Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)最新文献

Advancing the Toxics Mobility Inventory: Development and Application of a Toxics Mobility Vulnerability Index to Harris County, Texas. 推进有毒物质流动性库存:有毒物质流动性脆弱性指数在德克萨斯州哈里斯县的开发和应用。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-09 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2020.0067

Matthew L Malecha, Katie R Kirsch, Ibraheem Karaye, Jennifer A Horney, Galen Newman

{"title":"Advancing the Toxics Mobility Inventory: Development and Application of a Toxics Mobility Vulnerability Index to Harris County, Texas.","authors":"Matthew L Malecha, Katie R Kirsch, Ibraheem Karaye, Jennifer A Horney, Galen Newman","doi":"10.1089/sus.2020.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2020.0067","url":null,"abstract":"Harris County, Texas, is home to thousands of documented sources of environmental pollution. It is also highly vulnerable to impacts from natural hazards, including floods. Building on the Toxics Mobility Inventory (TMI), this article discusses how the authors developed a Toxics Mobility Vulnerability Index (TMVI) and applied it to Harris County to assess potential exposure risks to residents from the transfer of toxic materials during flood events. The TMI concept was operationalized and standardized by combining multiple spatial data sets to simultaneously evaluate various factors in the weather hazards-extant toxics-social vulnerability nexus (e.g., floodplain area, industrial land use, social vulnerability measures). Findings indicated hot spots of vulnerability to hazard-induced toxics transfer concentrated in Northeast Houston US Census tracts in Harris County. The main drivers of increased risk in these areas include the proportion of the area that is impervious surface, consistently high social vulnerabilities, and poor health. However, the most vulnerable areas also have overlapping exposure to both industrial land use and floodplains. Assessing the contribution of a set of industrial land use, social vulnerability, natural hazard, emergency response, and topography variables in a single index on the same spatial scale (e.g., US Census tract) provides detailed information for policy makers tasked with mitigating risk. Applying tools such as the TMVI to highly vulnerable urban and coastal locations may help identify changes needed for preparedness and mitigation planning and highlight areas where limited resources for investment- and policy-related remediation should be focused, both before and after disasters.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"13 6","pages":"282-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8045893/pdf/sus.2020.0067.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38885000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Defining System Boundaries of an Institution Nitrogen Footprint. 定义机构氮足迹的系统边界。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2017.29100.edlr

Elizabeth de la Reguera, Elizabeth A Castner, James N Galloway, Allison M Leach, Neil Leary, Jianwu Tang

{"title":"Defining System Boundaries of an Institution Nitrogen Footprint.","authors":"Elizabeth de la Reguera, Elizabeth A Castner, James N Galloway, Allison M Leach, Neil Leary, Jianwu Tang","doi":"10.1089/sus.2017.29100.edlr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.29100.edlr","url":null,"abstract":"A nitrogen (N) footprint quantifies the amount of reactive nitrogen released to the environment and can be measured at different scales. The N footprint of a university includes activities and consumption within its geographic boundaries as well as activities that support the institution. Determining system bounds of an N footprint depends on the institution's mission and provides a common baseline for comparison. A comparison of three scopes of the N footprint, which describe how emissions are directly related to an institution's activities, was conducted for seven institutions. Scopes follow the established definition for the carbon footprint. In this article, the authors propose a new system bounds definition (core campus versus adjunct). Two case studies were explored: how the N footprint of Dickinson College changed with air travel, and how the N footprint of the Marine Biological Laboratory changed with scientific research. Of the three scopes, scope 3 was consistently the largest proportion of the N footprint for all seven institutions. The core campus activities of Dickinson College made up 99 percent of its N footprint, with air travel making up the remaining 1 percent. The Marine Biological Laboratory's core campus activities made up 51 percent of its N footprint and the scientific research made up the remaining 49 percent. Institutions should define system bounds based on their mission and stay consistent with their boundaries following the baseline year. The core campus footprint could be used to compare institution footprints using consistent system bounds. How institutions define their boundaries will impact the recorded amount of nitrogen as well as how the institution will set reduction strategies.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"10 2","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/sus.2017.29100.edlr","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35750968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Comparing Institution Nitrogen Footprints: Metrics for Assessing and Tracking Environmental Impact. 比较机构氮足迹:评估和跟踪环境影响的指标。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2017.29090.eac

Elizabeth A Castner, Allison M Leach, Jana E Compton, James N Galloway, Jennifer Andrews

{"title":"Comparing Institution Nitrogen Footprints: Metrics for Assessing and Tracking Environmental Impact.","authors":"Elizabeth A Castner, Allison M Leach, Jana E Compton, James N Galloway, Jennifer Andrews","doi":"10.1089/sus.2017.29090.eac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.29090.eac","url":null,"abstract":"When multiple institutions with strong sustainability initiatives use a new environmental impact assessment tool, there is an impulse to compare. The first seven institutions to calculate nitrogen footprints using the Nitrogen Footprint Tool have worked collaboratively to improve calculation methods, share resources, and suggest methods for reducing their footprints. This article compares those seven institutions' results to reveal the common and unique drivers of institution nitrogen footprints. The footprints were compared by scope and sector, and the results were normalized by multiple factors (e.g., population, amount of food served). The comparisons found many consistencies across the footprints, including the large contribution of food. The comparisons identified metrics that could be used to track progress, such as an overall indicator for the nitrogen sustainability of food purchases. The comparisons also pointed to differences in system bounds of the calculations, which are important to standardize when comparing across institutions. The footprints were influenced by factors both within and outside of the institutions' ability to control, such as size, location, population, and campus use. However, these comparisons also point to a pathway forward for standardizing nitrogen footprint tool calculations, identifying metrics that can be used to track progress, and determining a sustainable institution nitrogen footprint.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"10 2","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/sus.2017.29090.eac","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35751425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

An Integrated Tool for Calculating and Reducing Institution Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints. 一个计算和减少机构碳和氮足迹的综合工具。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2017.29092.aml

Allison M Leach, James N Galloway, Elizabeth A Castner, Jennifer Andrews, Neil Leary, John D Aber

{"title":"An Integrated Tool for Calculating and Reducing Institution Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints.","authors":"Allison M Leach, James N Galloway, Elizabeth A Castner, Jennifer Andrews, Neil Leary, John D Aber","doi":"10.1089/sus.2017.29092.aml","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.29092.aml","url":null,"abstract":"The development of nitrogen footprint tools has allowed a range of entities to calculate and reduce their contribution to nitrogen pollution, but these tools represent just one aspect of environmental pollution. For example, institutions have been calculating their carbon footprints to track and manage their greenhouse gas emissions for over a decade. This article introduces an integrated tool that institutions can use to calculate, track, and manage their nitrogen and carbon footprints together. It presents the methodology for the combined tool, describes several metrics for comparing institution nitrogen and carbon footprint results, and discusses management strategies that reduce both the nitrogen and carbon footprints. The data requirements for the two tools overlap substantially, although integrating the two tools does necessitate the calculation of the carbon footprint of food. Comparison results for five institutions suggest that the institution nitrogen and carbon footprints correlate strongly, especially in the utilities and food sectors. Scenario analyses indicate benefits to both footprints from a range of utilities and food footprint reduction strategies. Integrating these two footprints into a single tool will account for a broader range of environmental impacts, reduce data entry and analysis, and promote integrated management of institutional sustainability.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"10 2","pages":"140-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/sus.2017.29092.aml","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35751424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

The Nitrogen Footprint Tool Network: A Multi-Institution Program To Reduce Nitrogen Pollution. 氮足迹工具网络:减少氮污染的多机构计划。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2017.29098.eac

Elizabeth A Castner, Allison M Leach, Neil Leary, Jill Baron, Jana E Compton, James N Galloway, Meredith G Hastings, Jacob Kimiecik, Jonathan Lantz-Trissel, Elizabeth de la Reguera, Rebecca Ryals

{"title":"The Nitrogen Footprint Tool Network: A Multi-Institution Program To Reduce Nitrogen Pollution.","authors":"Elizabeth A Castner, Allison M Leach, Neil Leary, Jill Baron, Jana E Compton, James N Galloway, Meredith G Hastings, Jacob Kimiecik, Jonathan Lantz-Trissel, Elizabeth de la Reguera, Rebecca Ryals","doi":"10.1089/sus.2017.29098.eac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.29098.eac","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic sources of reactive nitrogen have local and global impacts on air and water quality and detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health. This article uses the Nitrogen Footprint Tool (NFT) to determine the amount of nitrogen (N) released as a result of institutional consumption. The sectors accounted for include food (consumption and upstream production), energy, transportation, fertilizer, research animals, and agricultural research. The NFT is then used for scenario analysis to manage and track reductions, which are driven by the consumption behaviors of both the institution itself and its constituent individuals. In this article, the first seven completed institution nitrogen footprint results are presented. The Nitrogen Footprint Tool Network aims to develop footprints for many institutions to encourage widespread upper-level management strategies that will create significant reductions in reactive nitrogen released to the environment. Energy use and food purchases are the two largest sectors contributing to institution nitrogen footprints. Ongoing efforts by institutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions also help to reduce the nitrogen footprint, but the impact of food production on nitrogen pollution has not been directly addressed by the higher education sustainability community. The Nitrogen Footprint Tool Network found that institutions could reduce their nitrogen footprints by optimizing food purchasing to reduce consumption of animal products and minimize food waste, as well as by reducing dependence on fossil fuels for energy.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"10 2","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/sus.2017.29098.eac","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35751422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Assessing the Social and Environmental Costs of Institution Nitrogen Footprints. 评估机构氮足迹的社会和环境成本。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2017.29099.jec

Jana E Compton, Allison M Leach, Elizabeth A Castner, James N Galloway

{"title":"Assessing the Social and Environmental Costs of Institution Nitrogen Footprints.","authors":"Jana E Compton, Allison M Leach, Elizabeth A Castner, James N Galloway","doi":"10.1089/sus.2017.29099.jec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.29099.jec","url":null,"abstract":"This article estimates the damage costs associated with the institutional nitrogen (N) footprint and explores how this information could be used to create more sustainable institutions. Potential damages associated with the release of nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) to air and release of nitrogen to water were estimated using existing values and a cost per unit of nitrogen approach. These damage cost values were then applied to two universities. Annual potential damage costs to human health, agriculture, and natural ecosystems associated with the N footprint of institutions were $11.0 million (2014) at the University of Virginia (UVA) and $3.04 million at the University of New Hampshire (UNH). Costs associated with the release of nitrogen oxides to human health, in particular the use of coal-derived energy, were the largest component of damage at UVA. At UNH the energy N footprint is much lower because of a landfill cogeneration source, and thus the majority of damages were associated with food production. Annual damages associated with release of nitrogen from food production were very similar at the two universities ($1.80 million vs. $1.66 million at UVA and UNH, respectively). These damages also have implications for the extent and scale at which the damages are felt. For example, impacts to human health from energy and transportation are generally larger near the power plants and roads, while impacts from food production can be distant from the campus. Making this information available to institutions and communities can improve their understanding of the damages associated with the different nitrogen forms and sources, and inform decisions about nitrogen reduction strategies.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"10 2","pages":"114-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/sus.2017.29099.jec","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35751428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Reducing the Nitrogen Footprint of a Small Residential College. 减少一个小型住宿学院的氮足迹。

Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.1089/sus.2017.29094.nl

Neil Leary, Elizabeth de la Reguera, Steven Fitzpatrick, Olivia Boggiano-Peterson

{"title":"Reducing the Nitrogen Footprint of a Small Residential College.","authors":"Neil Leary, Elizabeth de la Reguera, Steven Fitzpatrick, Olivia Boggiano-Peterson","doi":"10.1089/sus.2017.29094.nl","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/sus.2017.29094.nl","url":null,"abstract":"The release of reactive nitrogen contributes to its accumulation in the environment, causing a variety of harmful effects. To measure Dickinson College's contribution to nitrogen pollution, and quantify the potential to reduce its contribution, we calculated the college's nitrogen footprint and simulated the effects of selected nitrogen mitigation measures. The analysis was obtained using the Nitrogen Footprint Tool, developed at the University of Virginia. Food production is by far the largest contributor to Dickinson's footprint, followed by heat and power. Transportation, sewage, and groundskeeping contribute relatively small amounts. Breaking food down into different food categories, meat and fish is the largest source of nitrogen, accounting for two-thirds of the food footprint. Simulations of individual mitigation measures showed that measures targeting food are the most impactful for reducing the college's nitrogen footprint. Two policy scenarios that combine multiple measures, one representing moderate action and the other more aggressive action, were also analyzed. They are projected to reduce Dickinson's footprint by roughly 15 and 25 percent, respectively, while reducing operating costs. Achieving these reductions would require substantial changes in dietary choices by members of the campus community.","PeriodicalId":92296,"journal":{"name":"Sustainability (New Rochelle, N.Y.)","volume":"10 2","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/sus.2017.29094.nl","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35751426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6