Drug science, policy and law最新文献_第4页

Examining the gender dimension in the non-medical use of over the counter and prescription only medication 检查非医疗使用非处方和处方药物的性别层面

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221132548

R. Gittins, J. Tay Wee Teck, A. Madill

{"title":"Examining the gender dimension in the non-medical use of over the counter and prescription only medication","authors":"R. Gittins, J. Tay Wee Teck, A. Madill","doi":"10.1177/20503245221132548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221132548","url":null,"abstract":"There is concern regarding gender differences in problematic non-medical over the counter (OTC) and/or prescription only medication (POM) use. This issue has traditionally been considered a predominantly male and/or younger persons’ problem, but more recent transnational evidence shows that women across their life-course are increasingly and often more severely affected. Nevertheless, the bulk of research, policy and treatment services continue to be focused on men. This suggests the need for increased awareness, a shift in research and policy agenda and improved treatment access and engagement approaches, informed by a robust examination of the gender dimension. We present here a summary of current evidence around the epidemiology of non-medical use of OTC and POM and highlight the gender differences across the domains of healthcare interactions, changes across the life-course, experiences of trauma and barriers to obtaining support. We conclude by proposing a re-gendering agenda to challenge the ‘male by default’ tendency when designing, delivering and evaluating treatment services. For example, utilising co-production with a strengths-based approach has been found to balance gender power with positive outcomes for participants. Such approaches can help to address stigma and marginalisation, by embedding the lived experiences and voices of women in designing and providing treatment services, safe spaces and gender-sensitive treatment programs. It also means promoting coordinated, holistic, multidisciplinary and multi-agency approaches, and establishing a research strategy to fill knowledge gaps around the experiences of women. These changes should improve engagement with treatment services and consequent outcomes, especially in relation to OTC/POM.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"212 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86955672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comparative study of the harms of nitrous oxide and poppers using the MCDA approach 使用MCDA方法对一氧化二氮和罂粟危害的比较研究

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221127301

P. Ferreira, A. Winstock, A. Schlag, B. Brandner, Graeme Henderson, Ian Miller, J. V. van Amsterdam, L. Phillips, Polly Taylor, R. Gittins, S. Rolles, W. Brink, D. Nutt

{"title":"A comparative study of the harms of nitrous oxide and poppers using the MCDA approach","authors":"P. Ferreira, A. Winstock, A. Schlag, B. Brandner, Graeme Henderson, Ian Miller, J. V. van Amsterdam, L. Phillips, Polly Taylor, R. Gittins, S. Rolles, W. Brink, D. Nutt","doi":"10.1177/20503245221127301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221127301","url":null,"abstract":"The recent surge in recreational (non-medical) use of nitrous oxide (N2O, also known as ‘laughing gas’) often by inhaling it from balloons, has attracted the attention of some politicians with calls to control its possession under the United Kingdom (UK) Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (currently selling, but not possession, for recreational use is controlled under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016). Meanwhile, the recreational use of nitric monoxide (NO) as delivered by alkyl nitrites, also known as ‘poppers’ has also raised concerns, but unlike N2O, its use was not controlled under the 2016 Act. To inform future-decision making processes and ensure that any such decisions are based on the best evidence, Drug Science conducted a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) about N2O and poppers to compare the overall harms of these two drugs to the harms of 20 drugs previously evaluated and published by Nutt et al. The group assessed harm scores for N2O and poppers on the original 16 harm criteria using the associated 0 to 100 scales, on each of which 100 had been assigned to the most harmful drug and zero to the least harmful, though that often meant no harm. On the overall harm scale, N2O scored 6, just above magic mushrooms (psilocybin) while ‘poppers’ scored 5. Together these are the three lowest drugs on the overall harm scale. Although their overall scores are similar, the reasons behind the ratings differ. Nitrous oxide was considered more harmful than poppers for Dependence, Environmental Damage, Drug Related Relative Impairment of Mental Functioning, and Family Adversities, while poppers are more harmful than N2O for Injury, Drug Related Damage, Economic Cost, and Drug Related Mortality. When assessing the risk different substances may hold when making policy decisions, it is important to acknowledge the relative contribution of these diverse harms within different domains.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91210647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001: A case study in poor legislative drafting 2001年《滥用药物规例》:不良立法草拟个案研究

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221112582

C. Gallagher

{"title":"The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001: A case study in poor legislative drafting","authors":"C. Gallagher","doi":"10.1177/20503245221112582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221112582","url":null,"abstract":"The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 (MDRs) create exemptions to the offences of possession, production, supply, and administration of controlled drugs (CDs), which are necessary to allow healthcare professionals to treat patients without rendering themselves liable to prosecution for various offences under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. As the scope of healthcare in the UK grows to include extended roles for an increasing number of professions, so must the law be amended to allow for these. The MDRs were poorly drafted in their original form, and this has been compounded by twenty years of equally poor amendments, leading to a degree of inaccuracy and ambiguity that is no longer acceptable. These regulations both lack internal consistency, and fail to align with the Human Medicines Regulations, such that neither healthcare professionals, their regulators, nor their representative bodies agree on either the spirit or letter of the law. There are fewer than 30 active regulations in the MDRs, of which more than half contain ambiguities originating from poor drafting. While these could be clarified by a further series of amendments, the time is right to learn from previous mistakes and start over afresh.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90347032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Raising awareness: The implementation of medical cannabis and psychedelics used as an adjunct to standard therapy in the treatment of advanced metastatic breast cancer 提高认识:将医用大麻和致幻剂作为治疗晚期转移性乳腺癌标准疗法的辅助手段

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221114323

R. Zafar, Dustin Sulak, Jaime Brambila, D. Nutt, A. Schlag

{"title":"Raising awareness: The implementation of medical cannabis and psychedelics used as an adjunct to standard therapy in the treatment of advanced metastatic breast cancer","authors":"R. Zafar, Dustin Sulak, Jaime Brambila, D. Nutt, A. Schlag","doi":"10.1177/20503245221114323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221114323","url":null,"abstract":"A 49-year-old woman was diagnosed with an ER + , PR-, HER2 + , BRCA- invasive ductal carcinoma which progressed metastatically to include bone, liver, and lymph node involvement. Standardised care included a 26-month treatment period with targeted chemotherapy and a ketogenic diet. The patient also began a course of cannabinoid-based therapy, consisting initially of a titrated high-dose protocol of mixed cannabidiol (CBD) and d9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) chemotypes, as well as psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy at macro and intermittent micro-doses. At the end of the five-month treatment period PET/CT investigations revealed no evidence of metastatic disease and chemotherapy was withdrawn. A one year follow up CT investigation concluded no evidence of residual or recurrent disease. A recurrence of disease was noted at 18 months follow up. Over these 18 months the cannabis regimen was titrated down to 60% of the initial protocol. This was subsequently increased to the initial dosing protocol following detection of recurrent disease and this titration occurred over a 10-month period where it remained stable. 16 months following the detection of recurrence of disease, favourable results were observed in the patient with evidence of receding cancer progression. Over the last 15 years there has been a considerable body of in-vitro and in-vivo evidence supporting the anti-neoplastic properties of cannabinoids and more recently psychedelics. Indeed, growing anecdotal and real-world evidence is reported of the therapeutic effect of cannabinoids and psychedelics in reducing both tumour proliferation and aiding as a palliative medicine to treat pain and psychological distress associated with cancer and chemotherapy. The data presented here indicate the potential therapeutic utility of such adjunctive pharmacological interventions in an individual with metastatic breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81040048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychedelic use predicts objective knowledge about climate change via increases in nature relatedness 迷幻药的使用通过增加与自然的联系来预测对气候变化的客观认识

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221129803

Christina Sagioglou, M. Forstmann

{"title":"Psychedelic use predicts objective knowledge about climate change via increases in nature relatedness","authors":"Christina Sagioglou, M. Forstmann","doi":"10.1177/20503245221129803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221129803","url":null,"abstract":"Lifetime psychedelic substance use has previously been linked to nature relatedness and pro-environmental behaviour. Yet, participants’ responses to the self-report measures in these studies may have been affected by stereotypical associations or confirmation bias. We therefore re-examined this link by measuring three pro-environmental dependent variables: nature relatedness, concerns about climate change, and objective knowledge about climate change. Additionally assessing lifetime experience with 30 psychoactive substances, we collected an international convenience sample for an online survey (n = 641), Controlling for age, educational attainment, and covariation in substance use indicators, psychedelic use (primarily the use of psilocybin) predicted objective knowledge about climate change directly, and indirectly via nature relatedness. Further, it predicted concern about climate change indirectly via nature relatedness. The results suggest that the relationship of psychedelics with pro-environmental variables is not due to psychological biases, but manifests in variables as diverse as emotional affinity towards nature as well as knowledge about climate change.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72499828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Regulating the oxides of nitrogen – popping the myths 控制氮氧化物，打破神话

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221085221

P. Ferreira, D. Nutt

{"title":"Regulating the oxides of nitrogen – popping the myths","authors":"P. Ferreira, D. Nutt","doi":"10.1177/20503245221085221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221085221","url":null,"abstract":"In 2015 and 2016, during the debates that culminated in The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, both houses of the UK parliament debated the pharmacology of nitric oxide and amyl nitrites, otherwise known as “poppers”. The original draft Psychoactive Substances Bill had recommended that poppers should be made illegal. However, after strong opposition inside the Conservative party, the ruling party at the time, the government found a way to not ban them by claiming they were not psychoactive. Nitrous oxide, another recreational gas, was also a possible target of the Psychoactive Substances Bill but this was never explicitly mentioned in the debates. Once the Psychoactive Substances Act came into force the Crown Prosecution Service stated that nitrous oxide was psychoactive and so illegal to sell for psychoactive purposes. Many sellers of nitrous oxide canisters were arrested and some sent to prison. A series of Crown court prosecutions for nitrous oxide possession followed in which the Crown claim that nitrous oxide was psychoactive was challenged. In some of these the defendant was acquitted so making its current legal status uncertain . Here we delve into the pharmacology of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide and how the effects of these two gasses are related. A clear understanding of the pharmacology of these gasses is essential for the scientific underpinning of legislation which will directly impact on the life of recreational users and people involved in the selling of these substances.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85203178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Eating ourselves to death: How food is a drug and what food abuse costs 把自己吃死:食物是一种毒品，以及滥用食物的代价

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221112577

Matthew B. Robinson

引用次数: 0

Comparative harms assessments for cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco: Risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident 大麻、酒精和烟草的比较危害评估:精神病、认知障碍和交通事故的风险

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221095228

P. Johnstad

{"title":"Comparative harms assessments for cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco: Risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident","authors":"P. Johnstad","doi":"10.1177/20503245221095228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221095228","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have associated cannabis use with risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident. However, this review shows that the association between moderate cannabis use and psychosis is no stronger, and often considerably weaker, than the corresponding association for moderate tobacco use. The same holds for associations with cognitive impairment. For the risk of traffic accident, the review confirms that the risk from alcohol use is substantially stronger than the risk from cannabis use, while the corresponding risk from tobacco use appears to be almost as strong as that from cannabis use. It thus appears that the risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident associated with cannabis use is generally comparable to that from tobacco use. The article discusses different interpretations of these comparative harms assessments and presents two points of methodological critique to argue that the risks associated with cannabis and other generally criminalized drugs are probably exaggerated. First, any measurement of harms associated with high escapist activities such as drug abuse will be affected by the general dysfunction associated with the underlying reason why a person settles for frequent escapism. From this perspective, cannabis and tobacco use disorder are probably both associated with underlying problems and life issues that are, in and of themselves, associated with psychopathology, and researchers should be careful not to conflate the selection effect from belonging to the population segment that opts for high escapist lifestyles with any (putative) harmful effect from drug use itself. Second, criminalization probably shifts the composition of the user population in the direction of more dysfunctional users. From this perspective, the association between substance use disorder and underlying problems and life issues is stronger for criminalized substances, since people who live troubled lives are less likely to be deterred by the prospect of legal problems.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86473139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A critical review of drug testing policy in the Philippines 对菲律宾药物检测政策的批判性审查

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221098161

C. Dioquino, R. Gerona

{"title":"A critical review of drug testing policy in the Philippines","authors":"C. Dioquino, R. Gerona","doi":"10.1177/20503245221098161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221098161","url":null,"abstract":"The drug policy in the Philippines is written as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act 9165. Unlike drug policies in other countries, the law includes policies on drug testing. Aside from mandatory drug testing for specific situations, the law states further that two testing methods should be employed—a screening test, and a confirmatory test to be performed if the former yields a presumptive positive result. Over 1000 drugs of abuse screening laboratories are scattered all over the Philippines, but only seven can perform confirmatory testing using either gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technologies. In the last 30 years, more sophisticated analytical technologies like liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry such as liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) have been developed not only to confirm what has been detected on screening tests, but also to determine the presence of new psychoactive substances that are not usually detected in drug screening. New matrices are also being utilized for the detection of drugs. The drug testing policy in the Philippines will have to keep up with the changing drug trends and drug testing innovations in the world to truly address the current administration's war on drugs. With the adoption of new drug testing methods using modern analytical platforms, the cut-offs used for drug testing interpretation should be updated.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85895185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

How to read a paper on the short-term impairing effects of cannabis: A selective and critical review of the literature 如何阅读一篇关于大麻短期损害作用的论文:对文献的选择性和批判性回顾

Drug science, policy and law Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20503245221119046

M. White, N. Burns

{"title":"How to read a paper on the short-term impairing effects of cannabis: A selective and critical review of the literature","authors":"M. White, N. Burns","doi":"10.1177/20503245221119046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245221119046","url":null,"abstract":"The prosecution of cannabis-presence driving offences (in the absence of any behavioural evidence of impairment) is ultimately based on the assumption that there is a tight causal relationship between positive toxicology for cannabis and impairment. The main purpose of this review is to examine the evidence for that relationship. We show that most experimental studies have failed to elicit statistically-significant cannabis-induced impairments for many of their possible outcomes. And many studies failed to demonstrate any impairment at all in regular users of cannabis (because of the development of tolerance). We argue that selective reporting by researchers, editors and the media has created the false impression that the evidence for cannabis-induced impairment is strong and consistent. Human beings are ‘over-engineered’ for the psychomotor skills required to drive safely. A benchmark level of cannabis-induced impairment is therefore required to distinguish unproblematic from ‘real-world’ impairment. The conventional benchmarks of statistical significance, effect size and BAC-equivalence are shown to be inadequate. However, a benchmark in terms of 30 years of normal cognitive aging has good face validity. The recent use of cannabis is indicated toxicologically by the presence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood or oral fluid. Evidence is provided that most THC-positive drivers are not impaired, and certainly not meaningfully impaired. It follows that the justice of stand-alone cannabis-presence driving offences must be questioned.","PeriodicalId":92502,"journal":{"name":"Drug science, policy and law","volume":"14 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83450271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0