The journal of the history of childhood and youth最新文献

{"title":"Church Brigades and Battlefields: Militarizing British Boys Prior to World War I","authors":"Wayne Riggs","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a909989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a909989","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: When World War I began in 1914, Britain had neither a conscript army nor any bureaucratic mechanism for implementing conscription. By 1916, however, it had the largest volunteer army in the history of the world. Such an astounding achievement was credited to patriotism and the efforts of Field Marshall Kitchener. In reflecting on this development, contemporaries and historians largely overlooked the religious culture of militarism that dominated the pre-war years as well as the impact of the church brigade movement. The brigades fused military discipline and training with religious teaching and spiritual formation, and they ensured that well over 50 percent of British boys received a form of military training in the decades prior to the conflict, popularizing the ideas of military organization, drill, and serving in the armed forces.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing Up with America: Youth, Myth, and National Identity, 1945 to Present by Emily A. Murphy (review)","authors":"Sarah M. Hedgecock","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.a910000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.a910000","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Growing Up with America: Youth, Myth, and National Identity, 1945 to Present by Emily A. Murphy Sarah M. Hedgecock Growing Up with America: Youth, Myth, and National Identity, 1945 to Present. By Emily A. Murphy. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2020. xiv + 263 pp. Cloth $114.95, paper $34.95. In Growing Up with America, Emily A. Murphy aims to demonstrate that during the Cold War, American literature transitioned from conceptualizing the nation as an innocent child to imagining it as a wiser, though potentially [End Page 513] rebellious, adolescent. She connects this development to larger global developments around America's newly prominent position on the world stage, proposing that such a position made the former American self-conceptualization as an innocent child more or less impossible. Importantly, she notes, \"real children are not the subject of this book\" (7). Rather, the book focuses on the idea of the child and adolescent, as understood by adults. This is ultimately a book of intellectual history that traces American literature from the end of World War II into the present using the idea of adolescence as a throughline. Whereas earlier generations of authors idealized American innocence in a way that promoted exceptionalism and isolationism, Murphy argues, the Cold War and the United States' new position as a world leader made that separateness impossible and caused scholars to encourage the country to \"forgo its previous fetishization of innocence if it was ever to mature\" (28). This, she claims, resulted in a cultural reorientation around the adolescent figuring out their independent place in the world. For evidence, Murphy turns to a variety of books published from the beginning of the Cold War through the early 2000s, mostly for adult audiences but featuring adolescents as either protagonists or otherwise central characters. Through these books—ranging from The Catcher in the Rye to Karen Russell's 2011 novel Swamplandia!—Murphy examines changing ideas of nationhood and of who belongs in the American family. Chapter 1 provides an overview of what Murphy calls the \"beyond innocence debate\" among American studies scholars, which was the catalyst, Murphy notes, for a broader reorientation of American intellectual culture around the adolescent as \"a figure for radical reform of existing social structures\" (15). From there, each chapter examines a different aspect of that adolescent potentiality. In Chapter 2, Murphy maintains that in the second half of the twentieth century, the \"American Adam\" myth of an innocent using the wilderness to break with his origins was reconfigured as an \"American Eve\" who must reconcile with her past in order to succeed in the future. Chapter 3 proposes that American literature from the Cold War on transitioned from a focus on virgin land to a transposition of that focus onto the virgin girl, with the twist that the latter narrative also emphasized the damage done to the virgin by those wh","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innocent Witnesses: Childhood Memories of World War II by Marilyn Yalom (review)","authors":"Jennifer Craig-Norton","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0033","url":null,"abstract":"child labor history. For example, at the times when Massachusetts passed child labor laws and Illinois passed factory inspection laws, both states were run by a single party (Whigs and Democrats, respectively) that supported the legislation. In the case of Belgium, which did not adopt child labor laws during the 1830s, child labor was nearly twice as prevalent as in France, which did (85, 88). These factors may be more important than Anderson admits. Readers may also question whether Anderson pays enough attention to the socioeconomic status of her agents of reform. Those who often had the least success, particularly in Anderson’s US examples, were also those who had the least education and were once working-class laborers themselves, suggesting that structural reasons for success or failure are potentially more important than individual agency. Nevertheless, whether or not Anderson’s metrics for reformer success are compelling as explanatory, Agents of Reform does convincingly demonstrate that, to a large extent, “the origins of regulatory welfare . . . depended on the ideas and agency of individual policy entrepreneurs” (116). The stories of how such agents of reform attempted to transform their ideas and agency into child labor legislation on both sides of the Atlantic make Anderson’s book a valuable contribution to the field of childhood studies.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"137 1","pages":"315 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83762116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juvenile Justice in Victorian Scotland by Christine Kelly","authors":"William S. Bush","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Juvenile Justice in Victorian Scotland by Christine Kelly William S. Bush Juvenile Justice in Victorian Scotland. By Christine Kelly. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019. viii + 246 pp. Scotland is one of only a handful of countries today that maintains a largely decriminalized, welfare-driven approach to juvenile justice. In place of juvenile courts and secure detention facilities, Scotland utilizes children's hearings and community-based interventions for all but the most serious cases of youth offending. Many observers trace this system to a \"revolution\" fifty years ago, promulgated by Scottish judge Lord James Kilbrandon. In 1964, the Kilbrandon report decried Scotland's overuse of prison-like residential reformatories and industrial schools. As a result, Scotland abandoned its existing system for a community-based justice model that remains distinctive, both within and beyond the United Kingdom.1 Juvenile Justice in Victorian Scotland argues that the Kilbrandon reforms represented a culmination of, rather than a radical departure from, the previous century. Compassion fueled the Victorian-era reformers who founded Scotland's first juvenile justice programs in response to rampant child poverty in its industrializing cities (43–8). In the \"pre-statutory\" first half of the nineteenth century, explains author Christine Kelly, city governments developed policing practices that ensnared growing numbers of children and youth. The problem of children jailed with adults quickly elicited a humanitarian response from a generation of reformers in the 1840s, led by Sheriff William Watson of Aberdeen, \"the most eminent reformer of juvenile justice in Victorian Scotland\" (65). Watson invented and popularized the industrial day school, which fed and cared for neglected, destitute, and nonserious youth offenders. Funded locally, these schools offered academic and vocational training but, importantly for its leaders, also sought to inculcate middle-class habits of \"respectability\" (66). Unlike the influential reformatory in Mettray, France, emulated across England, the Scottish industrial day schools not only allowed their charges to return to their families each evening but also sought to uplift the family unit through its children. By the 1850s, other towns and cities were launching industrial day schools with Watson's guidance. This generation of reformers embraced an emergent notion of protected childhood that called for a shared social responsibility to [End Page 307] care for rather than punish impoverished and delinquent youth. \"If society leaves them knowingly in the state of utter degradation,\" asserted Watson's contemporary, English reformer Mary Carpenter, \"I think it absolutely owes them reparation, far more than they can be said to owe reparation to it\" (74). This philosophy soon gave way to more punitive and carceral approaches, largely imported from England. Kelly guides us through complex legislative developments in Scotla","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134996139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potato Puppet Theater/Beating the Beauties: A Seventeenth-century Japanese Picture Book for Children","authors":"P. Jolliffe, K. Kimbrough","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"46 1","pages":"197 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73474809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jewish Childhood in Kraków: A Microhistory of the Holocaust by Joanna Sliwa (review)","authors":"Melissa R. Klapper","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"19 1","pages":"317 - 319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77726377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crime and Survival: Juvenile Offenders in the PRC","authors":"M. Brzycki","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Lin Jieru, Bao Haoming, and Zhang Yulan were young people with complicated household circumstances who were censured by the state for using illegal means of survival in the late 1950s. By comparing these case studies, we can see that class, location, and especially gender, far more than age, shaped the survival tactics available to young people and the responses by different levels and apparatuses of the state. Furthermore, by looking at carceral institutions for juvenile offenders, it is clear that state authorities in the Northern Chinese city of Tianjin did not have a clear idea about the degree of responsibility and culpability of young people for behaviors deemed criminal. This article also explores the possibilities and limits of using archival sources to understand the choices and experiences of criminalized children in the Mao-era People's Republic of China, along with the possibility for historical agency.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"102 1","pages":"248 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82789697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"My Manchuria\": Memoir, Manga, and the Legacies of Japanese Wartime Childhoods","authors":"Marjorie Dryburgh","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study explores the life stories of Japanese settler children repatriated from Northeast China after 1945 to show that Japanese children might be critical witnesses to Japan's defeat and its consequences, as well as simply loyal supporters or innocent victims of the war. Through analyzing autobiographical works by manga artist Morita Kenji along with reader responses to these, I demonstrate that their stories were marked by loss and trauma inflicted within the Japanese community as well as by others and that later stories of war and repatriation were embedded in fraught family conversation as well as in public discourse.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"31 1","pages":"287 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77049861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agents of Reform: Child Labor and the Origins of the Welfare State by Elisabeth Anderson (review)","authors":"Jaclyn N. Schultz","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0032","url":null,"abstract":"of the unaccompanied singing traditions among many Scots Presbyterians). Furthermore, given the importance of the nineteenth century as a period of British mass migrations and imperial expansion, this begs the question as to how such traditions and trends identified here for the English context translated into British settler societies and among Indigenous children who fell within the ambit of British evangelization. There are other tantalizing possibilities. The co-optation of religious song forms by the more secular children’s animal welfare movement in the late 1800s (209–25) potentially complicates notions of a straightforward and all-encompassing secularization of childhood and children’s institutions. Missionary songs and songbooks (184–96) add another parallel dimension to thinking about children’s activism through periodical literature. And this book’s content and argument richly contribute to ongoing discussions about children’s emotional communities, formations, and frontiers. This book has wide appeal and wide significance, helping those of us in other corners of the “children’s history” classroom to think anew about our own understandings, presuppositions, conceptual frameworks, and methodologies.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"30 1","pages":"313 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90294315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race for Education: Gender, White Tone, and Schooling in South Africa by Mark Hunter (review)","authors":"P. Kallaway","doi":"10.1353/hcy.2023.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2023.0037","url":null,"abstract":"My complaints about the volume are relatively minor. The number of figures in the volume is impressive, sitting at fifty-two, but many of them are not printed clearly and the reader is at times left struggling to identify what Lentis highlights in the text and captions. This is especially true for photographs of rooms containing multiple pieces of artwork. I would have also liked to see more direct engagement with the theoretical work of the Comaroffs, Gramsci, and Lomawaima and McCarty throughout the volume rather than largely limiting it to the introduction and conclusion. Overall, I highly recommend the volume and believe it to be essential reading for those studying the Native American boarding school system in the United States. The first three chapters and the appendices serve as excellent references, with Lentis clearly identifying and organizing the primary sources used in her work by state, institution, Indigenous group, and material type. Lentis’s conclusions, reconciling the disconnect between federal policies and local execution, extend well beyond the scope of art education and Native America. The theoretical scope and strong case studies of the volume have relevance to global research on the role played by education systems in colonizing childhoods both historic and contemporary.","PeriodicalId":91623,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the history of childhood and youth","volume":"72 1","pages":"324 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88707946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}