{"title":"A Profit-Loss Equation Applicable to Business, Economy, Finance and Sociology","authors":"K. Winther, C. Mazza","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.499183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.499183","url":null,"abstract":"Humans strive for \"profit\" in the various aspect of life, the profit may be monetary or it could be pleasure, security, or some other \"currency\". This paper develops a fundamental profit-loss equation based on existing theory with the profit or loss to the seller, expressed per unit sold, as: Profit = Pricing Decision Factor * Market Power * (Value / Risk). The paper shows how this equation applies to 24 distinct areas, including subjects within economy, finance, business strategy, scientific research and even fairytales. The applicability of the above equation to all of these areas reflects how there is a common dependency on basic human behavioral traits. In some areas, such as stock valuation only a subset of the equation is currently being used. However, as illustrated in this paper, improved results can be obtained by the use of a more comprehensive version of the profit-loss equation.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75594651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Capitalization on Banks' Risk Under Regulation and Managerial Moral Hazard: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation","authors":"Thomas D. Jeitschko, S. Jeung","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.629414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.629414","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the relationship between banks' capitalization and risk-taking behavior. The conventional wisdom is that well-capitalized banks are less inclined to increase asset risk, because the option value of deposit insurance decreases with capitalization. There are, however, at least three shortcomings in the existing theories that cast doubt on the validity of the conventional wisdom. First, many studies neglect agency problems arising from the separation of management and ownership. Second, past studies rely on limited risk-return profiles of the asset choice set and do not consider profiles in which higher risk is associated with higher return. Finally, empirical studies on this issue provide only mixed evidence. The aim of this article is to shed new light on this issue by expanding existing models to account for the shortcomings identified. Thus, we explicitly model three different incentives of the agents that shape risk-taking behavior in banking; regulatory bodies, shareholders, and management. We consider how the respective incentives influence the riskiness of a bank-portfolio for four distinct assumptions about the characteristics of risk-return profiles. By combining these factors, we demonstrate that a bank's risk can either decrease or increase with capitalization depending on the relative forces of the three agents in determining asset risk and on various parametric assumptions about risk-return profiles. In the empirical study, the regression equations are modeled so that the differing incentives of the three agents are allowed to interact. The test results show differences in risk-capitalization relationships across high and low capital banks and across publicly and non-publicly traded banks. This indicates that risk-capitalization relationships are, indeed, sensitive to the relative forces of the three agents in determining asset risk.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74803562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrametricity in Fund of Funds Diversification","authors":"G. Susinno, Maria-Augusta Miceli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.478341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.478341","url":null,"abstract":"Minimum market transparency requirements impose hedge fund (HF) managers to use the statement declared strategy in practice. However, each declared strategy may actually generate a multiplicity of implemented management decisions. Is then the “actual ” strategy the same as the “announced” strategy? Can the actual strategy be monitored or compared to the actual strategy of HF belonging to the same “announced” class? Can the announced or actual strategy be used as a quantitative argument in the fund of funds policy? With the appropriate metric, it is possible to draw a minimum spanning tree (MST) to emphasize the similarity structure that could be hidden in the raw correlation matrix of HF returns.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73201201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Managing People in Projects: Case Study the First Municipal Council Election in the Kingdom of Bahrain","authors":"Abdulrahman Sultan Alshamlan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.891054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891054","url":null,"abstract":"Certo (1992) said Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources and the managers' role is to guide their organizations toward accomplishing the organizations' goals . But when these goals or one of them is undertaking a large project like The First Municipal Council Election in the Kingdom of Bahrain which assigned to the Central Statistics Organization (CSO) to be the executive committee, then the challenges to the Project Manager are high. Most of these challenges are with the various stakeholders. These stakeholders are consisted of sponsors, which are called the high committee that assigned by H.M. The King of Bahrain to organize and rule the First Municipal Council Election, management, employees, government and variety of communities.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84718688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Specialist Performance and New Listing Allocations on the NYSE: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Shane A. Corwin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.272453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.272453","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the criteria used to allocate stocks to specialist firms on the NYSE. Non-performance variables play a predominant role in the allocation process, with large specialist firms receiving the majority of new listings. Controlling for size, more-profitable and less-profitable listings tend to be equitably distributed across specialist firms and specialists are more likely to receive allocations if they have not received a recent allocation or have recently had stocks delisted. Preference is also given to specialist firms that already trade other stocks in the same industry or stocks of the same type (funds and non-U.S. securities). Changes to the Allocation Policy in 1997 appear to have resulted in a subset of specialist firms being repeatedly awarded allocations, while others are repeatedly denied allocations.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91374983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Open Book 'Financial' Management: A Case Study of Manco, Inc.","authors":"R. Aggarwal, B. Simkins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.271283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.271283","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the strategic nature of open book 'financial' management (hereafter referred to as open book management) in optimizing an organizations return on human capital and illustrates it using Manco Inc., as a case study. The challenges and advantages of implementing open book management to improve financial performance and employee motivation are described briefly, as are some suggested procedures and steps to facilitate the implementation of open book management. Open book management is seen as being useful in minimizing agency costs as it reduces the degree of asymmetry in the information available to managers and employees especially in non-public multi-divisional public companies.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80828368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical Cost and Price-Level Accounting: A Study for Brazilian Companies","authors":"Cesar Augusto Tiburcio Silva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.270778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.270778","url":null,"abstract":"I am trying, in this paper, to compare historical cost to price-level accounting information in Brazilian companies back in 1999. In the past, Brazilian accounting developed complex treatment for financial reports in inflationary times. Now, when the economy is stable, this paper discusses if Brazilian accounting needs price-level accounting. For this, I use three basic pieces of information: net income, equity and return-on-equity. The data refer to the 500 largest Brazilian companies. I use different statistics and, in general, there is a strong relationship between historical cost and price-level accounting.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84338971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effects of Limiting Accounting Discretion on the Informativeness of Financial Statements: Evidence from Software Revenue Recognition","authors":"Ron Kasznik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.515950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.515950","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effects on the informativeness of software companies' financial statements of limiting the amount of discretion with respect to software revenue recognition following the issuance of Statement of Position 91-1 in 1992. The requirement that companies adopt SOP 91-1 by restating earnings for prior periods allows to compare the value-relevance of two sets of data, the originally reported and the restated earnings numbers. I find that the originally reported numbers provide incremental information content over the more conservative restated earnings numbers. This finding is consistent with managers using their discretion in pre-SOP 91-1 periods to convey private information about their firms' underlying economics. Furthermore, relative to a control group of software firms less sensitive to the accounting change, I document a significant decline in the information content of sample firms' reported earnings following the issuance of SOP 91-1, as well as a significant increase in the voluntary disclosure of long-term earnings projections and non-financial information. I interpret these findings as evidence that limiting the amount of discretion has adversely affected managers' ability to communicate effectively with investors through the financial statements.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80440054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information Asymmetry, Corporate Disclosure and the Capital Markets: A Review of the Empirical Disclosure Literature","authors":"P. Healy, K. Palepu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.258514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.258514","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate disclosure is critical for the functioning of an efficient capital market. Firms provide disclosure through regulated financial reports, including the financial statements, footnotes, management discussion and analysis, and other regulatory filings. In addition, some firms engage in voluntary communication, such as management forecasts, analysts? presentations and conference calls, press releases, internet sites, and other corporate reports. Finally, there are disclosures about firms by information intermediaries, such as financial analysts, industry experts, and the financial press.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"182 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84234499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exchange Rates and Corporate Pricing Strategies","authors":"M. Knetter","doi":"10.3386/W4151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W4151","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the recent literature on pass-through and pricing-to-market. Pricing-to market behavior is estimated for a new, larger data set with 60 German and 20 U.S. 7-digit industries. The results conform closely to what has been found elsewhere in smaller detailed data sets and at higher levels of aggregation. German exporters show more tendency to price-to-market than U.S. exporters for the sample of industries studied, but there is much variation across the industries. Surprisingly, pricing-to-market is more pronounced in German exports of steel and chemicals than in consumer goods.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86094742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}