New horizons in translational medicine最新文献

{"title":"EU early access - regulatory framework & practical considerations","authors":"Debra Ainge","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>European Regulation 726/2004/EC (Article 83) and Directive 2001/83 (Article 5), provide a regulatory framework for access to investigational medicines outside the context of the clinical trial<span>, allowing physicians to access potentially life-saving medicines that would otherwise be unavailable for their patients. Treatment with an investigational product represents an important option for patients suffering from serious or life threatening conditions where licensed alternatives are either unavailable or unsuitable for the patient. They can often be the only treatment option for disease areas of high unmet need such as rare diseases and orphan indications. Whilst the pharmaceutical industry has continued to focus on accelerating access to innovative new treatments by shortening the development timelines; increased regulatory challenges and delays due to pricing &amp; reimbursement negotiations can result in delays of many years between positive phase III trials and commercial availability. Access Programs hence provide an important mechanism to bridge the time between clinical development, marketing authorisation and product launch. Although this EU framework exists, each member state has decided independently how and when to allow such access, and developed national rules and legislation to reflect this. As a result, there is no single, centralized European procedure for either single patient or cohort approaches; indeed there are often more differences between the member states than similarities. Generally, access is initiated by the physician, is limited to investigational products for the treatment of a serious or rare disease and where there is an absence of alternative approved treatments. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the regulatory frameworks available in the member states, as well as practical considerations for implementation of an access program.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Page 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91312228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curcumin: Towards molecularly targeted chemoprevention of cancer","authors":"Ulrich Pfeffer ,&nbsp;Adriana Amaro ,&nbsp;Beatrice Bachmeier ,&nbsp;Giovanna Angelini","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Everybody is at risk for cancer yet environmental factors<span><span>, lifestyle and diet as well as genetic factors<span><span> influence the individual cancer risk. Targeted or personalized cancer prevention is based on the knowledge of the molecular characteristics of the tumor to be prevented, the molecular mechanisms of action of the compounds to be used and the genetic make-up of the person who opts for prevention medicine<span>. Genetic factors are to a certain extent specific for cancer types or even subtypes as it has been shown for breast cancer. The growing knowledge of such genotype cancer risk associations will allow for the definition of personalized prevention strategies. Prevention in </span></span>intermediate risk populations<span> requires non-toxic, well tolerated and cheap compounds. The main activity of the polyphenol Curcumin is the inhibition of </span></span></span>nuclear factor kappa B<span> (NFkB) activation. NFkB is involved in many cancers where it acts through the generation of chronic inflammation<span><span> that can be contrasted by the anti-inflammatory activity of Curcumin. Curcumin mediated inhibition of NFkB leads to the interruption of a pro-metastatic positive feedback loop where NFkB induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines which in turn promote NFkB activation and the transcription of NFkB regulated pro-metastatic factors such as COX2, </span>SPARC<span>, ALDH3A1 and EFEMP1. By interrupting this loop Curcumin significantly reduces the formation of metastases in murine breast and </span></span></span></span></span>prostate cancer models. </span>Clinical trials<span> for primary prevention must rely on a risk based selection of participants and well characterized response markers. Targeted cancer prevention can be applied as primary prevention, after diagnosis in low risk situations where watchful waiting could be integrated by prevention drugs and after adjuvant therapy to contrast the remaining risk of relapse. Adequately targeted, cancer prevention approaches are expected to outperform the effects of current cancer therapy in terms of overall survival.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Page 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137087276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody-based targeting of TNF-ligands for cancer therapy","authors":"Edwin Bremer","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate </span>TNF receptor<span><span> superfamily constitute an important immunoregulatory axis pivotal for the correct execution of immune responses. TNF ligand and receptor family members among others are involved in induction of cell death in malignant cells as well as in providing co-stimulatory signals that help mount effective anti-cancer immune responses. This diverse and important regulatory role in immunity has sparked great interest in the development of TNFL/TNFR-targeted cancer immunotherapeutics. Here, I will discuss our cancer immunotherapeutic </span>drug discovery and development program using selected examples of the TNF-ligand superfamily.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Page 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75581495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A big data platform to enable integration of high quality clinical data and next generation sequencing data","authors":"Joel Haspel","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Today, personalized medicine is closer to reality than ever before through targeted treatment, however, the substantial increase in data correspondingly requires scalable systems to continue to effectively manage the data and to remain current with advancing technology. As organizations move to advance </span>translational research to achieve personalized medicine, researchers and clinicians must manage informatics, however, there is a shortage of fully integrated informatics solutions that integrate, store, and analyze clinical and </span>omics data from diverse sources – generated in-house as well as public consortiums. Many researchers and clinicians must rely on </span>bioinformaticians<span> to perform mundane data management tasks in order to validate a simple hypothesis. Oracle Health Sciences Translational Research Center provides a complete and scalable informatics solution, with centralized data storage and analysis across genetic information areas (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics), vendor platforms, biological data types, and clinical data sources. Organizations such as Cancer Research UK, Erasmus MC, MD Anderson Cancer Center and UPMC have adopted this solution and are evaluating treatment responses for similar patients in a self-sufficient manner, ultimately shortening the biomarker development cycle and accelerating the adoption of personalized medicine.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 57-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72476972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel approaches for the supportive extracorporeal therapy of sepsis: Towards personalized treatment","authors":"Viktoria Weber","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sepsis and sepsis-associated multiple organ failure<span> are associated with extensive tissue damage caused by over-activation of the innate immune system and by the excessive release of inflammatory mediators<span>. The development of targeted therapies for sepsis remains a major challenge due to the complex network of inflammatory mediators involved in the septic process.</span></span></p><p>Early detection and timely therapeutic intervention are crucial for improved outcome of patients with sepsis. Currently however, the diagnosis of sepsis mostly relies on general symptoms. Taking into account the extreme heterogeneity of septic patients, the application of supportive extracorporeal therapies to modulate the concentration of inflammatory mediators requires diagnostic tools to monitor the inflammatory profile of the patients in order to identify the optimal time window for application of supportive therapies.</p><p><span>Here, we report on the development of extracorporeal<span> adsorption systems for cytokine modulation and on the development and validation of a novel array technology to detect markers of inflammation (interleukins 6 and 10, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, serum amyloid A) in a bedside-approach (detection from whole blood samples within 30</span></span> <span>min). We demonstrate that the modulation of inflammatory mediators in septic plasma by means of selective adsorption significantly reduces endothelial activation in a cell culture model. We also discuss the role of extracellular microvesicles as markers and as potential targets for therapy.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 65-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84243191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translational research in hepatic encephalopathy: New diagnostic possibilities and new therapeutic approaches","authors":"Marta Llansola,&nbsp;Carmina Montoliu,&nbsp;Ana Agusti,&nbsp;Vicente Hernandez-Rabaza,&nbsp;Andrea Cabrera-Pastor,&nbsp;Michele Malaguarnera,&nbsp;Belen Gomez-Gimenez,&nbsp;Alma Orts,&nbsp;Raquel Garcia-Garcia,&nbsp;Tiziano Balzano,&nbsp;Lucas Taoro,&nbsp;Vicente Felipo","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Chronic liver disease<span> (e.g. cirrhosis) affects brain function. There is a high incidence of mild cognitive impairment and psychomotor slowing </span></span>in patients<span><span> with cirrhosis. This condition, known as minimal </span>hepatic encephalopathy<span> (MHE) affects more than 2 million people in the European Union and has serious health, social and economic consequences. There are no effective treatments for MHE.</span></span></p><p>Rat models of MHE reproduce cognitive and motor alterations seen in patients, showing reduced performance in different types of cognitive tests, including learning a conditional discrimination task in a Y maze.</p><p><span>Reduced ability to learn the Y maze task is due to reduced function of the glutamate–nitric oxide (NO)–cGMP pathway in cerebellum, assessed in vivo by microdialysis. This results in reduced formation of cGMP in response to activation of </span>NMDA receptors and impairment of learning ability.</p><p><span>Both hyperammonemia<span> and neuroinflammation contribute to impair this pathway. The effect is mediated by enhanced tonic activation of NMDA and GABA</span></span>_A receptors and of MAP-kinase p38.</p><p>Based on these mechanistic studies new therapeutic strategies acting on specific targets in the brain have been designed and tested, which have successfully restored the function of the glutamate-NO-cGMP pathway in vivo and learning ability in rats with MHE. This can be achieved by therapeutic treatments using:</p><p></p><ul><li><span>a)</span><span><p>phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, zaprinast), that increase cGMP levels by reducing its degradation</p></span></li><li><span>b)</span><span><p>extracellular cGMP</p></span></li><li><span>c)</span><span><p>antagonists of type A GABA receptors (bicuculline)</p></span></li><li><span>d)</span><span><p>neurosteroids that modulate GABAergic tone (pregnenolone sulfate)</p></span></li><li><span>e)</span><span><p>inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (ibuprofen) which reduce neuroinflammation</p></span></li><li><span>f)</span><span><p>inhibitors of MAP- kinase p38 (SB239063), that reduce microglial activation and neuroinflammation</p></span></li></ul><p><span>Translation of some of these treatments to clinical practice would improve cognitive function, quality of life and life span of patients with cirrhosis and MHE and reduce </span>health systems costs.</p></div><div><h3>Focal points</h3><p></p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>Benchside</p><p>The mechanisms underlying cognitive and motor alterations in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) are beginning to be clarified in animal models. A number of therapeutic targets have been identified to improve cognitive and motor function in MHE. Also, serum level of 3-nitrotyrosine is the first peripheral biomarker identified for diagnosis of MHE in cirrhotic patients, with high diagnostic accuracy, high sensitivity and specificity.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81916775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite symposium: Emerging role of microwave imaging technology (organized by the biomedicine and molecular biosciences COST action TD1301)","authors":"Martin O’Halloran","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed in 2012. This represents about 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. The current standard method for detecting non-palpable early stage breast cancer is X-ray mammography<span>. Despite the fact that X-rays provide high-resolution images at low radiation doses, its limitations are well documented. In the U.S., up to 75% of all malignancies<span> identified by X-ray mammography are later found to be benign after biopsies. These false positive conclusions result in unnecessary biopsies, causing considerable distress to the patient and an unnecessary financial burden on the health service. Much more worryingly, up to 15% of all breast cancers present at the time of screening are missed by conventional mammography, often delaying treatment to the point where it’s no longer effective. One of the most promising alternative imaging modalities is Microwave Imaging. Microwave Imaging is based on the dielectric contrast between healthy and cancerous breast tissue at microwave frequencies. Microwave imaging is non-ionising, non-invasive, does not require uncomfortable breast compression, and is potentially low cost.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Page 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92254164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translational imaging - What, why and how?","authors":"Luc Bidaut","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Through its varied instances, technologies and applications, biomedical imaging readily lends itself to translational approaches from in-vitro all the way to clinical. Whereas the disciplines, technologies, scales and scopes vary throughout the translational pipeline, they tend to coalesce when reaching the in-vivo context (e.g., through animal models), which ideally then leads to direct evaluation, validation and application in the human. This presentation will focus on demonstrating such a potential through a few in-vivo examples using imaging in a translational context, for providing and exploiting new biomarkers as well as to affect clinical workup, from diagnosis to therapy planning and follow-up. Suggested implementation strategy for suitably supporting such a multidisciplinary effort in the scope of cancer as an example will also be presented. The intent is not to wholly answer the questions in the title, but rather to open up the audience to what imaging - in a broad and modality-neutral sense - can not only bring to the fields of biomarkers and novel diagnostics, but also how it can help in bridging the usual gaps between fundamental research (e.g., biology, instrumentation, devices and in-vitro testing) and clinical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Page 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81221470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognosticative Biomarker Clusters for Polycystic Kidney Disease","authors":"Prakash Narayan,&nbsp;Brian Huang,&nbsp;Prani Paka,&nbsp;Itzhak D. Goldberg","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Polycystic kidney disease<span> (PKD), in its autosomal recessive<span> (AR) or autosomal dominant<span><span> (AD) form, is characterized by the formation and expansion of numerous fluid-filled cysts within the kidneys. Quite often, the disease spreads to extrarenal territories including the liver. In addition to cyst formation, interstitial collagen deposition or scarring is sometimes observed in both kidney and liver. Progressive enlargement of the kidneys via replacement of the renal parenchyma with cysts and decreasing renal function makes ADPKD the leading genetic cause of renal transplantation. Highly aggressive fibrocystic kidney and liver disease in ARPKD means that many children with this form of disease do not live past the age of ten years. Using the PCK rat model of PKD, we have identify a minimally invasive biomarker cluster with high correlative value for </span>fibrocystic disease<span> progression. These results are important in that patient compliance, disease prognosis, interventional decisions and outcomes can be further and vastly improved by identification of minimally invasive or non-invasive biomarkers that are prognosticative of disease progression. Furthermore, rather than rely on a single biomarker, clinical outcomes may be better predicted by identification of a cluster of disease-relevant biomarkers which would bring increased correlation with disease progression. </span></span></span></span></span>Clinical trials of therapeutics for chronic fibrotic diseases would also benefit from identification of such biomarkers given Big Pharma’s reluctance to invest in trials wherein endpoints could be years away with no interim hint of success/failure. Identification of minimally invasive or non-invasive biomarkers in proliferative fibrocystic disease can better stratify children waitlisted for scarce kidneys and/or livers. The tangible outcome/technology/product that will result from the proposed research is biomarker-cluster chips designed to read urine or serum samples to determine disease progress or remission from disease. It is anticipated that these chips can eventually be mass produced in a relatively inefficient fashion and would have the predictive power≥imaging technologies but at far lesser cost and far lesser inconvenience. Eventually, this paradigm and the resulting technology may be extended to other diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Page 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88519550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionary impact of nanovaccines on immunotherapy","authors":"Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi,&nbsp;Hélder A. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past few decades public health<span> has been immensely improved by preventing various types of diseases using vaccination, a method implying attenuated, killed or part of a microorganism to activate the immune system against it. Recently, nanovaccines have attracted a lot of attention as a new approach for enhancing the immune responses against immunogenic molecules. A wide variety of nanomaterials<span> are reported as proper candidates for nanovaccination. Currently, the focus is the development of new formulations that trigger strong anti-cancer responses by presenting tumor antigens<span> either directly to T immune cells or indirectly to antigen-presenting cells, holding great promise for safe, non-invasive, and cost-effective therapy of cancer. This review focuses on the critical aspects in the design of biomaterial based nanovaccines and reviews the state of the art of the formulations in clinical development and those currently available in the market.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Focal points</h3><p></p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>Bedside</p><p>Understanding the complex potential of the immune system to prevent and treat various diseases such as cancer, will contribute to the scientific advance in the development of new therapeutic strategies and will allow for the discovery of alternative treatments for deadly diseases.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Benchside</p><p>Many of the immunostimulative pathways involved in the suppression of cancer tumor growth have been identified and additional research is still needed to recognize the molecular mechanisms of the immunotherapeutic strategies.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Industry</p><p>The discovery of new non-toxic immunotherapeutic compounds may pave the way towards developing new cancer tumor therapeutic approaches. A major effort in the identification of preventing approaches is also needed to develop preventive nanoformulations for healthy people who are at the risk of cancer.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Community</p><p><span>The treatment of cancer by cheap, efficient and as less invasive as possible methodologies will have a great impact on the </span>quality of life of the patients.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Governments</p><p>Since the development of anticancer nanoformulations needs extensive support from the authorities for success in clinical translation, the financial investments of the governments is necessary to translate the research in the lab to the bedside. The governmental support can also increase the years of healthy life of the patients and minimize the associated costs overtime.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":90660,"journal":{"name":"New horizons in translational medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81834409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}