Biologics : Targets & Therapy最新文献

{"title":"The conundrum of indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB Gold results before anti-tumor necrosis factor initiation.","authors":"Shahrad Hakimian,&nbsp;Yevgeniy Popov,&nbsp;Abbas H Rupawala,&nbsp;Karen Salomon-Escoto,&nbsp;Steven Hatch,&nbsp;Randall Pellish","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S150958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S150958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a key cytokine in both the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the host defense against tuberculosis (TB). Consequently, anti-TNFα medications result in an increased risk of latent TB infection (LTBI) reactivation. Here, we sought to evaluate the factors affecting the results of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) assay as a screening tool for LTBI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an observational, retrospective study in patients with IBD and RA who underwent LTBI screening using QFT-GIT at UMass Memorial Medical Center between 2008 and 2016 prior to initiation of anti-TNF medications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 107 and 89 patients with IBD and RA, respectively. We found that a higher proportion of IBD patients had indeterminate QFT-GIT result compared to RA patients. Furthermore, we found that the majority of patients with indeterminate results were tested during an acute flare of IBD (88%) and while taking corticosteroids. Of all patients receiving ≥20 mg equivalent prednisone dose (n=32), 63% resulted in indeterminate QFT-GIT, compared to only 6% indeterminate testing in patients receiving <20 mg of equivalent prednisone dose (n=164, <i>P</i><0.001). There was no correlation between indeterminate results and age, gender, disease duration, or distribution, or smoking status within each population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We observed that high-dose corticosteroids may affect QFT-GIT outcomes leading to a high proportion of indeterminate results. We propose that IBD patients should be tested prior to initiation of corticosteroids to avoid equivocal results and prevent potential delays in initiation of anti-TNF medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S150958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35897076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New frontiers in oncolytic viruses: optimizing and selecting for virus strains with improved efficacy.","authors":"Kenneth Lundstrom","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S140114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S140114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oncolytic viruses have demonstrated selective replication and killing of tumor cells. Different types of oncolytic viruses - adenoviruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, Newcastle disease viruses, rhabdoviruses, Coxsackie viruses, and vaccinia viruses - have been applied as either naturally occurring or engineered vectors. Numerous studies in animal-tumor models have demonstrated substantial tumor regression and prolonged survival rates. Moreover, clinical trials have confirmed good safety profiles and therapeutic efficacy for oncolytic viruses. Most encouragingly, the first cancer gene-therapy drug - Gendicine, based on oncolytic adenovirus type 5 - was approved in China. Likewise, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based drug for the treatment of melanoma has been registered in the US and Europe as talimogene laherparepvec.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"43-60"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S140114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35832634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between HLA haplotypes and the development of antidrug antibodies in a cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases.","authors":"Maurizio Benucci,&nbsp;Arianna Damiani,&nbsp;Francesca Li Gobbi,&nbsp;Francesca Bandinelli,&nbsp;Maria Infantino,&nbsp;Valentina Grossi,&nbsp;Mariangela Manfredi,&nbsp;Guillaume Noguier,&nbsp;Francesca Meacci","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S145941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S145941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and the development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) in a cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We evaluated the presence of ADAs in 248 patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases after 6 months of treatment with anti-TNF drugs: 26 patients were treated with infliximab (IFX; three with rheumatoid arthritis [RA], 13 with ankylosing spondylitis [AS], 10 with psoriatic arthritis [PsA]); 83 treated with adalimumab (ADA; 24 with RA, 36 with AS, 23 with PsA); 88 treated with etanercept (ETA; 35 with RA, 27 with AS, 26 with PsA); 32 treated with certolizumab (CERT; 25 with RA, two with AS, five with PsA); and 19 treated with golimumab (GOL; three with RA, seven with AS, nine with PsA). Serum drug and ADA levels were determined using Lisa-Tracker Duo, the ADA-positive samples underwent an inhibition test, and the true-positive samples underwent genetic HLA typing. To have a homogeneous control population, we also performed genetic HLA typing of 11 ADA-negative patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After inhibition test, the frequency of ADAs was 2/26 patients treated with IFX (7.69%), 4/83 treated with ADA (4.81%), 0/88 treated with ETA (0%), 4/32 treated with CERT (12.5%), and 1/19 treated with GOL (5.26%). The frequency of HLA alleles in the examined patients was HLA-DRβ-11 0.636, HLA-DQ-03 0.636, and HLA-DQ-05 0.727. The estimated relative risks between the ADA-positive patients and the ADA-negative patients were HLA-DRβ-11 2.528 (95% CI 0.336-19.036), HLA-DQ-03 1.750 (95% CI 0.289-10.581), and HLA-DQ-05 2.424 (95% CI 0.308-15.449).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first study that shows an association between HLA and genetic factors associated with the occurrence of ADAs in patients with rheumatic diseases, but the number of samples is too small to draw any definite conclusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"37-41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S145941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35820239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical characterization of recombinant hCG and comparative studies with reference product.","authors":"Rajamannar Thennati, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Nitin Nage, Yena Patel, Sandip Kumar Bose, Vinod Burade, Ranjit Sudhakar Ranbhor","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S141203","DOIUrl":"10.2147/BTT.S141203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Regulatory agencies recommend a stepwise approach for demonstrating biosimilarity between a proposed biosimilar and reference biological product emphasizing for functional and structural characterization to trace if there is any difference which may impact safety and efficacy. We studied the comparative structural and biological attributes of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (rhCG), SB005, with reference product, Ovidrel^® and Ovitrelle^®. Recombiant hCG was approved in 2000 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the induction of final follicular maturation, early luteinization in infertile women as part of assisted reproductive technology program. It is also indicated for the induction of ovulation and pregnancy in ovulatory infertile patients whose cause of infertility is not due to ovarian failure.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Primary structure was studied by intact mass analysis, peptide fingerprinting, peptide mass fingerprinting and sequence coverage analysis. Higher order structure was studied by circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and disulfide bridge analysis. Different isoforms of reference product and SB005 were identified using capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis. Glycosylation was studied by N-glycan mapping using LC-ESI-MS, point of glycosylation, released glycan analysis using ultra performance liquid chromatography and sialic acid analysis. Product related impurities such as oligomer content analysis and oxidized impurities were studied using size exclusion chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Biological activity in term of potency of reference product and SB005 was studied by in vivo analysis.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>In this study we have compared analytical similarity of recombinant rhCG (SB005) produced at Sun Pharmaceuticals with the reference product with respect to its primary, higher order structure, isoforms, charge variants, glycosylation, sialyation pattern, pharmacodynamic and in vivo efficacy. Our studies show that the in house produced rhCG has a high degree of structural and functional similarity with the reference product available in the market.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5a/c9/btt-12-023.PMC5796461.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35820238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bezlotoxumab: an emerging monoclonal antibody therapy for prevention of recurrent <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection.","authors":"Bhagyashri D Navalkele,&nbsp;Teena Chopra","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S127099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S127099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridium difficile</i> infection (CDI) is the most common health care-acquired infection associated with high hospital expenditures. The incidence of subsequent recurrent CDI increases with prior episodes of CDI, 15%-35% risk after primary CDI to 35%-65% risk after the first recurrent episode. Recurrent CDI is one of the most challenging and a very difficult to treat infections. Standard guidelines provide recommendations on treatment of primary CDI. However, treatment choices for recurrent CDI are limited. Recent research studies have focused on the discovery of newer alternatives for prevention of recurrent CDI targeting prime virulence factors involved in <i>C. difficile</i> pathogenesis. Bezlotoxumab is a human monoclonal antibody directed against <i>C. difficile</i> toxin B. Multiple in vitro and in vivo animal studies have demonstrated direct binding of bezlotoxumab to <i>C. difficile</i> toxin B preventing intestinal epithelial damage and colitis. Furthermore, this monoclonal antibody mediates early reconstitution of gut microbiota preventing risk of recurrent CDI. Randomized placebo-controlled trials showed concomitant administration of a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg of bezlotoxumab, in patients on standard-of-care therapy for CDI, had no substantial effect on clinical cure rates but significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent CDI (~40%). It shows efficacy against multiple strains, including the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain. Bezlotoxumab is a US Food and Drug administration-approved, safe and well-tolerated drug with low risk of serious adverse events and drug-drug interactions. Bezlotoxumab has emerged as a novel dynamic adjunctive therapy for prevention of recurrent CDI. Further studies on real-world experience with bezlotoxumab and its impact in reducing rates of recurrent CDI are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"11-21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S127099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35796137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis and viral hepatitis infection in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America: impact of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors in clinical practice.","authors":"Yi-Hsing Chen,&nbsp;Hellen Mds de Carvalho,&nbsp;Umut Kalyoncu,&nbsp;Lyndon John Q Llamado,&nbsp;Gaston Solano,&nbsp;Ron Pedersen,&nbsp;Galina Lukina,&nbsp;Juan J Lichauco,&nbsp;Radu S Vasilescu","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S148606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S148606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are increasingly becoming the standard of care for treating a number of inflammatory diseases. However, treatment with TNF-α inhibitors carries an inherent risk of compromising the immune system, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies. This increased risk of infection is of particular concern in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America where tuberculosis (TB) and viral hepatitis are endemic. In this brief review, we examine the literature and review the impact of TNF-α inhibitors on the incidence and the reactivation of latent disease with respect to TB, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. Our findings show that TNF-α inhibitors are generally safe, if used with caution. Patients should be screened prior to the initiation of TNF-α inhibitor treatment and given prophylactic treatment if needed. In addition, patients should be monitored during treatment with TNF-α inhibitors and after treatment has stopped to ensure that infections, if detected, are treated promptly and effectively. Our analysis is consistent with other reports and guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"12 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S148606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35785952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-angiogenic effects of biotechnological therapies in rheumatic diseases.","authors":"Francesco Paolo Cantatore,&nbsp;Nicola Maruotti,&nbsp;Addolorata Corrado,&nbsp;Domenico Ribatti","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S143674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S143674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Angiogenesis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of numerous rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and vasculitides. Therefore, the inhibition of pathological angiogenesis may be considered a useful therapeutical approach in these rheumatic diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review article is based on a literature research about the role of biotechnological therapies in angiogenesis inhibition.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>Several evidences have demonstrated a role for biotechnological therapies in angiogenesis inhibition. Nevertheless, further research and clinical trials are needed to better quantify the real impact of biotechnological therapies on pathological angiogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S143674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35686982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Octreotide long-acting repeatable in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors: patient selection and perspectives.","authors":"Hanford Yau,&nbsp;Mustafa Kinaan,&nbsp;Suzanne L Quinn,&nbsp;Andreas G Moraitis","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S108818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S108818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past three decades, the incidence and prevalence of neuroendocrine tumors have gradually increased. Due to the slow-growing nature of these tumors, most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages. Prognosis and survival are associated with location of primary lesion, biochemical functional status, differentiation, initial staging, and response to therapy. Octreotide, the first synthetic somatostatin analog, was initially used for the management of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with functional carcinoid tumors. Its commercial development over time led to long-acting repeatable octreotide acetate, a long-acting version that provided greater administration convenience. Recent research demonstrates that octreotide's efficacy has evolved beyond symptomatic management to targeted therapy with antitumoral effects. This review examines the history and development of octreotide, provides a synopsis on the classification, grading, and staging of neuroendocrine tumors, and reviews the evidence of long-acting repeatable octreotide acetate as monotherapy and in combination with other treatment modalities in the management of non-pituitary neuroendocrine tumors with special attention to recent high-quality Phase III trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"115-122"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S108818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35668777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticholinesterase constituents from the leaves of <i>Spondias mombin</i> L. (Anacardiaceae).","authors":"Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye, Efere M Obuotor, Joseph M Agbedahunsi, Saburi A Adesanya","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S136011","DOIUrl":"10.2147/BTT.S136011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Spondias mombin</i> has been used in traditional medicine for the management of several diseases, including memory loss. This study aimed to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the methanol extract of the leaves and its derived fractions, as well as carry out detailed phytochemical investigations leading to the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from the plant. The acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BUChE) inhibitory activities were evaluated by colorimetric and thin-layer chromatography bioautographic assay techniques. The ethyl acetate fraction was most active against both enzymes, with percentage inhibition of 58.10 ± 1.08% and 52.66 ± 1.34% against AChE and BUChE, respectively. Three compounds, namely, botulin, campesterol and phytol, with IC₅₀ of 0.88 μg/mL (AChE), 4.67 μg/mL (BuChE); 1.89 μg/mL (AChE), 4.08 μg/mL (BuChE) and 12.51 μg/mL (AChE), 23.89 μg/mL (BuChE), respectively, were isolated from the supernatant of the ethyl acetate fraction. The isolated cholinesterase inhibitory compounds correlate with the known memory-enhancing property of the plant and thus support one of its uses in ethnomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/0b/btt-11-107.PMC5546590.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35419815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic memory of oxidative stress: does nephrilin exert its protective effects via Rac1?","authors":"Desmond D Mascarenhas,&nbsp;David N Herndon,&nbsp;Istvan Arany","doi":"10.2147/BTT.S136188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S136188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Nephrilin peptide, a designed inhibitor of Rictor complex (mTORC2), exerts pleiotropic protective effects in metabolic, xenobiotic and traumatic stress models. Stress can generate enduring epigenetic changes in gene function. In this work we examine the possibility that nephrilin treatment protects against acute and enduring global changes in oxidative metabolism, with a focus on the Rictor-complex-mediated activation of Rac1, a subunit of NADPH oxidase (Nox) via PKCs, Prex1 and p66shc.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Given the wide range of animal models in which nephrilin peptide has previously demonstrated effectiveness in vivo, we chose three different experimental systems for this investigation: dermal fibroblasts, renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs), and kidney tissue and urine from an animal model of burn trauma in which nephrilin was previously shown to prevent loss of kidney function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) Nephrilin protects dermal fibroblasts from loss of viability and collagen synthesis after ultraviolet A (UV-A) or H₂O₂ insult. (2) Nephrilin reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by H₂O₂-treated (PTECs) with or without nicotine pretreatment. Using RNA arrays and pathway analysis we demonstrate that nicotine and H₂O₂-treated PTECs specifically induced Rac1 gene networks in these cells. (3) Using kidney tissue and urine from the burn trauma model we demonstrate significant elevations of [a] 8-aminoprostane in urine; [b] kidney tissue histone modification and DNA methylation; and [c] post-transcriptional phosphorylation events consistent with Rac1 activation in kidney tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nephrilin protects against oxidative stress, possibly by modulating the activation of Rac1.</p>","PeriodicalId":9025,"journal":{"name":"Biologics : Targets & Therapy","volume":"11 ","pages":"97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/BTT.S136188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35368728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}