Botanica Marina最新文献

{"title":"Individual-based numerical experiment to describe the distribution of floating kelp within the Southern Benguela Upwelling System","authors":"Ross Coppin, Christo Rautenbach, Albertus J. Smit","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Kelps are resilient organisms, capable of thriving in high-energy wave environments. However, when hydrodynamic drag forces exerted by the wave environment exceed the kelps’ structural limits, individuals become dislodged. Floating kelps generally follow ocean currents, traveling long distances until air-filled structures fail or the epibiont load becomes too great, causing them to sink to the seafloor. The ability of kelp to disperse over vast offshore and nearshore systems makes them important for organic subsidy and as a dispersal vector for marine organisms. Previous research on dislodged macroalgae focused on context-specific rafts, limiting insights into the broader ecological role of floating kelp. This study employed a site-specific Lagrangian trajectory model to describe the spatial distribution of floating <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic> along the South African coastline. The model incorporated buoyancy and sinking using site-specific morphological data. Findings revealed that the distribution of floating <jats:italic>E. maxima</jats:italic> is influenced by oceanographic conditions, and seasonal patterns were also evident. Mesoscale features played a vital role in kelp accumulation on the surface and seafloor and acted as barriers to dispersal. This study offers essential insights into kelp’s role as an organic subsidy and provides numerical evidence for kelp’s potential as a carbon sink, contributing to a better understanding of kelp ecosystems and their ecological functions.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unforeseen green tide of floating tubular Ulva meridionalis, a lethal threat to oyster farming, along the west coast of Taiwan: tracking its origin and ecophysiological insights","authors":"Chun-Yu Su, Silvia Fontana, Shao-Lun Liu","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Ulva</jats:italic> green tides have adversely affected coastal ecosystems. In June 2023 in Changhua County, Taiwan, an unprecedented floating tubular <jats:italic>Ulva</jats:italic> bloom spanning about 30 km of coastline caused about 30 % reduction in oyster yield as reported by local farmers. Understanding its taxonomic and ecological basis is crucial for preemptive and remedial measures. Based on molecular (<jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L and <jats:italic>tuf</jats:italic>A) and morphological evidence, <jats:italic>U</jats:italic> <jats:italic>lva</jats:italic> <jats:italic>meridionalis</jats:italic> was the cause of this green tide. Haplotype network analysis (based on ITS) suggests that this green tide originated from northern China via the China Coastal Current. Historical survey data indicate that <jats:italic>U</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>meridionalis</jats:italic> arrived in Taoyuan Algal Reef (about 150 km north of the bloom area) as far back as 2018. Our ecophysiological experiments revealed that <jats:italic>U</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>meridionalis</jats:italic> exhibited a rapid daily growth rate with biomass increment up to 13–21 % when subjected to local nutrient-rich waters under lower salinity and spring-like conditions. Although historical ecological and poultry/livestock data analyses showed no noticeable change in sea surface temperature and rainfall over the past decade, a gradual rise in agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus output was observed. This taxonomic and ecological background lays the groundwork for long-term ecological monitoring. Moreover, this study exemplifies the detrimental impact of an unforeseen <jats:italic>Ulva</jats:italic> bloom on oyster farming.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential for kelp (order Laminariales) aquaculture in South Africa: a biological review","authors":"John J. Bolton, Mark D. Rothman","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0055","url":null,"abstract":"The Benguela upwelling region on the west coast of South Africa/Namibia has the only major kelp forests on the African continent. South Africa has four species of laminarian kelps; <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Laminaria pallida</jats:italic> dominate kelp forests in the west coast Benguela upwelling system, with <jats:italic>Macrocystis pyrifera</jats:italic> occurring rarely in this region and <jats:italic>Ecklonia radiata</jats:italic> largely confined to the more nutrient-poor south and east coasts. Growth studies on these species have been limited to laboratory experiments and very few initial, small-scale coastal studies. As in other Atlantic regions, there is growing interest in the potential for kelp aquaculture in Southern Africa, and recent pilot initiatives. A comprehensive summary of available literature on South African kelps, their biology and ecology, distribution and growth parameters, is presented, and the potential for kelp aquaculture discussed in relation to recent developments elsewhere on Atlantic and Eastern Pacific coastlines. Recommendations are made with respect to the choice of potential species and sites.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considerations for kelp aquaculture on South Africa’s west coast: geospatial analysis and research implications","authors":"Melanie Lück-Vogel, John J. Bolton, Mark D. Rothman, Andrea Bernatzeder, Brett M. Macey, Mark D. Cyrus, Dale C. Z. Arendse, Parsuramen J. Pillay, Bernadette Brown-Webb","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0057","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial use of kelp continues to gain interest worldwide. While in some East Asian countries kelp farming has a long history, the kelp industry in South Africa is based on harvesting of kelp from natural kelp forests or by beach-cast collection. This study examined the potential for kelp aquaculture on South Africa’s west coast, focusing on the three indigenous species of kelp, <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Laminaria pallida</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Macrocystis pyrifera</jats:italic>. Geospatial analysis was used to identify and assess nine potentially suitable areas for kelp farming, based on natural habitat conditions, and examination of potential conflicts with other users and enabling land-use factors. An assessment of the market, technical and financial aspects of a kelp farming opportunity indicated that a 4 ha kelp farm, with longlines producing 750 to 1,000 t of fresh kelp per annum, could be viable as an integrated aquaculture activity adjacent to an existing mussel or oyster farm. We recommend a detailed feasibility study for kelp aquaculture in South Africa, with market and technical research, and financial modelling. Current seaweed industry legislation is mostly concerned with the wild resource, and there is a need for specific policies relating to seaweed aquaculture to facilitate growth of the industry.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical experiments investigating the influence of drag on trajectory patterns of floating macroalgae","authors":"Ross Coppin, Christo Rautenbach, Albertus J. Smit","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0059","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean currents are a crucial means of dispersing natural and human-made materials on the ocean surface. Macroalgae are among the most conspicuous natural dispersers, often called the ‘tumbleweeds of the ocean.’ Despite numerous studies on the subject, the relative influence of wind and surface currents on the trajectory of macroalgal dispersal remains uncertain. Previous studies have focused on kelp rafts of varying sizes, making it challenging to determine the impact of wind versus currents. These studies have also disregarded the macroalgae’s drag characteristics and surface area, which have been shown to impact the trajectory and accumulation of floating flotsam. This numerical study aims to shed light on the relative influence of wind and currents and the role of drag in determining the course and accumulation of macroalgae. By comparing simulations of virtual kelp ‘particles’ that incorporate drag and those without, this study focused on solitary kelp plants and considered the impact of morphological characteristics, flow-field combinations, and the presence of Stokes drift. Our results show that virtual kelp particles generally followed ocean currents, but the inclusion of drag caused deviations from purely Lagrangian particles’ trajectories and sheds light on the complex interplay of factors affecting macroalgal dispersal in the ocean.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and characterisation of sodium alginate from the Southern African seaweed Ecklonia maxima","authors":"Yuchan Park, Samkelo Malgas, Rui W.M. Krause, Brett I. Pletschke","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0011","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic> is an endemic South African seaweed with numerous commercially valuable compounds, including sodium alginate. This polysaccharide contains 1,4-linked β-<jats:sc>d</jats:sc>-mannuronic (M) and α-<jats:sc>l</jats:sc>-guluronic acid (G) residues, and has enormous health and food applications and benefits for biomedicine. In this study, acid extraction of sodium alginate from <jats:italic>Ecklonia maxima</jats:italic> was performed, and its chemical and physical properties were compared with commercial sodium alginate. A yield of 58.7 % (w/w of dry alga) sodium alginate was recovered from the seaweed. As expected, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses of sodium alginate revealed the presence of M and G residues in the polysaccharide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed an M/G ratio of 1.86 from the extracted sodium alginate. The viscosity average molecular weight of sodium alginate was 429 kDa using the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation. Three-dimensional conformational analysis by Congo red and CD spectroscopy suggested that sodium alginate exhibits a triple-helix conformation in solution. Furthermore, X-ray powder diffraction analysis confirmed that the alginate has an amorphous structure. Sodium alginate extracted from <jats:italic>E. maxima</jats:italic> found on the coasts of Southern Africa exhibits a high mannuronic content and high viscosity, potentially beneficial for drug delivery and biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate: a review","authors":"Matthew N. Noach, Richard L. Mampana, Eugene Van Rensburg, Neill J. Goosen, Robert W. M. Pott","doi":"10.1515/bot-2023-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0056","url":null,"abstract":"Alginate is a brown seaweed-based linear polysaccharide of D – mannuronic acid and L – guluronic acid residues. Hydrolysis products of the polysaccharide, specifically oligosaccharides, have been receiving increasing interest, due to their significant bioactivity and potential utilisation routes. The bioactivity of alginate oligosaccharides is closely linked to structural characteristics, namely: molecular weight, degree of polymerisation, and ratio of the monomers (the M/G ratio). Hence, potential applications (such as utilisation as a biostimulant fertilizer) depend on these parameters. This review focuses on recent advances in producing alginate oligosaccharides using chemical or enzymatic methods. The literature survey includes utilisation of these methods at both laboratory and industrial scale. For the chemical methods, we assessed the standard laboratory scale procedures of alginate oligosaccharide production, the potential of scaling up to an industrial level, and the subsequent challenges. For the enzymatic route, we provide an overview of alginate lyases and the application perspectives of enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposal of Cryptonemia floridana comb. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) based on rbcL gene analysis of collections from type locality and female reproductive morphology","authors":"Luanda Pereira Soares, Silvia M.P.B. Guimarães, Thomas Sauvage, Larissa A.H. dos Santos, Helena R. Fragoso, Mutue T. Fujii","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"The taxonomic position of <jats:italic>Halymenia floridana</jats:italic> is a long-standing issue that needed to be assessed using DNA sequences of material from the type locality (Florida, USA). Here, we examined the vegetative and reproductive morpho-anatomy, and <jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L sequence data of topotypes and additional specimens from Brazil. Our results resolved the topotypes of <jats:italic>‘H. floridana’</jats:italic> within the genus <jats:italic>Cryptonemia</jats:italic>, in a clade harboring two closely related sister species, <jats:italic>C. bermudensis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. lacunicola</jats:italic>. The <jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L haplotype of <jats:italic>‘H. floridana’</jats:italic> from Florida was also identical to previously and newly sequenced specimens from Brazil. Therefore, the new combination <jats:italic>Cryptonemia floridana</jats:italic> comb. nov. is herein established. <jats:italic>Cryptonemia floridana</jats:italic> exhibits entire to lobed foliose blades up to 12 cm high, a short basal midrib, medulla with conspicuous stellate ganglia and mostly periclinal filaments. The auxiliary cell is the first or the second cell of a third-order ampullar filament, and secondary connecting filaments are rare and cut off from the fusion cell. Our study is the first to provide the pre- and postfertilization stages in a <jats:italic>Cryptonemia</jats:italic> species, with generic status confirmed by DNA sequences. Numerous tropical <jats:italic>Cryptonemia</jats:italic> species await molecular confirmation and assessment of reproductive structures towards a better circumscription of the genus and its species diversity.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing a new species, Vaginatispora acrostichi (Lophiostomataceae), based on morphology and multigene phylogeny","authors":"Samhita Mukhopadhyay, Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun, Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Carlo Chris S. Apurillo, Fatimah Al-Otibi, Kevin D. Hyde, E.B. Gareth Jones","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> sp. nov. was isolated from submerged stems of <jats:italic>Acrostichum aureum</jats:italic> (Pteridaceae) collected from the mangrove habitats of Pranburi District, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS, <jats:italic>tef1-α</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rpb2</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>β-tub</jats:italic> sequences placed the novel species within <jats:italic>Vaginatispora</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> formed a well-supported sister clade with <jats:italic>V. lignicola</jats:italic> but differs from it morphologically and phylogenetically. <jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> is distinguishable from <jats:italic>V. lignicola</jats:italic> by ascospore size, septation and colour. The ascospores of <jats:italic>V. acrostichi</jats:italic> turn light brown at maturity and have a single septum with a minute constriction, while those of <jats:italic>V. lignicola</jats:italic> appear yellowish at maturity and have 1–3 septa with pronounced constriction. <jats:italic>Vaginatispora acrostichi</jats:italic> is introduced in this paper as a novel species with a comprehensive description and illustration.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gambierdiscus carpenteri (Dinophyceae) from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California: morphology, genetic affinities, and mouse toxicity","authors":"Ana E. Ramos-Santiago, Christine J. Band-Schmidt, Ignacio Leyva-Valencia, Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera, Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez, Yuri B. Okolodkov","doi":"10.1515/bot-2024-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2024-0017","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Gambierdiscus</jats:italic> is a marine benthic dinoflagellate genus that currently contains 19 species; some of them are toxigenic, producing ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, and other toxic compounds. The objective of this study was to document the morphological and molecular identification (ITS, 5.8S and 28S of the rDNA) of two strains of <jats:italic>Gambierdiscus</jats:italic> from La Gaviota Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, and a toxicity test. The shape of the 2′ plate varied between hatchet-shaped and rectangular, that complicated the differentiation between <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>toxicus</jats:italic>. Molecular markers of the three rDNA regions allowed confirmation of the taxonomic identity of <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic>, separating this species from other congeners with high phylogenetic affinity, such as <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>excentricus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>toxicus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>caribaeus</jats:italic>. Studies of the morphological taxonomy of <jats:italic>G. carpenteri</jats:italic> are scarce; therefore, due to the similarity between species, the combination of morphological and molecular tools is recommended for the identification of species, such as <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>excentricus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>toxicus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>caribaeus</jats:italic>. The mouse bioassay showed that the examined isolate was toxic, and it is a potential etiology of ciguatera fish poisoning cases in the region. This study provides the first reliable report and ribosomal sequences of <jats:italic>G</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>carpenteri</jats:italic> for the Gulf of California, as well as data on mouse bioassay toxicity.","PeriodicalId":9191,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Marina","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}