Emerald open research最新文献_第5页

COVID-19 lockdown controls and human rights abuses: the social marketing implications COVID-19封锁控制和侵犯人权:社会营销影响

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-07-17 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13810.1

Ben Odigbo, Felix Eze, R. Odigbo

{"title":"COVID-19 lockdown controls and human rights abuses: the social marketing implications","authors":"Ben Odigbo, Felix Eze, R. Odigbo","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13810.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13810.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This work is a situation analysis of reported human rights abuses that have characterized the COVID-19 controls and lockdown in some countries of the world. This is as documented by reliable mass media sources, relevant international organizations and human rights non-governmental organizations between January 2020 to April 2020. Methods: A combined content analysis, critical analysis, and doctrinal method is applied in this study in line with the reproducible research process. It is a secondary-data-based situation analysis study, conducted through a qualitative research approach. Findings: The findings revealed among other things that: COVID-19 lockdowns and curfews’ enforcement by law enforcement officers contravened some peoples’ fundamental human rights within the first month. Security forces employed overt and immoderate forces to implement the orders. The lockdown and curfew enforcements were not significantly respectful of human life and human dignity. The COVID-19 emergency declarations in some countries were discriminatory against minorities and vulnerable groups in some countries. Research limitations/implications: This report is based on data from investigative journalism and opinions of the United Nations and international human rights organizations, and not on police investigations or reports. The implication of the study is that if social marketing orientations and risk communication and community engagement attitudes were given to the law enforcement officers implementing the COVID-19 lockdowns and or curfews, the human rights and humanitarian rights breaches witnessed would have been avoided or drastically minimized. Originality: The originality of this review is that it is the first to undertake a situation analysis of the COVID-19 lockdowns and curfews human rights abuses in some countries. The study portrayed the poor level of social marketing orientations and risk communication and community engagement attitudes amongst law enforcement officers, culminating in the frosty police-public relationships.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45423292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

The monetary value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Turkey 土耳其与新冠肺炎相关的人类生命损失的货币价值

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13822.1

J. Kirigia, Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri, Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata

{"title":"The monetary value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Turkey","authors":"J. Kirigia, Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri, Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13822.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13822.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to appraise the monetary value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Turkey. To our knowledge, it is the first study in Turkey to value human life losses associated with COVID-19. Methods: A human capital approach (HCA) model was applied to estimate the total monetary value of the 4,807 human lives lost in Turkey (TMVHL) from COVID-19 by 15 June 2020. The TMVHL equals the sum of monetary values of human lives lost (MVHL) across nine age groups. The MVHL accruing to each age group is the sum of the product of discount factor, years of life lost, net GDP per capita, and the number of COVID-19 deaths in an age group. The HCA model was re-calculated five times assuming discount rates of 3%, 5%, and 10% with a national life expectancy of 78.45 years; and the world highest life expectancy of 87.1 years and global life expectancy of 72 years with 3% discount rate. Results: The 4807 human life losses from COVID-19 had a TMVHL of Int$1,098,469,122; and a mean of Int$228,514 per human life. Reanalysis with 5% and 10% discount rates, holding national life expectancy constant, reduced the TMVHL by Int$167,248,319 (15.2%) and Int$ 429,887,379 (39%), respectively. Application of the global life expectancy reduced the TMVHL by 36.4%, and use of world highest life expectancy increased TMVHL by 69%. However, the HCA captures only the economic production losses incurred as a result of years of life lost. It ignores non-market contributions to social welfare and the adverse effects of economic activities. Conclusions: Additional investment is needed to bridge the persisting gaps in International Health Regulations capacities, Universal Health Coverage, and safely managed water and sanitation services.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44743017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Health policy and controlling Covid-19 in England: sociological insights 英国卫生政策与控制新冠肺炎：社会学视角

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-06-22 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13726.1

M. Calnan

{"title":"Health policy and controlling Covid-19 in England: sociological insights","authors":"M. Calnan","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13726.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13726.1","url":null,"abstract":"The global Covid-19 pandemic is posing considerable challenges for governments throughout the world and has and will have a significant influence on the shape of peoples social and economic life and wellbeing in the short and longer term. This opinion paper discusses the current health policy response adopted in England to control or manage the epidemic and identifies the key sociological and political influences which have shaped these policies. Drawing on the theoretical approach set out in his recent book, which emphasises the interplay of powerful structural and economic interest groups, the author will consider the influence of the key players. Government policy has tied itself to scientific and medical evidence and protecting the NHS so the key roles of the medical profession, public health scientific community and NHS management and their respective and relative powerful influences will be discussed. The government needs the support of the public if their policies are to be successful, so how have the government addressed maintaining public trust in this ‘crisis’ and how much trust do the public have in the government and what has influenced it? The strong emphasis on social distancing and social isolation in the national government policy response to Covid-19 has placed an increasing public reliance on the traditional and social media for sources of information so how the media has framed the policy will be considered. One policy aim is for an effective vaccine and the influence of the drug industry in its development is discussed. Finally, the role of the state will be discussed and what has shaped its social and economic policies.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46314911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Apart but not Alone? A cross-sectional study of neighbour support in a major UK urban area during the COVID-19 lockdown 分开但不是单独？新冠肺炎封锁期间英国主要城市地区邻居支持的横断面研究

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-06-10 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13731.1

Mat Jones, A. Beardmore, M. Biddle, A. Gibson, S. Ismail, S. McClean, Jo White

{"title":"Apart but not Alone? A cross-sectional study of neighbour support in a major UK urban area during the COVID-19 lockdown","authors":"Mat Jones, A. Beardmore, M. Biddle, A. Gibson, S. Ismail, S. McClean, Jo White","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13731.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13731.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Evidence from a range of major public health incidents shows that neighbour-based action can have a critical role in emergency response, assistance and recovery. However, there is little research to date on neighbour-based action during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. This article reports on a survey of people engaged in supporting their neighbours in weeks three and four of the UK COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: Members of area-based and community of interest COVID-19 support groups in the Bristol conurbation were invited to complete an online survey. Of 1,255 people who clicked on the survey link, 862 responded; of these, 539 responses were eligible for analysis. Results: Respondents reported providing a wide range of support that went beyond health information, food and medical prescription assistance, to include raising morale through humour, creativity and acts of kindness and solidarity. A substantial proportion felt that they had become more involved in neighbourhood life following the lockdown and had an interest in becoming more involved in future. Neighbour support spanned all adult age groups, including older people categorised as being at-risk to the virus. With respect to most measures, there were no differences in the characteristics of support between respondents in areas of higher and lower deprivation. However, respondents from more deprived areas were more likely to state that they were involved in supporting certain vulnerable groups. Conclusions: As with previous research on major social upheavals, our findings suggest that responses to the viral pandemic and associated social restrictions may increase existing social and health inequalities, and further research should explore this issue in more depth.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47293848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

China and the USA, a higher perceived risk for UK consumers in a post COVID-19 food system: the impact of country of origin and ethical information on consumer perceptions of food 中国和美国，新冠肺炎后食品系统中英国消费者的感知风险更高：原产国和道德信息对消费者对食品感知的影响

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-06-04 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13711.1

B. Armstrong, C. Reynolds

{"title":"China and the USA, a higher perceived risk for UK consumers in a post COVID-19 food system: the impact of country of origin and ethical information on consumer perceptions of food","authors":"B. Armstrong, C. Reynolds","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13711.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13711.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted global food systems and consumer eating habits. The current study explores how country of origin and ethical status information impacts attitudes toward food. Methods: A within-subjects survey design explored how perceptions of food safety/risk, animal welfare, deliciousness, purchase intention, energy density, carbon footprint of three foods (chicken, pasta, apples) are influenced by country of origin and ethical status information (UK, EU, China, USA, Fairtrade, Organic). Data were collected from 701 UK-based participants using an online survey from the 25-30th March, following the UK lockdown (23rd March 2020). Results: Perceptions of food safety, animal welfare, purchase intention, deliciousness and carbon footprint are influenced by origin and ethical status information. Chicken from the USA and China is perceived to be higher risk and have lower animal welfare standards. Apples from the USA and China are perceived to be higher risk. Pasta from China is perceived to be higher risk. Energy density estimations are not influenced by origin and ethical status information. Conclusions: Consumer perceptions are influenced by country of origin and ethical information; foods from China are perceived least favourably, followed by foods from the USA; foods from the UK, EU, Organic or Fairtrade are perceived more favourably. The impact of origin and ethical information varies by food type with the perception of some foods appearing less susceptible to influence. These findings have implications for post COVID-19 (and post Brexit) food system, trade policy and public trust, and highlight the need for communication of food safety.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45997104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

What role can videogames play in the COVID-19 pandemic? 电子游戏在新冠肺炎大流行中可以扮演什么角色？

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13727.1

H. Marston, Rachel Kowert

引用次数: 36

Shifting food policy from commodity to community thinking 将粮食政策从商品转向社区思维

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-05-29 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13443.1

Laura Knowlson, R. Marshall

引用次数: 2

Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: The case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania. 质量不确定性对市场交易的影响：以坦桑尼亚基洛地区的种业为例。

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-05-22 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13447.1

Saadan A. Edson, A. Akyoo

{"title":"Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: The case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania.","authors":"Saadan A. Edson, A. Akyoo","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13447.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13447.1","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing demand of agricultural intensification and value addition necessitates the use of improved inputs such as improved seed. Smallholder farmers contribute about 70% of agricultural production in Tanzania. Agriculture sector in Tanzania contributes about 24.1% of the GDP, 30% of exports and 65% of industrial raw materials. Thus, agriculture development, economic growth and industrialization are inseparable. Due to the nature of the product, smallholder farmers cannot judge the overall excellence of seed at the time of buying. This paper assessed quality uncertainty in maize and vegetable seed and its implication for market exchange between farmers and seed sellers in Kilolo district, Iringa Tanzania. The study used a random sample of 130 smallholder farmers and representatives from ten seed companies. Asymmetric information prevails between the two trading sides i.e. sellers and buyers leading into quality uncertainty. Moreover, product augmentation is profoundly overlooked whereby most of seed companies have not augmented their products. Because an improved seed is a quintessential example of an experience good, quality uncertainty of some crop varieties under field conditions favored some seed brands to be used more by farmers compared to others. This paper offers a thorough deduction on quality uncertainty under farmers’ field condition and its implication on market exchange. It adds information in the body of knowledge on how an improved seed can contribute to sustainable production of food and industrial raw materials, which is a step towards desired industrialization agenda in Tanzania.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":"2 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48102025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Youth sport and COVID-19: a potential generation lost 青年体育与2019冠状病毒病:失去的一代

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13661.1

M. Drummond, S. Elliott, C. Drummond, I. Prichard

{"title":"Youth sport and COVID-19: a potential generation lost","authors":"M. Drummond, S. Elliott, C. Drummond, I. Prichard","doi":"10.35241/emeraldopenres.13661.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13661.1","url":null,"abstract":"This conceptual / study protocol paper provides important context around the role of sport in Australia where sport provides aspects of community agency through participation, organisation and volunteerism. It provides a descriptive analysis of how sport assists young people in developing physical and mental “fitness” through its community orientation. However, it also provides discussion around the potential of a “generation lost” to sport as a consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The conceptual nature of this paper means that the data collection underpinning this research has not yet been conducted. However, given that we have applied for human research ethics along with having accrued sporting clubs and organisations eager to be involved in the research, we are planning to roll out this research by mid 2020. The design will be based on mixed methods approach whereby large-scale surveys together with focus groups and interviews will be central to the research data collection process. This research is unique given the nature of the time in which it exists. The last global pandemic was around 100 years ago when sport did not play such a significant role in society. Understanding the implications of the pandemic on young people and to the sporting clubs and organisations will be key in re-establishing sport as a central component of community agency towards the physical and mental health of young people. The urgency of understanding this is key to assisting the loss of potential young people to sport and the benefits that go with it to the individual, the community, and society as a whole.","PeriodicalId":91015,"journal":{"name":"Emerald open research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49195022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

COVID-19 and the role of health promoters and educators 新冠肺炎与健康促进者和教育者的作用

Emerald open research Pub Date : 2020-05-19 DOI: 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13608.1

J. Woodall

引用次数: 7