{"title":"Managing wastewater agriculture to improve livelihoods and environmental quality in poor countries","authors":"L. Raschid‐sally, R. Carr, S. Buechler","doi":"10.1002/IRD.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/IRD.182","url":null,"abstract":"Deteriorating surface water quality from poor sewage disposal, and lack of alternative water sources have resulted in partially diluted and sometimes untreated wastewater being used for local irrigation in urban, peri‐urban and even rural agriculture by the poor. Un(der)employment, and a demand for fresh perishable food products by city dwellers are other drivers of this practice.","PeriodicalId":92799,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and drainage (International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage)","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/IRD.182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50975166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who guidelines for safe wastewater use—more than just numbers","authors":"R. Carr","doi":"10.1002/IRD.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/IRD.190","url":null,"abstract":"The use of wastewater in agriculture is occurring more frequently because of water scarcity and population growth. Often the poorest households rely on this resource for their livelihood and food security needs. However, there are negative health implications of this practice that need to be addressed. WHO developed Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture in 1989. The Guidelines are currently being revised based on new data from epidemiological studies, quantitative microbial risk assessments and other relevant information. WHO Guidelines contain both microbial guideline values and good practices to reduce health risks. They must be practical and offer feasible risk management solutions that will minimize health threats and allow for the beneficial use of scarce resources. It is important that the Guidelines are based on actual health risks and an evaluation of what is a tolerable risk. This will vary from country to country. WHO Guidelines, therefore, need to be adapted to the unique social, economic and environmental factors in each situation.","PeriodicalId":92799,"journal":{"name":"Irrigation and drainage (International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage)","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/IRD.190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50980818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}