McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ最新文献_第8页

The Relationship between Large Herbivore Abundance and Algal Cover on Coral Reefs on West Coast Barbados 巴巴多斯西海岸大型食草动物丰度与珊瑚礁藻类覆盖的关系

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.162

V. Caron, Ariel Greiner, K. Ransier, Bryna Cameron-Steinke

{"title":"The Relationship between Large Herbivore Abundance and Algal Cover on Coral Reefs on West Coast Barbados","authors":"V. Caron, Ariel Greiner, K. Ransier, Bryna Cameron-Steinke","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.162","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Over the past few decades, climate change and the intensification of coastal development significantly contributed to the degradation of coral reefs across the Caribbean Sea. Widespread increase in algal cover on coral reefs since the 1970s has made it difficult for the corals to recover. Thus, algae regulating factors, such as herbivorous grazers and groundwater nutrient concentrations, have important implications for the conservation of coral reefs. In this study we conducted a small-scale assessment of the relationship between the abundance of two families of herbivorous fishes, Scaridae and Acanthuridae, and algal cover on the coral reefs of West Coast Barbados was conducted, and we hypothesized that a direct negative correlation exists between them. \u0000Methods: Herbivorous fish abundance and percent algal cover were quantified for three different coral reefs, and the data was analyzed using linear regressions and analyses of variance. \u0000Results: We found that although there were no significant relationship between herbivorous fish abundance and algal cover, there was a significant difference between them across the three reefs studied. These results suggest the presence of other factors influencing algal cover. One such factor could potentially be ground- water input levels, which was found to differ at each of the three sites studied. \u0000Limitations: The limited timeframe of this study did not allow for extensive sampling. \u0000Conclusion: In order to effectively protect the coral reefs in Western Barbados, Further studies are needed to increase the understanding of the relationship between herbivory and algal cover in Western Barbados as well as to further investigate the role of groundwater seepage on algal growth.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scale-Invariant Adaptation in Response to Second-Order Electro-Sensory Stimuli in Weakly Electric Fish 弱电鱼响应二阶电感觉刺激的尺度不变适应

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.163

Zhubo D. Zhang, M. Chacron

{"title":"Scale-Invariant Adaptation in Response to Second-Order Electro-Sensory Stimuli in Weakly Electric Fish","authors":"Zhubo D. Zhang, M. Chacron","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.163","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Natural stimuli can range orders of magnitude, and their encoding by the brain remains a central issue in neuroscience. An efficient way of encoding a natural stimulus is by changing a neuron’s cod- ing rule in tandem with changes in the stimulus. This phenomenon is called sensory adaptation. However, sensory adaptation creates ambiguity in the neural code, as different stimuli can produce the same neural response. \u0000Methods: One way to resolve this ambiguity is to encode additional stimulus information through parallel channels. We performed in vivo extracellular recordings from pyramidal cells in two parallel maps, the lateral segment (LS) and the centro-medial segment (CMS), within the hindbrain of the weakly electric fish Aptero- notus leptorhynchus, in response to stimuli that resemble the presence of another conspecific. \u0000Results: We found that CMS pyramidal cells generally adapted less strongly than LS cells (p<0.05). Signal detection theory confirms that the lesser degree of adaptation leads to a stronger ability to disambiguate between two input stimuli (p<0.05). In addition, the time course of adaptation in LS strictly followed a power law while that of CMS followed a power law only for a certain set of stimuli. \u0000Limitations: The design of our study allowed for a stimulus that oscillated only between two distributions. Further studies into the hindbrain’s ability to disambiguate the adaptive code will require confusion analysis of a stimulus that changes between more distributions. For confusion studies, cells in different areas can be compared as long as they have receptive fields in similar areas. \u0000Conclusions: Through recording from two parallel segments of the electro-sensory system in the hindbrain, we observed that different segments adapted with different strengths to similar stimuli. Different amounts of adaptation allude to a balance between the need to preserve absolute stimulus information while simul- taneously encoding a stimulus efficiently through adaptation.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reduction in Noise Correlation is Associated with Improved Behavioural Performance 减少噪音相关性与改善行为表现有关

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.165

Moushumi Nath, Xinwen Zhu

{"title":"Reduction in Noise Correlation is Associated with Improved Behavioural Performance","authors":"Moushumi Nath, Xinwen Zhu","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.165","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Visual perception constitutes the dominant method by which we process our environment, yet the neuronal substrates that underlie visual perception in the brain are not well understood. Noise correla- tion, defined as the correlation in non-stimulus evoked activity between neurons, has been shown to impact both encoding and decoding processes of visual stimuli. We wanted to determine whether changes in noise correlation can predict behavioural performance in a coherent motion-detection task. \u0000Methods: Two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained in a coherent motion-detection task, where they learned to fixate on a screen and anticipate the onset of a motion coherence stimulus. During this task, spike activity from pairs of neurons of the middle temporal area (area MT) were recorded and data was analyzed using MATLAB. Specifically, we examined noise correlation as a function of time and success rate in the task. \u0000Results: We found a decrease in the correlation in activity between neurons in area MT prior to the onset of the motion coherence stimulus. This decrease was accompanied by improved behavioural performance in the motion coherence-detection task. \u0000Limitations: The activity in pairs of neurons may not accurately represent overall activity in a population of neurons. In addition, control experiments to better assess the nature of the common input that leads to a reduction in noise correlation were not conducted. \u0000Conclusions: Despite these limitations, we have shown that a reduction in noise correlation prior to stimulus onset is accompanied by improved behavioural performance, suggesting that noise correlation may be a critical parameter that can aid in our understanding of how visual perception occurs in the brain.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Loss-of-Function Analysis Elucidates Essential Roles of eIF4E Isoforms in Drosophila Spermatogenesis 功能缺失分析阐明了eIF4E亚型在果蝇精子发生中的重要作用

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.167

L. Chen

{"title":"Loss-of-Function Analysis Elucidates Essential Roles of eIF4E Isoforms in Drosophila Spermatogenesis","authors":"L. Chen","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.167","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Through transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, eukaryotic cells can control gene expression to moderate vital cell processes and induce morphological changes. In developmental biology, translation initiation is emerging as a key player in gene expression regulation. Translation initiation begins when eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds the 5’ mRNA cap to recruit other initiation factors. Eight eIF4E isoforms are present in Drosophila melanogaster. The canonical eIF4E-1 is involved in the translation of all genes and is a common target for translational regulation mechanisms. The activity of testis-specific eIF4Es in Drosophila are largely unclear, but recent evidence on eIF4E-3 suggests that the other isoforms may also possess distinct, essential functions in spermatogenesis. \u0000Methods: Here we provide protein localization data and loss-of-function analysis to characterize eIF4E-4, eIF4E-5, and eIF4E-7. \u0000Results: Single KD showed few phenotypes, while eIF4E-4/eIF4E-5 double knockdown males had severe de- fects in spermatogenesis. In eIF4E-5/eIF4E-7 double knockdowns, mutations manifested in multiple stages of severity. \u0000Conclusions: The unique expression patterns and differential mutant phenotypes observed suggest that the testis-specific isoforms contain varying levels of functional redundancy. eIF4E-4 and eIF4E-5, which share close homology, appear to have overlapping roles in regulating germ cell division during early spermato- genesis. However, during spermatid individualization they seem to assume different functions. eIF4E-7 also appears to be involved in germ cell differentiation, but most likely in a separate mechanism due to the inability of other isoforms to compensate for its knockdown.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dead but not gone: The case for PRL as a pseudophosphatase 死亡但没有消失:PRL作为假磷酸酶的案例

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.170

Howie Wu

{"title":"Dead but not gone: The case for PRL as a pseudophosphatase","authors":"Howie Wu","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.170","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is an integral component of many cellular signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Phosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from proteins. The phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are a family of phosphatases which have been correlated with cancer development and metastasis. However, they appear to have weak phosphatase activity and little is known about their physiological substrates. This review discusses PRL from a structural and functional perspective, including recent findings on its interaction with another family of proteins, cyclin M (CNNM).\u0000Methods: Articles were obtained from the scientific literature using databases like PubMed and McGill University’s open access institutional repository. This paper specifically focuses on those articles that provided an overview of phosphatases, PRLs, CNNMs, and structural and functional studies of PRLs and CNNMs. In total, 40 articles were selected for the purpose of this review.\u0000Summary: Although PRLs retain many of the structural features of other protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) including the phosphatase catalytic motif and regulation via oxidation, other structural features such as mutation of a conserved serine/threonine residue to alanine in the active site disfavor catalytic activity. Moreover, PRL interaction with CNNM appears to be responsible for its oncogenic potential, yet this inter- action does not appear to require PRL phosphatase activity. Thus, PRL may be best classified as a pseudo-phosphatase, which are phosphatase-like proteins that are structurally similar to phosphatases but have acquired a dominant function that does not require phosphatase activity.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fluorescence Imaging of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand-Mediated Calcium Oscillations in Osteoclasts 核因子κ b配体介导的破骨细胞钙振荡受体激活因子的荧光成像

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.166

Mariya Stavnichuk, G. Sadvakassova, S. Komarova

{"title":"Fluorescence Imaging of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand-Mediated Calcium Oscillations in Osteoclasts","authors":"Mariya Stavnichuk, G. Sadvakassova, S. Komarova","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.166","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Numerous bone diseases are caused by abnormal activity of osteoclasts, cells responsible for physiological bone degradation. Understanding the mechanisms of osteoclast formation and activation is important for developing diagnostic tools and treatments for various bone diseases. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), a key osteoclastogenic cytokine, induces changes in intracellular Ca2+ con- centration ([Ca2+]i) that can be visualized and measured with a fluorescent Ca2+ binding dye. The objective of the study was to characterize the changes in [Ca2+]i induced by acute application of RANKL in osteoclast precursors. \u0000Methods: We performed calcium imaging in osteoclast precursors generated from RAW 264.7 cells loaded with Fura-2 fluorescent dye using an inverted microscope, Nikon TE2000-U. Data was collected with Volocity software and analysed in Excel and MATLAB. \u0000Results: In osteoclast precursors, RANKL induced oscillations in [Ca2+]i within 2 minutes of exposure. The main frequency of oscillations was approximately 37.7 mHz. However, no significant change in the mean level of intracellular Ca2+ was observed. Interestingly, when ATP was applied to RANKL-treated osteoclast precursors, it induced a long-lasting increase in [Ca2+]i compared to control cells. \u0000Limitations: The limitations of our study included the small number of replicates and the short duration of fluorescence recording under each condition. \u0000Conclusions: Short exposure of osteoclast precursors to RANKL not only induced oscillations in calcium con- centration, but also modulated cellular response to the subsequent application of ATP.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preserved Vestibular Function in Mice with Loss of α-9 Subunit of the α-9/10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (α-9/10 nAChR) α-9/10烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(α-9/10 nAChR) α-9亚基缺失小鼠前庭功能保留

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.164

Jesse Mendoza, Francis N. Grafton, Amy Shan Wong, K. Cullen

{"title":"Preserved Vestibular Function in Mice with Loss of α-9 Subunit of the α-9/10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (α-9/10 nAChR)","authors":"Jesse Mendoza, Francis N. Grafton, Amy Shan Wong, K. Cullen","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.164","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The α-9/10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is known to be the primary channel through which both vestibular and auditory efferents mediate the inhibition of their respective peripheral hair cells and afferents. With respect to the auditory system, the deletion of the α-9 subunit results in abnormalities in the development of properly functioning cochlear hair cells. Given the high degree of similarity between the au- ditory and the vestibular systems, we hypothesize that α-9 knockout mice should have impaired vestibular hair cell development and consequently compromised vestibular-mediated functions. \u0000Methods: In order to characterize vestibular function in α-9 knockout alert mice, we quantified the vestibu- lo-ocular reflex (VOR) through both gain and phase. Additionally, the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was sim- ilarly assessed as a control. VOR in light (VORl) was also quantified to further evaluate VOR and OKN efficacy. Furthermore, as information from the vestibular system mediates postural regulation and head stabilization, we assessed these properties through rotor rod and balance beam paradigms. \u0000Results: Surprisingly, the loss of the α-9 subunit in knockout mice did not result in any attenuation in VOR gain nor deviations in phase compared to wild type. OKN and VORl’s gain and phase values remain similarly unchanged, confirming preserved function within the vestibular nucleus. Descending vestibulospinal infor- mation seems to be unaltered as well, as no significant difference was observed in postural testing. \u0000Limitations: The α-9 knockout mice used specifically had exon 1 and exon 2 of the α-9 gene targeted, which could potentially limit generalizability. Also, frequencies greater than 3Hz were not tested. \u0000Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that α-9 knockout mice still maintain normal vestibular function.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding the 2013-2015 Ebola Outbreak 了解2013-2015年埃博拉疫情

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2016-04-13 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v11i1.169

Janna R. Shapiro

{"title":"Understanding the 2013-2015 Ebola Outbreak","authors":"Janna R. Shapiro","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v11i1.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v11i1.169","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The 2013-2015 Ebola outbreak caused severe human suffering and a global health crisis. Ebola Virus (EBOV) is a naturally zoonotic RNA virus that has several immune-evasion mechanisms and can cause serious disease and death in humans. The massive impact of the recent epidemic is unique in the 40-year history of this pathogen. Scientists and public health officials around the world are researching the factors that may have contributed to the scale and devastating nature of the 2013-2015 outbreak. \u0000Methods: Terms searched online through the McGill library and Medline Ovid included “Ebola”, “immune evasion”, “sequencing”, “Ebola glycoprotein” and “zoonotic transmission”. Only articles published since 2014 were selected. \u0000Summary: In this review article, we will provide discussion on the principal factors contributing to the un- usually destructive nature of the 2013-2015 Ebola outbreak. Interestingly, although several nonsynony- mous mutations have been observed in the recently circulating strains, they were not the principal cause of the unusually devastating nature of the outbreak. Instead, the high rate of transmission was likely caused by sociological factors, such as population dynamics and late detection of the outbreak. However, there is evidence to suggest that once the high rate of transmission in humans was established there was selective pressure on the virus to evade the human immune system. This selective pressure may have exacerbated an already deadly outbreak. Ongoing research efforts indicate that there is still much to be discovered about the virus and the control of outbreak management.","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tree Diversity has Limited Effects on Beech Bark Disease Incidence in American Beech Population of Mont St-Hilaire 树木多样性对圣希尔山美洲山毛榉树皮病发病率的影响有限

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2015-03-31 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v10i1.119

Zhihong Zhang, E. Pérez, A. Chinn, J. Davies

{"title":"Tree Diversity has Limited Effects on Beech Bark Disease Incidence in American Beech Population of Mont St-Hilaire","authors":"Zhihong Zhang, E. Pérez, A. Chinn, J. Davies","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v10i1.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v10i1.119","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Background: American beech trees (Fagus gandifolia) exist in many areas in northeastern North America. Beech bark disease (BBD) is caused by a scale insect and bark-killing fungus (Cryptococcus fagisuga and Nectria spp.). We aim to study the correlation between diversity and the presence of BBD, and predict that tree diversity in Gault’s Nature Reserve in Mont St-Hilaire (MSH), Québec decreases the presence of BBD and that F. grandifolia density would increase the presence of this disease. \u0000Methods: We randomly chose 15 sites for sampling of individual tree species. F. grandifolia trees were identified as “healthy” or “infected”. Simple regressions, ANOVA, two and three-way interaction, linear mix effect model, and paired t-test were performed using R and Excel. \u0000Results: Our results show no significant correlation of infected individuals and total number of either A. saccharum or A. pensylvanica, unless analyzed with a linear mixed effect model (p=0.0256). However, there was a strong, positive correlation between the number of infected trees and the density of F. grandifolia (R2=0.6712), and this relationship was stronger in disturbed areas compared to undisturbed areas in the reserve (t=2.0492, p=0.047, tcritical=2.0211). \u0000Conclusion: We found beech tree density and habitat disturbance, but not community diversity, to have a significant positive effect on Beech Bark Disease infection rates. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immune Response Regulation has Therapeutic Potential in the Treatment of Cancer 免疫反应调节在癌症治疗中具有治疗潜力

McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ Pub Date : 2015-03-31 DOI: 10.26443/msurj.v10i1.121

M. Festa

{"title":"Immune Response Regulation has Therapeutic Potential in the Treatment of Cancer","authors":"M. Festa","doi":"10.26443/msurj.v10i1.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v10i1.121","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Background: Depending on their path of differentiation, immune cells can have opposing roles in tumour progression. As a result, during growth, tumours undergo selective pressure to produce immunosuppressive factors that contribute to tumour growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This review discusses the contribution of different macrophages and T cells to tumour progression, as well as their role in current cancer immunotherapies. \u0000Methods: We searched for articles online through McGill Library with search terms including the names of different immune cells along with “polarity”, “tumour progression”, or “cancer immunotherapy”. Cancer therapies “CTLA-4 blockade”, “Ipilimumab”, “adoptive cell transfer”, and “PD1 inhibition” were also used as search terms. \u0000Summary: Depending on the cell types involved, crosstalk between different immune cells in the tumour stroma can contribute to either the development or the inhibition of tumour growth. Certain therapies such as adoptive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) transfer and CTLA-4 & PD1 inhibition work by enhancing CTL tumoricidal responses, and have produced durable responses in a small but significant group of patients. Other therapies work by skewing the phenotype of tumour associated macrophages from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumorigenic. However, disrupting the balance between immune cell functions risks triggering inflammatory disorders such as autoimmunity. Therefore, future directions in cancer immunotherapy include targeting potential responders and restricting therapeutic mechanisms to the tumour microenvironment. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":91927,"journal":{"name":"McGill Science undergraduate research journal : MSURJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69323300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0