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Machiavellian Individuals’ Reciprocation Tend to be Smaller in a Trust Game 信任博弈中马基雅维利式个体的互惠趋向于较小
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2018-03-25 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/039-048
Linda Szíjjártó, Ferenc Kocsor, T. Bereczkei
{"title":"Machiavellian Individuals’ Reciprocation Tend to be Smaller in a Trust Game","authors":"Linda Szíjjártó, Ferenc Kocsor, T. Bereczkei","doi":"10.22330/HEB/331/039-048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/331/039-048","url":null,"abstract":"Machiavellianism is a combination of a behavioral strategy characterized by the tendency to manipulate and exploit others, and a worldview resting upon cynicism and opportunism. The aim of our study was to explore the extent to which highly Machiavellian people tend to trust others and reciprocate favors. To model everyday relationships, we used the so-called Trust Game: a two-person experimental situation in which participants took part with a stranger as a partner. Eighty university students participated in the study, and played for real money. Their inclination to Machiavellian behavior was measured by the Mach IV questionnaire. Our results showed that there was no significant difference in the deposits made by the first players between high and low Machs; as first players, high Machs tended to trust the other player to the same degree than low Mach participants. We also found that high Machs as second players are less likely than low Mach participants to reciprocate the favors of the other player. From the results, it might be inferred that Machiavellians make decisions in cold blood; they do not trust others and reciprocate rather moderately, regardless of the amount of money they have received from the partner.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48297078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Philosophical Scrutiny Provides a Fresh Perspective On Cultural Evolution 哲学审视为文化演变提供了新的视角
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2018-03-25 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/053-055
C. Caldwell
{"title":"Philosophical Scrutiny Provides a Fresh Perspective On Cultural Evolution","authors":"C. Caldwell","doi":"10.22330/HEB/331/053-055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/331/053-055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"53-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46796018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethological Studies Using Twins: Doing What Comes Naturally 用双胞胎做动物行为学研究:做自然发生的事
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/324/035-043
N. Segal
{"title":"Ethological Studies Using Twins: Doing What Comes Naturally","authors":"N. Segal","doi":"10.22330/HEB/324/035-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/324/035-043","url":null,"abstract":"Combining ethological methods with twin and adoption designs enables the testing of novel hypotheses regarding human behavior. Specifically, genetic influences on behaviors expressed in naturalistic and semi-naturalistic social settings can be observed, affording insights and ideas that might otherwise be missed. This article briefly reviews the logic of twin and adoption research methods, then illustrates their application in a series of ethologically-based studies concerning cooperation and competition, social relatedness and tacit coordination (decisionmaking). Future studies that would potentially benefit from this approach are suggested.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47888359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Direct Observation Of Human Behaviour. What It Is and Why It Must Be Done. 对人类行为的直接观察。它是什么以及为什么必须这样做。
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/324/003-005
J. Richer, C. Hendrie, E. Oberzaucher, M. Fisher, N. Segal
{"title":"Direct Observation Of Human Behaviour. What It Is and Why It Must Be Done.","authors":"J. Richer, C. Hendrie, E. Oberzaucher, M. Fisher, N. Segal","doi":"10.22330/HEB/324/003-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/324/003-005","url":null,"abstract":"1Paediatric Psychology, Oxford University Hospitals and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford 2Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK 3Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria 4Urban Human, Vienna, Austria 5Department of Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada 6Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48232381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Why We Do It The Hard Way: Observational Studies Tell A Different Story From Questionnaires 为什么我们这么做:观察性研究与问卷调查的结果不同
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/heb/324/021-026
E. Oberzaucher
{"title":"Why We Do It The Hard Way: Observational Studies Tell A Different Story From Questionnaires","authors":"E. Oberzaucher","doi":"10.22330/heb/324/021-026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/324/021-026","url":null,"abstract":"When analysing humans, issues of bias are a major concern affecting the validity of research. Objectivity is never guaranteed since we are observing conspecifics. Questionnaire studies aggravate the problem by adding additional sources of data filtering and bias. This article provides a short outline of the steps that need to be taken in order to ensure that data collected in observational studies are valid. It is aimed to raise awareness for the requirements of observational studies in order to meet the standard definition of ethology, and describes the limits and potential of observation in comparison to questionnaire studies.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45644009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Letter from the Editorial Board 编辑委员会的来信
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/324/001-002
J. Richer
{"title":"Letter from the Editorial Board","authors":"J. Richer","doi":"10.22330/HEB/324/001-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/324/001-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44861680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Where To Start With Ethology Research: A Student-Centered Primer With Examples 从哪里开始行为学研究:以学生为中心的入门与例子
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/heb/324/027-034
M. Fisher
{"title":"Where To Start With Ethology Research: A Student-Centered Primer With Examples","authors":"M. Fisher","doi":"10.22330/heb/324/027-034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/324/027-034","url":null,"abstract":"Instructing students on how to conduct direct observations for the purposes of performing human ethology research can be challenging, given that they may not have any prior training. Here I review an undergraduate course on human ethology, where students carry-out independent projects to test a hypothesis using observational units. I first briefly describe the course, then present three different ways that one may find research ideas (surveys, media, and casual observation), and then present details on the actual assignment I distribute to students. The goal of this paper is to provide support for instructors who are considering adding an observational component to a class, or who may propose a human ethology course at their institution.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44248276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Direct Observation: Impediments and Approaches 直接观察:障碍和方法
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-12-28 DOI: 10.22330/heb/324/006-014
J. Richer
{"title":"Direct Observation: Impediments and Approaches","authors":"J. Richer","doi":"10.22330/heb/324/006-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/324/006-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"6-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46749021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Sex Drugs and Rock and Roll: Evidence Supporting the Storied Trilogy 性、毒品和摇滚:支持故事三部曲的证据
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-09-30 DOI: 10.22330/heb/323/063-084
M. Harrison, Susan M. Hughes
{"title":"Sex Drugs and Rock and Roll: Evidence Supporting the Storied Trilogy","authors":"M. Harrison, Susan M. Hughes","doi":"10.22330/heb/323/063-084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/323/063-084","url":null,"abstract":"Sex, drugs, and rock and roll (SDRR) is a storied trilogy in popular culture. However, in scientific literature, there is little empirical evidence to determine if there is a positive relationship between these three phenomena, despite biological, psychological, and social reasons that would suggest they are connected. Via questionnaire, we asked participants to selfreport alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors and attitudes, and musical ability and preference. Although evidence was limited, there was some support for an SDRR connection, particularly among male performers and female listeners of rock and “harder” music. Interestingly, this mimics patterns of several bird species where males are the producers and females are the consumers of song. Ethological considerations and future directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"63-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46262007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
"Y/Our" Vocal Sounds - Towards an Ethological Classification of Human Vocalizing Behavior and Sounds “Y/Our”发声——人类发声行为和声音的行为学分类
Human ethology bulletin Pub Date : 2017-09-30 DOI: 10.22330/HEB/323/003-033
J. Feierman
{"title":"\"Y/Our\" Vocal Sounds - Towards an Ethological Classification of Human Vocalizing Behavior and Sounds","authors":"J. Feierman","doi":"10.22330/HEB/323/003-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/323/003-033","url":null,"abstract":"Human ethology has been accused of being the behavioral science that treats humans as though they don't make vocal sounds. Although heritable, coordinated patterns of movement or fixed action patterns (Erbkoordinationen), which are the fundamental building blocks of classical ethology, can generate \"our\" vocal sounds (e.g., laughing, crying, and screaming), they cannot generate \"your\" vocal sounds (e.g., spoken words in English, German, French, Spanish, etc.). These latter \"your\" vocal sounds are made by single muscle movements, which when volitionally repeated, combined or coordinated, can generate culture-specific, behaviorally-generated vocal sound symbols, such as the general names in each culture for persons who give birth to babies (e.g., mother, Mutter, mère, madre). This article is a first attempt at an ethological classification of human vocalizing behaviors and the sounds they make. Lastly, how human ethologists could study these two different types of human vocalizing behaviors, using the sounds they make as proxies, will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"3-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44549781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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