Journal of emerging diseases and virology最新文献

{"title":"Reemergence of Ebola in 2021","authors":"Tseha St","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.168","url":null,"abstract":"Ebola also known as Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a serious disease that is caused by viruses that belong to the genus Ebola virus (EBOV). The purpose of this review is to discuss the most recent Ebola outbreak in Africa. A latest report on Ebola indicated that the disease recently resurged in Democratic Republic of Congo in February 2021. The Democratic Republic of Congo contains heavy forested areas that have been suggested as the primary factor for the repeated outbreaks of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In addition to this, consumption of bushmeat and deforestation has been reported as additional factors that have contributed for the repeated Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The most recent Ebola outbreak that was documented in Democratic Republic of Congo in 2021 might be due to transmission of the EBOV from Ebola survivor. Therefore, the community in Ebola endemic areas has to be educated as contact with fruit bat, deforestation, consumption of bushmeat and contact with body fluids of Ebola patients are the key ways of transmission of Ebola virus. Moreover, immunization of those at highrisk of being infected by the virus can be taken as an additional measures so as to prevent future outbreaks of Ebola. Furthermore, active surveillance and follow up of survivors of Ebola is needed.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyper-Variable Spike Protein of Omicron Corona Virus and Its Differences with Alpha and Delta Variants: Prospects of RT-PCR and New Vaccine","authors":"Chakraborty Ak","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.166","url":null,"abstract":"NCBI SARS-CoV-2 Database was analyzed between November-December, 2021 to decipher the spread of Delta corona virus variants in the USA and compared with highly transmissible new omicron variant recently originated in South Africa. Presently, B.1.617.2 and AY.103 lineages Delta variants with spike protein L452R, T478K, P681R mutations and F157/R158 two amino acids deletions were predominant in the USA and superseded the deadly outbreaks of B.1.1.7 Alpha variant with deletions of H69, V70 and Y145 amino acids as well as N501Y, and D614G highly transmissible mutations. Interestingly, omicron variant has six H69, V70, V143, Y144, Y145, L212 immune-escape deletions as well as 29 mutations in the spike protein including most deadly N501Y (Y498 in omicron) and D614G (G611 in omicron). This indicated that omicron variant was originated by combination among B.1.1.7, AY.X and B.1.617.2 lineages. A unique three amino acids (EPE) insertion at 215 position of spike protein was detected to compensate six deletions suggesting further recombination events. Three Serine residues were mutated at amino acids 371 (S=L, L368 in omicron), 373 (S=P, P370 in Omicron), 375 (S=F, F372 in omicron) but compensated at 446 (G=S, S443 in omicron) and 496 (G=S, S493 in omicron) at the RBD domain of omicron virus. The three amino acids (ERS) deletion at position 30 in the N-protein acts as another signature of omicron virus. Omicron variant has less mutation in the 2/3 5’-end of the genome that codes for ORF1ab poly-protein but dominant P4715L mutation in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, overall amino acid composition, alipathic index, and instability index were found fairly constant although hydrophobic plot gave some difference between spike protein of Wuhan and omicron corona viruses. BLAST search detected 20nt and 19nt perfect match of hyper-variable 22957-22977nt region comprising 488-493 amino acids (NH2-PLRSYS-CO2H) of the spike protein of omicron virus with the ch-2 of Seladonia tumulorum or ch-16 of Steromphala cineraria respectively. A primer set designed from the RBD domain of spike gene did not detected the omicron genome by BLAST search but primers from the constant regions of the genome worked well. Such hyper-variation in the spike protein suggested that DNA vaccine or mRNA vaccine using spike gene of corona virus may not efficiently protect omicron virus infection and attenuated whole corona virus vaccine will be safer vaccine.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67393858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of Human Avian-Influenza","authors":"Tseha St","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.169","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging viral diseases have become major public health problem in the World. Human-avian influenza is one of emerging viral diseases that significantly contribute to the global burden of respiratory diseases. The objective of this review was to discuss the most recent human-avian influenza outbreak documented in 2021. On basis of their epidemiological features, influenza in humans can be classified as seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza and human-avian influenza. Influenza in humans that are caused by avian influenza viruses which are transmitted across species to humans is known as human-avian influenza. So far, three avian influenza viruses have been recognized to cause human-avian influenza, namely, Asian H7N9 viruses, H5N1 viruses and H5N8. The most recent human-avian influenza outbreak was caused by H5N8, which was documented on February 2021 in Russia. The outbreak was associated with contact with H5N8 infected domestic birds. As the influenza viruses constantly evolve, there is possibility of global outbreak of the disease. Thus, it is necessary to take preparedness actions to counter pandemic threats as they are identified.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67394088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Disease Nature of MERS, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2: A Review","authors":"E. S., Sacre Y, Barbour Ek, K. T., A. G., K. W., D. M., Farah D","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.163","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The lockdown imposed during the waves of SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19, had several consequences on nations at many levels including economic, sociocultural, health and political. The vast majority of countries have been profoundly impacted, despite the widespread of vaccination initiatives all over the countries. With lockdowns still imposed on some European and west Asian countries, it’s still unknown how long SARS-CoV-2 will carry on with its burden on society. The future is indefinite.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67393701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation is Associated with Lower Mechanical Ventilation and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients","authors":"Nemechek P, A. G., Braida A","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.165","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in preventing respiratory failure and improving survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67393750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian Model for Covid-19 to Achieve Immunity by Parsimony of Exponential Functions Minimizing the Inoculum","authors":"Lamothe N, Lamothe M, Lamothe D, Sierra C, Gonzalez Ch, Rodas Vh, Lamothe A, Sanchez-Montiel J, Lamothe C, Galicia H, Perez-Avalos Jl, R. O, Cazarin Z, Pena Avdl, Diaz-del Bosque A, Lamothe Pj","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.160","url":null,"abstract":"A ribonucleoside analog MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets and might be able to diminish transmission until vaccineinduced or naturally acquired protective herd immunity is reached [1]. As skinner pointed out, behavioral problems have to be solved through behavioral engineering [2]. Cybernetics has full application in the present condition. As in alcohol consumption, smoking, drugs, gun crimes, wars, and sexually acquired diseases, the teleological Aristotelian causes are not tobacco, drugs, and any other issue, but the aberrant behavior. The situation is not trivial and involves non-classic logic and other mathematical logics [3,4]. The neural topography corresponds to the nucleus accumbens. The latter is the battlefield, and the subject’s obsession is the rise of the neurotransmitter dopamine [3,4]. In general, people are very demanding from their governments; nevertheless, at the same time, they are deeply tolerant with their aberrant behavior promoting the dissemination of the SARSCoV-2 [4,5]. This paper examines how to deal with this problem from a scientific perspective, considering probability methods and classical and doxastic logic, using the Parsimony Principle aiming to reach immunity by minimizing the inoculum.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67393921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospect of Ion Channel Inhibitors and Cholesterol Lowering Drugs to Combat COVID-19","authors":"Tewari Dn, Chakrabarti Ak, Dutta S","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.162","url":null,"abstract":"Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and associated COVID-19 pandemic is a major global healthcare problem because there is no specific drug to combat the disease. Number of infection is piling up day by day in exponential rate creating new record every week. Entire world is looking for urgent remedy but till now there is no specific treatment available for COVID-19 patients. In this critical situation, although vaccination is in its way, drug repurposing is very important which may be useful to overcome the unprecedented situation of COVID-19 pandemic. Cholesterol lowering drugs like statin therapy may be an additional support to combat the disease. Hexamethylene amiloride which has shown its effect in blocking E protein ion channels of coronaviruses leading to inhibition of viral replication may be considered for investigative trial.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67393942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compassionate Use of Opaganib For Patients with Severe COVID-19","authors":"R. Kurd, E. Ben-Chetrit, Hani Karameh, M. Bar-Meir","doi":"10.1101/2020.06.20.20099010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.20.20099010","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Opaganib is a selective sphingosine-kinase (SK)-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. Methods. We provided opaganib on a compassionate-use basis to patients with severe COVID-19. Patients who required oxygen support via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) were offered the treatment. For comparison, we used a control group with same-sex, same-severity patients. Results. Seven patients received at least one dose of opaganib since April 2, 2020. One patient, who received both hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, developed diarrhea and all his medications were stopped. This was the only adverse effect possibly related to opaganib. A second patient was weaned of oxygen and discharged after receiving two doses of opaganib. Therefore, five patients were included in this analysis. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between cases and controls. Patients treated with opaganib had significantly faster increase in lymphocyte count. All other clinical outcomes had a non-statistically significant trend in favor of the treatment group: median time to weaning from HFNC was 10 and 15 days in cases vs. controls (HR= 0.3, 95% CI: 0.07-1.7, p=0.2) ,time to ambient air was 13 vs.14.5 days (HR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.15-1.5), none of the cases required mechanical ventilation compared with 33% of controls. Conclusion. In this small cohort of severe COVID-19 patients, opaganib was safe and well tolerated with improvement in both clinical and laboratory parameters in all treated patients. The efficacy of opaganib for COVID-19 infection should be further tested in randomized placebo-controlled trials.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48389770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Features and Follow-Up of SARS-Cov-2 Asymptomatic Carriers","authors":"Liu L, Yuan Mj, Hong Xq, Yu Y, S. X, Huang Y, Wang X, Li S, Li X, Shi Y","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.156","url":null,"abstract":"In the current global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, asymptomatic transmission of the causative agent, severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a considerable challenge for disease control. Furthermore, information on the clinical characteristics of asymptomatic carriers is limited. Here, we aimed to clarify the clinical features and obtain follow-up data of asymptomatic carriers to assist in the clinical management of carriers. This retrospective study included all asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers diagnosed at the First People’s Hospital of Yueyang (Hunan, China) and Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (Changsha, China) between January 22 and March 26, 2020. Data including the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, laboratory test results, and chest computed tomography status were collected, with a follow-up of these cases. A total of 24 asymptomatic carriers were enrolled at the First People’s Hospital of Yueyang and Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital between 22 January 2020 and 26 March 2020. All patients had previously been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Over the monitored time, patients experienced no symptoms and most laboratory findings were normal. The median time from contact to diagnosis was 9.6 days (range: 1-38 days), while that from diagnosis to discharge was 14.4 days (range: 6-24 days). Following discharge, all patients remained asymptomatic. However, five patients (20.83%) were re-admitted because a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based re-test of their specimens (4 throat swabs and 1 feces) showed that they were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The time to re-testing positively varied from 23 to 53 days post-diagnosis. The time to re-testing negative for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription PCR after re-testing positive was 3 to 11 days. In conclusion, although asymptomatic carriers have favorable outcomes, they should be closely monitored. Also, clear guidelines need to be formulated and close surveillance is required for the management of asymptomatic carriers.","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67393679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enrichment of Retroviral Sequences in Brain Tissue from Patients with Severe Demyelinating Diseases.","authors":"J D Kriesel,&nbsp;P J Bhetariya,&nbsp;B K Chan,&nbsp;T Wilson,&nbsp;K F Fischer","doi":"10.16966/2473-1846.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16966/2473-1846.132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Our group has used deep sequencing to identify viral RNA signatures in human brain specimens. We have previously used this method to detect HSV1, GBV-C, and measles virus sequence in brain tissue from deceased donors. Deep sequencing was performed on brain specimens from a cohort of patients who died with progressive forms of MS, revealing evidence of increased expression of some human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) domains.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Identify RNA sequences and new antigens involved in the pathogenesis of MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Deep sequencing was performed on RNA extracted from 12 progressive MS, 2 neuromyelitis optica (MS/NMO = demyelination group), 14 normal control, and 7 other neurologic disease (OND) control frozen brain specimens. The resulting single-ended 50 bp sequences (reads) were compared to a non redundant viral database representing (NRVDB) all 1.2 M viral records in GenBank. A retroviral gene catalog (RVGC) was prepared by identifying human genetic loci (GRCh37.p13) homologous to domains contained in the Gypsy 2.0 retro element database. Reads were aligned to the RVGC and human transcriptome with Bowtie2. The resulting viral hit rates (VHRs) were normalized by the number of high quality reads. The expression of human genes, including HERVs, was determined using Cufflinks. Comparisons between the groups were performed using the false discovery rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty to 131 million high quality reads per specimen were obtained. Comparison of the reads to the NRVDB suggested that the demyelination and OND specimens had higher VHRs against some retroviral sequences compared with the controls. This was confirmed by retroviral domain averaging. Gene expression analysis showed differential expression among some HERV sequences. Single read mapping revealed one envelope and one reverse transcriptase sequence record that were significantly enriched among the demyelination samples compared to the normal controls. Less restrictive (comprehensive) read mapping showed that 2 integrase, 2 core, 2 envelope, and 3 KRAB sequences that were overexpressed in the demyelination group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data demonstrate that some endogenous retroviral sequences are significantly overexpressed in these demyelination brain tissue specimens, but the magnitude of this overexpression is small. This is consistent with the concept of HERV activation as a part of the innate immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":92072,"journal":{"name":"Journal of emerging diseases and virology","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5707126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35220561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}