Journal of safety, health and environmental research最新文献

{"title":"Application of Qualitative Information System in Assessing Household Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Behaviors in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Comparative Study","authors":"T. Akter, Mahmudur Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190503.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190503.12","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring the condition of water, and sanitation facilities is the early step to behavior change. However, mere provision of facilities does not ensure the desired behavioral change, thus health benefits. To improve health of the rural poor, the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) has been working in rural sub-districts since 2006. The main objective of the present study is to assess the status and quality of hygiene practice of some WASH indicators by the application of qualitative information system (QIS). This was a cross-sectional comparative study between intervention and comparison areas. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select study samples, where each sub-district was considered as a cluster. Total 880 households were selected randomly from 22 upazilas for data collection. Thirty-six interviewers grouped into twelve were trained intensively on data collection tools and techniques. Both observed (spot check) and self-reported data were collected using structured questionnaire to assess the status and quality of WASH practices. The scaling principles of qualitative information system (QIS) were applied to analyze data on WASH behaviors. The uniqueness of QIS method is that WASH practices are monitored and measured by collecting quantitative information on qualitative aspects. More households in intervention areas than comparison areas scored above benchmark in using arsenic free and protected drinking water source (69%. vs. 53%). There was no significant difference between the areas in terms of installing latrine within 12 steps of tubewell. Higher proportion of households in intervention areas had clean and two-pit latrines than comparison areas (61% vs. 34%). Drinking water was collected and stored safely from the safe source by 65% households in intervention areas higher than the comparison areas (65% vs. 52%). Unhygienic sanitation practices (e.g., open defecation, latrine without ring-slab, water seal) were found higher among the households in comparison areas than intervention areas (56% vs. 22%). More households in intervention than comparison areas reached at above benchmark in maintaining hygiene. However concern over unhygienic sanitation behaviors and relative distance between latrine and tubewell is required for enabling environment thus public health.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81099737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazards Exposures and the Common Health and Safety Complaints Among Hospital Laundry Workers: A Comparative Study","authors":"E. Omoijiade, L. Evbuomwan","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190503.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190503.11","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare workers are exposed to various hazards in their workplaces that pose threats to their health and safety, however, exposure depends on the job category and their work environment. In the healthcare facilities, occupational safety and health hazards can be grouped according to location or service offered. Contaminated laundry, noise, heat, lifting, sharps, slips, trips, falls and fire hazards are among those located in the laundry department. In industrial laundries, chemical exposure, injuries from sharps left in linen, slips from wet floors, and exposure to pathogens in contaminated linen are among the most common accidents. The purpose of the study was to provide information on the exposure of hospital laundry workers to previously identified workplace hazards, in order that appropriate interventions to minimize occupational risks due to workers exposures to hazards in the healthcare laundries would be established. Furthermore, it also provides information on the common health and safety complaints among laundry workers. The study adopted a comparative cross-sectional study design, conducted in hospitals with a laundry department in Benin, Nigeria. A survey was conducted as semi-structured questionnaires were issued to the study participants to obtain data on their exposure to different workplace hazards as well as on work-related injuries and diseases. Also, body mapping exercise was conducted to obtain workers’ health information resulting from exposures to ergonomic hazards. All the respondents handled clean linen but only 74% handled dirty linen, while 62% handled soiled linen. In addition, respondents reported that they were exposed to sharps (62%), ergonomic (40%), illumination (2%), noise (28%), electrical (50%), heat (38%) and chemical (68%) hazards in the workplace. The common workplace injuries or illnesses reported were sharps injury (20%), musculoskeletal pain (92%), hearing disorder (4%), burns (8%), electric shocks (6%), slips, trips, or falls (28%) and cuts or bruises (18%). The most common musculoskeletal complaints were that of the lower back (74%), shoulders (42%), upper back (34%), and knee (34%). Various types of hazards were identified in all the health facilities. Hospital laundry workers in both secondary and tertiary health facilities alike suffered from various adverse health and safety conditions due to exposure to occupational hazards in the workplace. It is recommended that laundry workers be frequently educated on the occupational health and safety risks associated with their job.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79880104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Management Commitment and Workers’ Participation on Occupational Safety and Health Performance in Public Health Facilities","authors":"P. K. Njogu, C. Mburu, B. Karanja","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190502.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190502.14","url":null,"abstract":"The Kenya Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) mandates employers to maintain the highest standards of occupational safety and health in their workplaces. It further provides the rights and roles of workers in occupational safety and health. However, occupational incidents persist in public health facilities. The researcher aimed to determine whether management commitment and employee participation hindered the implementation of OSHA in public dispensaries and health centres, using Machakos County. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey involving 107 health workers in public dispensaries and health centres in Machakos County. The assessment involved data collection from respondents using Likert-scaled questionnaires, physical observations such as documents review in the selected facilities. The Likert-scaled questions were in form of positive statements. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were 0.7222 for management commitment and 0.7053 for workers’ participation, both showing high correlations. Linear regression analysis indicated reasonably strong negative relationships between each of the independent variables and hindrance in the implementation of OSHA. The prediction factors for management commitment and workers’ participation were -0.6600, p<0.05 and -0.6300, p<0.05 respectively. The null hypotheses failed in the t-test thus favouring the alternative hypotheses. The researchers concluded that implementation of OSHA in the selected facilities was hindered by lack management commitment and workers’ participation. The health management, workers and the Directorate of Safety and Health Services should act as mandated to improve in implementation of OSHA in the health facilities.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88972716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile and Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Workplace in Togo","authors":"Wasungu Bassokla Ditorguena, Bana-ewai Essozimna Guy, Agbobli Yawo Apelete, Dadjo Soukouna Francis, A. Borgatia, Pessinaba Souleymane, A. Kodjo, Wognin Sangah, Bonny Jean-Sylvain","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190502.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190502.13","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Dyslipidemia constitute a public health problem in the world. Very few studies were carried out on this subject in workplace. This work completed in workplace aimed to determine the prevalence of the dyslipidemia in workplace, to describe dyslipidemic profile in workers and its associated factors. Materials and Methods: It was about a descriptive cross-sectional study led June to September 2017 (04 months) on the medical files of the workers of a company of telephony in Togo. Were included the medical files comprising all the parameters of the lipidic assessment (total cholesterol, of triglycerides, the LDL and HDL cholesterol). The incomplete files were excluded. The dyslipidemia was defined for a total cholesterol higher than or 2, 4 g/L (6, 2 mmol/L) and/or a rate of HDL cholesterol lower than 0, 4 g/L (1 mmol/L) at the man or lower than 0, 50 g/L (1, 3 mmol/L) at the woman and/or a triglyceride higher than 2 g/L (2, 3 mmol/L) and/or a rate of LDLc > 1, 88 g/L. Results: The average age of the workers was 46, 57 years ± 7, 7 (extreme of 28 and 60 years). The administrative staff was prevalent in a proportion of 53, 4%. The pure hypercholesterolemia were most frequent (64%), followed by hypo HDL cholesterol and mixed dyslipidemia respectively 16,4% and 12,9%. The dyslipidemia was isolated in 72% from the cases, was combined with another factor of cardiovascular risk such as arterial hypertension (20, 2%), diabete (7, 1%) and an ischaemic cardiopathy (1, 1%) of the cases. Conclusion: Dyslipidemias are a reality in occupational environment in Togo with high prevalence estimated at 60.3% and are associated to other factor of cardiovascular risk such as arterial hypertension, diabete, and overweight. So it seems necessary to lead occupational health programs in order to control them.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78899613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Household Waste Management and Hygienic Practice in Yirgalem Town, Dale Woreda, Sidama Zone, South Nation Nationalities and Peoples of Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Belachew Tekleyohannes","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190502.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190502.12","url":null,"abstract":"Currently rapid rate of urbanization and the increasing income of people leads to the generation of high quantities of waste. This makes final disposal of waste difficult. Since urbanization is faster in developing and migrate peoples to a new, modern way of life, an improved level of awareness, new skill and a learning process, the problem is more acute in developing countries. This study aims is to assess household waste management and hygienic practice. Community based cross sectional study was employed to assess the household waste management and hygienic practice among residents of Kidist mariam kebele of Yirgalem town. A total of 316 households were selected from 1, 115 households using systematic random sampling. Data was collected through interview and observation. The study discovered that majority of the households, (36%) disposed solid wastes through municipality and 95.7% of households had temporary storage means for solid waste. About 94.3% of the respondents revealed that the responsibility of waste management is left for women and girls. 83.7% of households had latrines and almost majority were simple traditional pits latrine. From those households with latrine the habit of hand-washing after defecation was reported to be about 64.3%. This study revealed that household management of waste in the community of Yirgalem town is poor in terms of their liquid waste management. More than seventy five percent of households flush away their waste water indiscriminately. But it is moderately good in terms of their solid waste management. The habit of hand washing after defecation is significantly associated with the educational status of the respondents (P<0.05). Recommendation has been given to municipality to improve the waste management system of the town.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75538776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of Hematological Disorders of Antiviral Treatments in Algerian Chronic Hepatitis C Patients","authors":"Kamilia Guedri, Aziez Chettoum, Nawel Attoui","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190501.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190501.14","url":null,"abstract":"Viral hepatitis C (HCV) is a major health problem that affects important number of people around the world, the emergence of new direct antiviral treatments is a real therapeutic revolution to days it allows the cure hepatitis C in the majority of patients, but these treatments is accompanied by numerous side effects. Sofosbuvir, Pegylated interferon and Ribavirin are the standard care for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Algeria. In this study, we are interesting to investigate hematological toxicity of Antiviral treatment in Algerian patients with chronic hepatitis C. We carried out a comparative study, which involved 300 men and women Algerian at different ages. The determination of the various Epidemiological, Hematological, biochemical (AST, ALT, Glycemia) and virological (Viral load) parameters was performed. The analysis of 300 data shows that the infection with hepatitis C affects the age group between (46 - 65 years) with a percentage of 67% with a female predominance 82% and a clear predominance of genotype 1b with a percentage (89%), Dual therapy (Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin) and triple therapy (Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin + Pegylated interferon) induce a high hematological toxicity - Hemolytic anemia ( revealed by a decrease of the number of Red blood cell and Hemoglobin level, as well as the percentage of hematocrit and the increase of mean corpuscular volume that induced the increase of red blood cell masse and the expansion) - Thrombocytopenia (revealed by the decrease in the number of platelets ) and leukopenia (translated by the decrease in the number of White blood cells and lymphocytes as well as monocytes, and a very significant increase in granulocytes) whereas in monotherapy (Sofosbuvir) a low toxicity was noticed, the Patients how receiving triple therapy (Sofosbuvir + Ribavirin + Pegylated interferon) can be developing diabetes mellitus. Antiviral treatments were significantly induced hemolytic anemia, leucopenia and thrombopenia in Algerian patients with chronic hepatitis C.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81079659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination Tolerance Limit by Food Insect (Brachytrupes membranaceus) in Bodo Community, Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"Gbarakoro Tambeke Nornu, Ozonma Obiageli Ukamaka","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190501.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190501.12","url":null,"abstract":"Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant passes from contaminated soils to soil-inhabiting food insects and alter the tolerance limit and nutritional contents of the insects. Species samples of adult Brachytrupes membranaceus; an edible insect mostly consumed by children in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, and its soil substrates were collected from petroleum contaminated habitat-types of 5yr-pipeline, 2yr artisanal refinery-source pollution and unpolluted sites, monthly for 6 months (May-Oct, 2017), using hand and bucket-type soil auger, at Bodo community. The samples were processed in the laboratory for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and nutritional content, using KJELDAHL method and analyzed by GCFID and UV spectrophotometer analyses, respectively, to investigate human health impact of TPH contamination through insect-pathways. The results indicated that the mean values of the TPH in the soil were 1.35ppm (control), 373.67ppm (pipeline) and 351.37ppm (artisanal refinery) and in the crickets the values were 6.42ppm (control), 355.90ppm (pipeline) and 312.93ppm (artisanal refinery). The TPH in insects collected monthly from the control habitat-type recorded below 100ppm and those insects collected from polluted habitat-type recorded above 100ppm. Four mineral elements, Fe, Ca, Mg and P were detected in crickets collected from the three habitat-types. The habitat-type which contained higher TPH concentration recorded higher values of Fe (pipeline: 349mg/kg), Mg values was higher in artisanal refinery (187.8mg/kg) and P values was higher in the control (283.2mg/kg). The increase in levels of mineral elements, proteins and fat in polluted crickets-habitats over those of non-polluted was abnormal and hydrocarbon-induced and may cause human health implications for cricket consumers. Statistical analyses indicate a significant difference between the concentrations of TPH in the soils and crickets collected from the control and polluted habitat-types but insignificant between that of the soils and crickets collected from the same polluted habitat-types. Results implies that the TPH contained in the crickets exceeded the allowable tolerance limit by Nigerian authority, and had impact on levels of mineral elements.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74811021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress Response in Swedish Ambulance Personnel Evaluated by Trier Social Stress Test","authors":"Kåre J. Karlsson, Patrik Niemelä, A. Jonsson, C. Törnhage","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190501.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190501.13","url":null,"abstract":"According to previous research, ambulance personnel often consider themselves as healthy, but at the same time several studies show that they suffer from several stress-related illnesses, take early retirement and even suffer early death. The aim of this study was to explore mental stress during the Trier Social Stress Test. Questions were whether heart rate measurement could replace cortisol concentration in saliva as an indicator of stress and if there were differences between genders. During 20 Trier Social Stress Tests heart rate and salivary cortisol concentrations were measured. Heart rate was measured every 15 seconds and salivary cortisol was collected at seven occasions. Fourteen men and six women (sixteen ambulance nurses and four paramedics) participated. A questionnaire with background data was collected. Statistical analysis used was non-parametric tests to adjust for misalignment. During the Trier Social Stress Test women had their highest salivary cortisol concentration before start of test while the maximum values for men were 10 to 20 minutes after start. In contrast, there was no difference in heart rhythm before, during and after test between genders. No correlation between heart rate and salivary cortisol was found. There was no significant difference in stress response according to personnel’s age or level of education. Women and men exhibit different hormonal stress responses when it comes to performing unfamiliar actions, something that has not been seen before. Since no correlation could be seen between heart rate and salivary cortisol concentration they cannot replace each other as indicators of stress.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84091481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Selected Heavy Metal Ions in Irrigation Water, Soil and Managu (Solanum Nigrum) from Homahills, Homabay County, Kenya","authors":"T. Akenga, E. Kerich, Ayabei Kiplagat, V. Sudoi, Cyrus Kuya","doi":"10.11648/J.JHER.20190504.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JHER.20190504.12","url":null,"abstract":"Levels of selected heavy metals of Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Co were evaluated in irrigation water, soil and managu (Solanum Nigrum) from Homahills, Homabay County, Kenya. The samples were collected purposively and randomly then transported to KALRO Kericho to be analysed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. Descriptive statistics and t-test analysis for the heavy metal concentrations were done using SPSS Version 21, transfer factor was also calculated. The levels of heavy metals detected in irrigation water were; 0.89, 0.01, 0.18, 0.35, 4.20 and 0.04 mg/L for Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Co respectively. The overall concentration of heavy metals detected in soil under irrigation were; 315.56, 1.00, 13.00, 19.17, 59.05 and 12.50 mg/kg for Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Co respectively. The overall levels of heavy metals detected in Solanum Nigrum under irrigation were 10.16, 5.23, 4.02, 41.42, 479.56 and 11.41 mg/kg for Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Co respectively. Using paired t-test, the mean heavy metals level recorded in irrigated Solanum Nigrum from two Sub locations were significantly different (p ˂ 0.05) in Mn, Pb, Zn and Co but not significantly different in Cd and Fe. The results revealed that levels of Cd, Mn, Fe and Pb in soil and Solanum Nigrum were above the FAO/WHO limit. These levels pose risks to the consumers rendering them not safe for consumption. Therefore, regular monitoring for these metals in food is vital in ensuring consumption of safe food and avoiding bioaccumulation in the food chain.","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79906471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Found in Crude Oil and Non Crude Oil Contaminated Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Nwankwo Christiana Chika, Nlemanya Chioma Mercy","doi":"10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190502.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of safety, health and environmental research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88655557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}