and Chinese diasporas that operate in other Asian countries, Africa and Latin America, and the interactions between all of these factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"19-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49472785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphibians in zoos: a global approach on distribution patterns of threatened amphibians in zoological collections","authors":"A. Jacken,&nbsp;D. Rödder,&nbsp;T. Ziegler","doi":"10.1111/izy.12272","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2008, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and Amphibian Ark proclaimed the ‘Year of the Frog’. In the present study, based on analyses conducted in April and May 2017, the selection of amphibian species in zoos was investigated almost 10 years after that campaign. Given the huge diversity of amphibians, their representation in zoological collections was still poor, with only around 7% (540 species) of all extant amphibian species kept in zoos (76% anurans, 22% caudates and 2% caecilians). Only 10·4% of the amphibians in zoos were kept in sufficient numbers in different collections, while a further 10·1% were represented by a single specimen. Only 4·3% of the amphibian species that were recommended by the Amphibian Ark for <i>ex situ</i> conservation were kept in zoos. Moreover, 44·3% of the globally threatened amphibians in zoos were each held by a single zoo only. With some exceptions, reproduction success of amphibians in zoos was low and reported for only 10% of amphibian species in two or more institutions within one year. In the present study, a richness analysis provided further insights into the focus areas of amphibians in zoological collections. Large numbers of zoos in North America and Europe maintained amphibian collections of global importance, although the distribution of these institutions did not match the natural distribution of target species that were most urgently in need of <i>ex situ</i> rescue. Investing in conservation-breeding programmes and cooperation with local partners will help to increase the number of threatened amphibian taxa in zoos. Although the global zoo community’s response to the amphibian decline is slow, it still holds the capability to procure a shift from common to threatened taxa. By providing their expertise and facilities for the keeping and (conservation) breeding of threatened amphibian taxa, zoos can play a key role in amphibian conservation in terms of the ‘One Plan approach’.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"146-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46911292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Owston’s civet Chrotogale owstoni: a priority for conservation breeding","authors":"D. Willcox,&nbsp;O. Taylor,&nbsp;J. Jimerson,&nbsp;G. Underwood,&nbsp; Nguyen Van Thai","doi":"10.1111/izy.12271","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Owston’s civet <i>Chrotogale owstoni</i> is categorized as Endangered on <i>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i>. The species is the only member of the genus <i>Chrotogale</i> and is restricted to Vietnam, Lao PDR and southern China. Its restricted distribution, taxonomic status as the sole member of its genus, declining conservation status and the known absence of any effective protection within its range make the Owston’s civet a global priority for carnivore conservation. In April 2019, 57 stakeholders, including civil society organizations, zoos from Europe and the region, representatives of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) and the Vietnamese government, gathered in Hanoi, Vietnam, to identify what priority <i>in situ</i> and <i>ex situ</i> actions are needed to avert the extinction of Owston’s civet. The result was the development of a 10 year conservation strategy for this species, part of which includes establishing a conservation-breeding programme. Conservation-breeding programmes for globally threatened species in South East Asia are on the whole failing because of poor planning, conflicting institutional objectives and lack of resources. This short report summarizes some of the outputs from the conservation-planning workshop, and how zoos and other facilities can support the recovery of Owston’s civet in Indochina.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47099377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis breeding programmes: challenges and current developments","authors":"T. F. Schikora PhD","doi":"10.1111/izy.12270","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12270","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a history of over 130 years of Giant otters <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i> in zoos. Thanks to the intensive work carried out at numerous holding institutions and huge progress in husbandry practices, especially over the past 20 years, significant success has been achieved in the breeding of this Endangered species. Initially kept for awareness and education purposes, the breeding programme for the Giant otter is gradually evolving into a global management programme capable of combining <i>ex situ</i> and <i>in situ</i> conservation. At the time of writing, zoos on four continents (South America, North America, Europe and Asia) work together with partners from research, conservation and the authorities to preserve this wonderful species, for which a reintroduction project is in the process of being established.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48000612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey to identify factors affecting breeding of Wolverines Gulo gulo within the EEP","authors":"J. M. Loberg,&nbsp;M. Slof Pacilio,&nbsp;L. Lundin,&nbsp;E. Andersson","doi":"10.1111/izy.12269","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12269","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conservation biologists have long faced the challenging task of large-carnivore conservation. The hunting habits and specific ecology of these species make their conservation difficult and Wolverines <i>Gulo gulo</i> are no exception. Wolverines are close to extinction as a result of human persecution and habitat loss. The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) introduced the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Wolverine in 1994 but only irregular breeding has been achieved. The aim of this study was to identify factors that could be connected to breeding success in Wolverines in human care with a particular focus on the characteristics of enclosures, species biology, characteristics of the institutions and the influences of human–animal interactions. Based on these factors, we produced and distributed an online survey to almost all holders of Wolverines included in the EEP. Overall, no main factor or group of factors investigated in this study seemed to be the clear defining feature that would explain the differences in breeding success between institutions participating in the Wolverine EEP. However, a negative effect of small enclosures on breeding success was indicated by the results. Furthermore, zoos with non-successful breeding tended to separate keepers and Wolverines during routine enclosure maintenance compared to zoos that reported successful breeding. Both these factors are interesting and need further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"86-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44010305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of visitors on the behaviour of three Asian small-clawed otters Aonyx cinereus at Cattolica Aquarium","authors":"C. Rossi,&nbsp;P. A. Accorsi,&nbsp;C. Petrulli,&nbsp;D. Florio,&nbsp;S. Gridelli,&nbsp;G. Marliani","doi":"10.1111/izy.12268","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Asian small-clawed otter <i>Aonyx cinereus</i> is classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the presence of visitors on the behavioural repertoire of three Asian small-clawed otters at Cattolica Aquarium, Italy. Observational data sampling took place over two periods of 11 days each. The first period was in August when the Aquarium was open and there were visitors present (open period = OP). The second period was between September and October, on days when the Aquarium was closed to visitors (closed period = CP). Focal sampling was integrated with behaviour sampling during data collection. To evaluate the significant differences in frequency and duration of behaviours during the OP and CP periods, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was performed. The results of this study showed that the absence of visitors stimulated significant differences in frequency and duration of activity (such as ‘locomotion’ and ‘waiting’) and social behaviours (such as ‘play’). The otters also spent significantly more time visible than ‘out of sight’ when there were no visitors present. This preliminary research provides information that may influence the way zoos and aquatic parks manage their otters, and contributes to the improvement of the welfare of animals in human care.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"53-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47047731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sixty years of collection planning: what species do zoos and aquariums keep?","authors":"S. R. Brereton,&nbsp;J. E. Brereton","doi":"10.1111/izy.12264","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Strategic collection planning is essential for zoos and aquariums globally. As organizations whose primary source of income may be from visitors, zoological collections may be tempted to select large, charismatic mammal species to maintain visitor interest. Zoos and aquariums aim to breed sustainable populations of species, many of which are not mammals. While zoo advertising and marketing often showcases megafauna, there is little research on the current composition of zoo collection plans or their evolution. To investigate zoo collection planning from a global perspective, we analysed the taxonomic composition of collections in the <i>International Zoo Yearbook</i>’s list of ‘Zoos and Aquariums of the World’ from 1960 until 2018. Average proportions of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates were calculated for each collection per year. Analysis revealed that in terms of species prevalence, birds were best represented, making up 31·37% of the average collection. Amphibians, by contrast, made up only 2·78% of the average zoo species. Temporal analysis revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of bird species housed in collections (<i>P</i> &lt; 0·001), while a significant increase was observed for fish (<i>P</i> = 0·001) and invertebrates (<i>P</i> &lt; 0·001). Additionally, the average number of species housed in each collection has decreased by almost a third, from 329 spp in 1960 to 225 spp in 2018. This study suggests that zoos have reduced the diversity of animals that they keep, possibly in pursuit of sustainable populations of fewer species. However, zoos and aquariums should reflect on the implications of the poor representation of the amphibian taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"131-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46434292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the systematics of small mammalian carnivores","authors":"G. Veron","doi":"10.1111/izy.12266","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12266","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Small mammalian carnivores represent over half of the species of the order Carnivora. Over the past few decades, molecular studies have improved the systematics of small carnivore families, resulting in the recognition of four additional families. Several new species of small carnivores have also been proposed recently, but some of these have not been validated by genetic data. Studies of intraspecific genetic polymorphism and structure have helped in the process of defining conservation units, which is crucial for the management of zoo populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43044279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene in Bali myna Leucopsar rothschildi","authors":"M. Ogata,&nbsp;H. Ishii,&nbsp;M. Onuma","doi":"10.1111/izy.12263","DOIUrl":"10.1111/izy.12263","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this study was to develop polymorphic DNA markers for Bali myna <i>Leucopsar rothschildi</i>. The mitochondrial <i>cytochrome c oxidase subunit II</i> (COII) gene was sequenced, and polymorphic microsatellite loci were searched using Next Generation Sequencing. Three haplotypes of mitochondrial COII gene were found in a Japanese population of Bali myna in human care. Eight polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were also identified. In a sample group of 22 individuals, numbers of alleles and expected heterozygosities of the eight microsatellite loci ranged from two to three and 0·241 to 0·609, respectively. These results suggested that the genetic variation of this species might be low, similar to that of other threatened bird species.</p>","PeriodicalId":92961,"journal":{"name":"The International zoo yearbook","volume":"54 1","pages":"165-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/izy.12263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44160266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}