The journal of problem solving最新文献_第8页

The Self-Organization of Insight: Entropy and Power Laws in Problem Solving 洞察力的自组织:问题解决中的熵和幂律

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2009-05-01 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1043

Damian G. Stephen, J. Dixon

引用次数: 63

Human Problem Solving in 2008 2008年人类问题解决

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2009-05-01 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1042

Z. Pizlo

引用次数: 2

Some Tours are More Equal than Others: The Convex-Hull Model Revisited with Lessons for Testing Models of the Traveling Salesperson Problem 有些旅行比其他旅行更平等:对凸赫尔模型的再考察及其对旅行推销员问题模型检验的教训

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2008-07-24 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1028

S. Tak, M. Plaisier, I.J.E.I. van Rooij

{"title":"Some Tours are More Equal than Others: The Convex-Hull Model Revisited with Lessons for Testing Models of the Traveling Salesperson Problem","authors":"S. Tak, M. Plaisier, I.J.E.I. van Rooij","doi":"10.7771/1932-6246.1028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1028","url":null,"abstract":"To explain human performance on the Traveling Salesperson problem (TSP), MacGregor, Ormerod, and Chronicle (2000) proposed that humans construct solutions according to the steps described by their convex-hull algorithm. Focusing on tour length as the dependent variable, and using only random or semirandom point sets, the authors claimed empirical support for their model. In this paper we argue that the empirical tests performed by MacGregor et al. do not constitute support for the model, because they instantiate what Meehl (1997) coined \"weak tests\" (i.e., tests with a high probability of yielding confi rmation even if the model is false). To perform \"strong\" tests of the model, we implemented the algorithm in a computer program and compared its performance to that of humans on six point sets. The comparison reveals substantial and systematic differences in the shapes of the tours produced by the algorithm and human participants, for fi ve of the six point sets. The methodological lesson for testing TSP models is twofold: (1) Include qualitative measures (such as tour shape) as a dependent variable, and (2) use point sets for which the model makes “risky” predictions.","PeriodicalId":90070,"journal":{"name":"The journal of problem solving","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74157857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Individual Differences in Optimization Problem Solving: Reconciling Conflicting Results 优化问题解决中的个体差异:调和冲突的结果

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2008-07-24 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1030

E. Chronicle, J. MacGregor, M. Lee, T. Ormerod, Peter Hughes

{"title":"Individual Differences in Optimization Problem Solving: Reconciling Conflicting Results","authors":"E. Chronicle, J. MacGregor, M. Lee, T. Ormerod, Peter Hughes","doi":"10.7771/1932-6246.1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1030","url":null,"abstract":"Results on human performance on the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) from different laboratories show high consistency. However, one exception is in the area of individual differences. While one research group has consistently failed to fi nd systematic individual differences across instances of TSPs (Chronicle, MacGregor and Ormerod), another group (Vickers, Lee and associates) has found individual differences both within TSP performance and between TSP performance and other cognitive tasks. Among possible reasons for the confl icting results are differences in procedure and differences in the problem in- stances used. To try to resolve the discrepancy, we collected data on TSP performance by combining the procedure used by one group with problem instances used by the other. The comparison involved nine 30-node and nine 40-node TSP problems previously used by the Vickers group, using computer presentation. Here, we had the same problems completed by 112 participants using a paper-and-pencil mode of presentation. We ex- amined the results in the form of distributions of correlations across individuals for each pair of problems of the same size. The distributions for the computer and paper forms of presentation were very similar, and centered between correlations of 0.20 and 0.30. The results indicated the presence of individual differences at a level that fell between those previously reported by the two laboratories. The pattern of results indicated that previ- ous discrepancies did not arise because of differences in procedure. Instead, individual differences appeared to become more prevalent as the diffi culty of problems increased. The results are consistent with an explanation that performance on simpler instances is","PeriodicalId":90070,"journal":{"name":"The journal of problem solving","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88723698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Seeing is as Good as Doing 眼见为实

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2008-07-24 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1029

M. Osman

引用次数: 14

Group Decision-Making on an Optimal Stopping Problem 一类最优停车问题的群体决策

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2007-06-29 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1012

Michael D. Lee, Michael J. Paradowski

{"title":"Group Decision-Making on an Optimal Stopping Problem","authors":"Michael D. Lee, Michael J. Paradowski","doi":"10.7771/1932-6246.1012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1012","url":null,"abstract":"We consider group decision-making on an optimal stopping problem, for which large and stable individual differences have previously been established. In the problem, people are presented with a sequence of five random numbers between 0 and 100, one at a time, and are required to choose the maximum of the sequence, without being al- lowed to return to earlier values in the sequence. We examine group decision-making on these problems in an experimental setting where group members are isolated from one another, and interact solely via networked computers. The group members register their initial accept or reject decision for each value in the sequence, and then provide a potentially revised decision having viewed the recommendations of the other group members. Group decisions are made according to one of three conditions, requiring either consensus to accept from all group members, a majority of accept decisions from the group, or the acceptance of an appointed group leader. We compare individual decision-making to group decision-making under these three conditions, and find that, under some conditions, groups often significantly outperform even their best members. Using a signal detection analysis we provide an account of how the group decision- making conditions differ from one another, and from individual decision-making. Key findings are that people do not often revise their decisions, but, in the consensus and leadership conditions, are more conservative in their initial decisions. This conservatism removes the individual bias towards choosing values too early in the sequence, allowing the groups to perform better than their individual members. In the majority condition, however, people continue to behave as they did individually, and the group shows the same bias in decision-making.","PeriodicalId":90070,"journal":{"name":"The journal of problem solving","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80151374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measuring Human Performance on Clustering Problems: Some Potential Objective Criteria and Experimental Research Opportunities 衡量人类在聚类问题上的表现:一些潜在的客观标准和实验研究机会

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2007-06-13 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1001

M. Brusco

引用次数: 3

Theory Driven Hints in the Cheap Necklace Problem: A Preliminary Investigation 廉价项链问题的理论驱动线索初探

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2007-06-13 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1010

Yun Chu, Andrew D. Dewald, E. Chronicle

{"title":"Theory Driven Hints in the Cheap Necklace Problem: A Preliminary Investigation","authors":"Yun Chu, Andrew D. Dewald, E. Chronicle","doi":"10.7771/1932-6246.1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1010","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we conducted three experiments using the cheap necklace problem, which is regarded as an insight problem. The effects of two hints derived from two contemporary theoretical accounts of insight—Criterion for Satisfactory Progress theory (CSP) and Representational Change Theory (RCT)—were investigated. In Experiment 1, 78 participants made a single attempt at the problem, and significantly fewer participants given the CSP hint used an incorrect (maximizing) first move than participants given the RCT hint or control participants given no hint, Fisher’s exact test for 2x3 table, p = .029, with an approximation in χ² effect size, phi = .340. Experiment 2 explored the performance of 60 participants in the same hint conditions over ten problem-solving trials. The number of trials to solution was significantly fewer in the CSP hint condition than in the control condition, t(30) = 2.23, p = .033, η² = .14; this was not so for the RCT hint condition, t(30) = .44, p = .666, η² = .006. Furthermore, there were significantly fewer incorrect (maximizing) first moves in the CSP hint condition than in the other two conditions, F(2, 59) = 15.31, p < .001, η² = .35. The CSP hint here appears to promote the exploration of the problem space, such that the correct move may be found. The lack of effect of the RCT hint suggests in preliminary fashion that representational change may not be the primary cognitive process required to solve the cheap necklace problem. However, in Experiment 3 with 110 participants, the CSP and RCT hints were combined yielding a 75% solution rate over a 34.88% solution rate in the control condition, χ²(1) = 16.03, p < .001, phi = .402. This result indicates that perhaps aspects from both theories are employed during the problem solving process.","PeriodicalId":90070,"journal":{"name":"The journal of problem solving","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87533133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Human Problem Solving in 2006 《人类问题解决》，2006年

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2007-05-14 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1016

Z. Pizlo

引用次数: 6

In Memoriam: Dr. Edward P. Chronicle 纪念:爱德华·纪事博士

The journal of problem solving Pub Date : 2007-05-14 DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1015

J. MacGregor, T. Ormerod

引用次数: 0