Research and reports in endocrine disorders最新文献

{"title":"The endocrine effects of acylated and des-acylated ghrelin","authors":"David E. Andrich, K. Cianflone, A. Comtois, Simon Lalonde, D. St-Pierre","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S33480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S33480","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: David H St-Pierre Department of Kinesiology, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, 2888 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada Fax +1 514 987 6616 Tel +1 514 987 3000 ext 5150 Email st-pierre.david_h@uqam.ca Abstract: Acylated ghrelin is one of the few peptides known whose isolation and characterization follow the description of its receptor and its basic biological functions. Characterized initially for its somatotrophic properties, ghrelin was shown later to exert various effects on other important physiological functions in mammals, such as appetite, gastric acid secretion, gut motility, insulin sensitivity, adiposity, and energy expenditure. Further, ghrelin influences cardiac function, reproduction, and the immune system as well. Here we present an overview of the discovery and subsequent development of ghrelin as an important peptide hormone involved in the control of energy metabolism in humans and other mammals. Recently reported effects of acylated ghrelin on glucose/lipid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, lipid-droplet formation, fatty acid transport into mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity are particularly emphasized and discussed.","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"2 1","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S33480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal management of Cushing syndrome","authors":"E. G. Durán-Pérez, Oscar Tarsicio Moreno-Loza, German Carrasco-Tabón, Antonio Segovia-Palomo","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S25345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S25345","url":null,"abstract":"Cushing syndrome (CS) caused by endogenous hypercortisolism is a diagnostic challenge. The most common cause is Cushing disease. Surgical treatment is the first-line therapy for Cushing disease. However, due to the often clinical instability of the patient's condition, which needs acute treatment of hypercortisolism or inoperable tumors, initial surgery is often not possible. It is therefore important to provide appropriate initial medical treatment. Following surgery, the patient needs to be evaluated and confirmed for disease resolution based on standard criteria, and treated with appropriate supportive measures for the rest of life if necessary. This article reviews the current data and treatment options for Cushing syndrome and proposes a therapeutic algorithm for its optimal management.","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"2 1","pages":"19-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S25345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update on the treatment of phenylketonuria: long-term safety and efficacy of sapropterin dihydrochloride","authors":"H. Vernon","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S24770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S24770","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Hilary Vernon Blalock 1008, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Tel +1 410 955 3071 Fax +1 410 614 9246 Email hvernon1@jhmi.edu Abstract: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine to tyrosine. Untreated, this disorder will result in severe intellectual disability. However, with proper management, outcome is excellent. For many years, this disorder was managed exclusively with dietary measures which consisted of a phenylalanine-restricted diet. However, with the recent introduction of a stable, orally bioavailable form of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase, treatment in this disorder has been drastically altered. This stable form of BH4, sapropterin dihydrochloride, has a very good safety profile and is very effective in many patients with PKU in lowering plasma phenylalanine levels and allowing for liberalization of the phenylalanine-restricted diet. The introduction of BH4 has posed many new challenges in the treatment of PKU, including developing the best protocol to determine whether or not a patient will respond to BH4, and how to treat atypical populations including young children, fully affected, untreated adults, and pregnant patients. In this review, we will examine the history of treatment in PKU, the history of treatment with BH4, protocol options for determining if a patient is a drug responder, and considerations for treatment in special populations.","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"2 1","pages":"11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S24770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection accuracy of three glucose meters estimated by capillary blood glucose measurements compared with venous blood evaluated by the diabetes unit of the Hospital Evangélico de Curitiba, Brazil","authors":"M. Gama, Camile Fiorese Cruzeta, Ana Carolina Ossowski, Marina Rech Bay, Mariella Muller Michaelis, S. L. Camacho","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S24631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S24631","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Mirnaluci Paulino Ribeiro Gama Rua Carlos Augusto Cornelsen, No 280, Bom Retiro, 80520560 Curitiba, Brazil Email m.gama@sul.com.br Objective: To compare capillary blood glucose measurements between three different glucose meters and with the serum glucose values of inpatients at the diabetes unit of Hospital Universitario Evangelico de Curitiba, Brazil. Materials and methods: A total of 132 non-intensive care unit patients admitted for medical and surgical pathologies were evaluated. All patients reported a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, were under 60 years of age, had no hematocrit alterations, remained hemodynamically stable during the time of data collection, and were given no ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, d opamine, or mannitol during follow-up. Capillary and serum blood glucose samples were collected simultaneously by finger-stick and venipuncture 2 hours after lunch, by the same observer, who was blinded to the serum glucose results. First, between July and November 2009, capillary glucose levels were measured using the blood glucose meters OneTouch SureStep and MediSense Optium. Between November 2009 and February 2010, capillary blood glucose levels were measured on the glucose meters OneTouch SureStep and Optium Xceed. The capillary glucose readings were analyzed between meters and also in relation to the serum blood glucose values by the t-test for paired samples and the Mood two-sample test. Results: The patients’ mean age was 50.45 years. The blood glucose means obtained using the meters OneTouch SureStep, MediSense Optium, and Optium Xceed were, respectively, 183.87 mg/dL, 178.49 mg/dL, and 192.73 mg/dL, and the mean for the serum glucose values was 174.58 mg/dL. A significant difference was found between the capillary measurements taken by the glucose meters and the serum glucose measurements (P , 0.05), and no significant interdevice difference was found. After stratification of the serum blood glucose values into two groups, below and above 180 mg/dL, the variance found for the glucose meter OneTouch SureStep was statistically greater (P = 0.03) in relation to the serum glucose levels above 180 mg/dL, which was not the case with the glucose meters MediSense Optium (P = 0.06) and Optium Xceed (P = 0.12). The percentage of capillary blood glucose values showing a variation of less than 20% compared with serum values was 64.94% for OneTouch SureStep, 47.83% for Medisense Optium, and 51.61% for Optium Xceed, when serum glucose was greater than 75 mg/dL. Conclusion: The glucose meters tested showed an adequate interdevice correlation in their capillary glucose readings, in addition to correlating with the serum glucose values (ie, if a blood glucose reading is high or low in one test, it is likely to be respectively high or low in another). The means for the capillary blood glucose readings, however, were significantly different from the mean serum glucose. When serum glucose was above 180 mg/dL, there was a gr","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S24631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of diabetic vasculopathy: an overview","authors":"Sayeeda Rahman, Anwarul Azim Majumder, A. Rahman","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S17512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S17512","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Sayeeda Rahman Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom Tel +44 12 7423 6283 Email srahman6@bradford.ac.uk Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, degenerative, and noncommunicable disease, and is associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The complications of diabetic vasculopathy are commonly grouped into microvascular and macrovascular complications. In diabetes, macrovascular complications are the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality and are responsible for a high incidence of vascular diseases. The aim of this review to provide an overview of current treatment modalities for diabetic vasculopathy and highlight the importance of effective control of blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure, as well as reduction of blood hypercoagulability, in lowering the macrovascular complications of diabetic vasculopathy. A literature review was conducted to retrieve the relevant information using the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, reports, and books. People with type 2 diabetes are at markedly increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. The initiators of vasculopathy that ultimately develop into long-term diabetic complications can be avoided by a healthy lifestyle and pharmacological intervention. Clinical trials have shown that effective control of blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure, and blood hypercoagulability can reduce macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is responsible for premature mortality, predominantly through atherosclerotic vascular disease. Lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy should be used to prevent or delay development of type 2 diabetes, including adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving patients, health professionals, and diabetic educators should be used to combat the type 2 diabetes epidemic and its associated cardiovascular complications.","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S17512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting response to incretin-based therapy","authors":"S. Kalra, B. Kalra, R. Sahay, N. Agrawal","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S16282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S16282","url":null,"abstract":"There are two important incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The biological activities of GLP-1 include stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin biosynthesis, inhibition of glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, and inhibition of food intake. GLP-1 appears to have a number of additional effects in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Incretin based therapy includes GLP-1 receptor agonists like human GLP-1 analogs (liraglutide) and exendin-4 based molecules (exenatide), as well as DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin, vilda- gliptin and saxagliptin. Most of the published studies showed a significant reduction in HbA 1c using these drugs. A critical analysis of reported data shows that the response rate in terms of target achievers of these drugs is average. One of the first actions identified for GLP-1 was the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion from islet cell lines. Following the detection of GLP-1 receptors on islet beta cells, a large body of evidence has accumulated illustrating that GLP-1 exerts multiple actions on various signaling pathways and gene products in the β cell. GLP-1 controls glucose homeostasis through well-defined actions on the islet β cell via stimulation of insulin secretion and preservation and expansion of β cell mass. In summary, there are several factors determining the response rate to incretin therapy. Currently minimal clinical data is available to make a conclusion. Key factors appear to be duration of diabetes, obesity, presence of autonomic neuropathy, resting energy expenditure, plasma glucagon levels and plasma free fatty acid levels. More clinical evidence is required to identify the factors affecting response rate to incretin therapy.","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"19 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S16282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of protease inhibitors (indinavir and ritonavir) on the pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in rabbits","authors":"K. Kumar, S. Mastan","doi":"10.2147/RRED.S16496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S16496","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of protease inhibitors (indinavir and ritonavir) on the pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in rabbits and to evaluate the mechanism of interaction of the combination. Studies in rabbits were conducted with oral doses of gliclazide, selected protease inhibitor, and their combination with a 1-week washout period between each treatment (single dose followed by multiple dose treatment). Blood samples were collected at regular time intervals by marginal ear vein puncture and serum gliclazide levels were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by noncompartmental analysis using WinNonlin Software. In combination, ritonavir significantly increased serum gliclazide levels and altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of gliclazide in rabbits while indinavir had no significant effect. The percentage increase of serum gliclazide level was 22.34% and 27.78% following single-dose and multiple-dose treatment of ritonavir, respectively. The interaction of ritonavir with gliclazide is pharmacokinetic at a metabolic level (by CYP3A4 inhibition) in normal rabbits, while the interaction of indinavir with gliclazide is pharmacodynamic, which needs dose adjustment, and care should be taken when these","PeriodicalId":90317,"journal":{"name":"Research and reports in endocrine disorders","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/RRED.S16496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}