Journal of caffeine research最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential Between Theacrine and Caffeine in Humans.","authors":"Hui He,&nbsp;Dejian Ma,&nbsp;Laura Brooks Crone,&nbsp;Matthew Butawan,&nbsp;Bernd Meibohm,&nbsp;Richard J Bloomer,&nbsp;Charles R Yates","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2017.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2017.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Theacrine, a methylurate class purine alkaloid, triggers diverse pharmacologic responses, including psychostimulatory activity by modulation of adenosinergic and dopaminergic pathways. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, theacrine increased energy, concentration, and mood, while reducing fatigue. Because caffeine, a methylxanthine purine alkaloid, is frequently coadministered with theacrine, we sought to determine if a pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interaction existed between theacrine and caffeine. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eight healthy adults received theacrine, as TeaCrine^® (25 or 125 mg), caffeine (150 mg), or a combination of theacrine (125 mg) and caffeine (150 mg) in a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Blood samples were collected over a 24-hour period and analyzed by Liquid chromatrography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for theacrine, caffeine, and paraxanthine. Pharmacodynamic response markers, heart rate and blood pressure, were recorded. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Theacrine pharmacokinetics was similar following administration of theacrine alone. Caffeine coadministration increased maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve of theacrine without altering theacrine half-life. Theacrine had no impact on caffeine or paraxanthine pharmacokinetics. There was no difference between treatment groups with regard to heart rate or systolic/diastolic blood pressure. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Coadministration of theacrine and caffeine results in a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction, <i>viz</i>., increased theacrine exposure. Enhanced oral bioavailability is the most likely mechanism by which caffeine alters theacrine exposure. However, further studies examining the contribution of presystemic elimination mechanisms, for example, efflux transport and/or gut metabolism, to theacrine bioavailability are needed to confirm the exact mechanism(s). Hemodynamic parameters were unaltered despite the pharmacokinetic interaction, suggesting that coadministration of caffeine and theacrine is safe at the doses administered.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"7 3","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2017.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35475033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions Between Energy Drink Consumption and Sleep Problems: Associations with Alcohol Use Among Young Adolescents.","authors":"Naomi R Marmorstein","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2017.0007","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jcr.2017.0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Energy drink consumption and sleep problems are both associated with alcohol use among adolescents. In addition, caffeine consumption (including energy drinks) is associated with sleep problems. However, information about how these three constructs may interact is limited. The goal of this study was to examine potential interactions between energy drink consumption and sleep problems in the concurrent prediction of alcohol use among young adolescents. Coffee and soda consumption were also examined for comparison. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Participants from the Camden Youth Development Study were included (<i>n</i> = 127; mean age = 13.1; 68% Hispanic, 29% African American) and questionnaire measures of frequency of caffeinated beverage consumption (energy drinks, coffee, and soda), sleep (initial insomnia, sleep disturbances, daytime fatigue, and sleep duration), and alcohol consumption were used. Regression analyses were conducted to examine interactions between caffeinated beverage consumption and sleep in the concurrent prediction of alcohol use. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Energy drink consumption interacted with initial insomnia and daytime fatigue to concurrently predict particularly frequent alcohol use among those with either of these sleep-related problems and energy drink consumption. The pattern of results for coffee consumption was similar for insomnia but reached only a trend level of significance. Results of analyses examining soda consumption were nonsignificant. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Young adolescents who both consume energy drinks and experience initial insomnia and/or daytime fatigue are at particularly high risk for alcohol use. Coffee consumption appears to be associated with similar patterns. Longitudinal research is needed to explain the developmental pathways by which these associations emerge, as well as mediators and moderators of these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"7 3","pages":"111-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5582584/pdf/jcr.2017.0007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35475035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Caffeine Boluses and Caffeine Discontinuation on Apnea and Hypoxemia in Preterm Infants.","authors":"Christa R Tabacaru,&nbsp;Suk Young Jang,&nbsp;Manisha Patel,&nbsp;Faranek Davalian,&nbsp;Santina Zanelli,&nbsp;Karen D Fairchild","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2017.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2017.0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Apnea of prematurity often occurs during and following caffeine therapy. We hypothesized that number of apnea events would be impacted by adjustments in caffeine therapy. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> An automated algorithm was used in all infants ≤32 weeks gestation admitted to a level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from 2009 to 2014 to analyze chest impedance, electrocardiogram, and oxygen saturation data around the time of serum caffeine levels, caffeine boluses while on maintenance therapy, and caffeine discontinuation. Episodes of central apnea/bradycardia/desaturation (ABDs), and percent time with SpO₂ <88% and <75% were measured. <b><i>Results:</i></b> ABDs were analyzed in 302 preterm infants (mean gestational age 27.6 weeks) around the time of 485 serum caffeine levels, 90 caffeine boluses, and 273 episodes of caffeine discontinuation. Higher serum caffeine levels were not associated with fewer ABDs or higher heart rate. For caffeine boluses given due to clinically recognized spells, hypoxemia and algorithm-detected ABDs decreased day 1-2 after the bolus compared to the day before and day of the bolus (mean 4.4 events/day after vs. 6.6 before, <i>p</i> = 0.004). After caffeine discontinuation, there was no change in hypoxemia and a small increase in ABDs (2 events/day 3-5 days after discontinuation vs. 1 event/day before and >5 days after, <i>p</i> < 0.01). This increase in ABDs occurred irrespective of gestational age, respiratory support, or postmenstrual age at the time caffeine was stopped. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In this retrospective analysis, caffeine boluses and caffeine discontinuation were associated with a small change in the number of ABD events in preterm infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"7 3","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2017.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35475034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Taste of Caffeine.","authors":"Rachel L Poole, Michael G Tordoff","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2016.0030","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jcr.2016.0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many people avidly consume foods and drinks containing caffeine, despite its bitter taste. Here, we review what is known about caffeine as a bitter taste stimulus. Topics include caffeine's action on the canonical bitter taste receptor pathway and caffeine's action on noncanonical receptor-dependent and -independent pathways in taste cells. Two conclusions are that (1) caffeine is a poor prototypical bitter taste stimulus because it acts on bitter taste receptor-independent pathways, and (2) caffeinated products most likely stimulate \"taste\" receptors in nongustatory cells. This review is relevant for taste researchers, manufacturers of caffeinated products, and caffeine consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"7 2","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2016.0030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35127449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, and Caffeinated Drinks Intake in Psychiatry Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Carmen Concerto,&nbsp;Claudio Conti,&nbsp;Maria R Muscatello,&nbsp;Maria S Signorelli,&nbsp;Rocco Zoccali,&nbsp;Diego Coira,&nbsp;Eugenio Aguglia,&nbsp;Fortunato Battaglia","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2016.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2016.0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Medical residencies are highly demanding and stressful and have been associated with mental and emotional problems. Studies that evaluated this relationship in Italian psychiatry residents are scarce. In this study, we examined sleep quality and its association with perceived stress and caffeinated beverages consumption in Italian psychiatry residents. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Seventy-two PGY1-5 psychiatry residents at two University Hospitals in Italy were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to determine the sleep quality and the level of daytime sleepiness (EDS). In addition, we investigated perceived stress and caffeinated drinks consumption (coffee, tea, soda, energy drinks). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Seventy psychiatry residents responded to the survey (97.2% response rate) (<i>M</i> = 34.3%, <i>F</i> = 65.7%; mean age = 30.5 ± 4.2 SD years). 44.3% had poor sleep quality and 15.7% had abnormal EDS. 64.3% reported significant perceived stress. Perceived stress score and coffee consumption were associated with greater likelihood of poor sleep quality. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Psychiatry residents have high prevalence of poor sleep quality. Future longitudinal studies are needed to investigate causality and identify appropriate coping strategies and lifestyle changes aimed to improve mental health in psychiatry trainees.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"7 1","pages":"18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2016.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35796433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Energy Drinks and Mental Health, with a Focus on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression.","authors":"Gareth Richards,&nbsp;Andrew P Smith","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2015.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2015.0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Concerns have been expressed regarding the potential for caffeinated energy drinks to negatively affect mental health, and particularly so in young consumers at whom they are often targeted. The products are frequently marketed with declarations of increasing mental and physical energy, providing a short-term boost to mood and performance. Although a certain amount of evidence has accumulated to substantiate some of these claims, the chronic effects of energy drinks on mental health also need to be addressed. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To review the relevant literature, PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for all peer-reviewed articles published in English that addressed associations between energy drink use and mental health outcomes. Case reports were also considered, though empirical studies investigating acute mood effects were excluded as a review of such articles had recently been published. Fifty-six articles were retrieved: 20 of these (along with eight more identified through other means) were included in the current review, and, because the majority addressed aspects of stress, anxiety, and depression, particular focus was placed on these outcomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Though a number of null findings (and one negative relationship) were observed, the majority of studies examined reported positive associations between energy drink consumption and symptoms of mental health problems. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Though the findings imply that energy drink use may increase the risk of undesirable mental health outcomes, the majority of research examined utilized cross-sectional designs. In most cases, it was therefore not possible to determine causation or direction of effect. For this reason, longitudinal and intervention studies are required to increase our understanding of the nature of the relationships observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"6 2","pages":"49-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2015.0033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34621435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Drink and Coffee Consumption and Psychopathology Symptoms Among Early Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations.","authors":"Naomi R Marmorstein","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2015.0018","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jcr.2015.0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Little is known about possible links between energy drink use and psychopathology among youth. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between energy drink consumption and psychopathology among early adolescents. In addition, associations between psychopathology and coffee consumption were examined to assess whether findings were specific to energy drinks or also applied to another commonly used caffeinated beverage. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> One hundred forty-four youth who participated in the Camden Youth Development Study (72 males; mean age 11.9 at wave 1; 65% Hispanic, 30% African American) were assessed using self-report measures of frequency of energy drink and coffee consumption and depression, anxiety, conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, and teacher reports of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Youth (92%) were reassessed 16 months later. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Concurrently, energy drink and coffee consumption were associated with similar psychopathology symptoms; when the other beverage was adjusted for, energy drinks remained associated with CD and coffee remained associated with panic anxiety. Initial energy drink consumption predicted increasing ADHD and CD over time, though the association with CD dropped to a trend level of significance when coffee was adjusted for. Initial levels of hyperactive ADHD predicted increasing coffee consumption over time; this association remained when energy drinks were controlled. Social anxiety was associated with less increase in energy drink consumption over time, controlling for coffee. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Energy drink and coffee consumption among early adolescents are concurrently associated with similar psychopathology symptoms. Longitudinally, the associations between these beverages and psychopathology differ, indicating that these substances have differing implications for development over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"6 2","pages":"64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892225/pdf/jcr.2015.0018.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34621436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographics, Health, and Risk Behaviors of Young Adults Who Drink Energy Drinks and Coffee Beverages.","authors":"Caitlin K Kelly, J Roxanne Prichard","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2015.0027","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jcr.2015.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The present study investigates risk behaviors, sleep habits, and mental health factors associated with caffeinated beverage use in young adults. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Students from a midsize private university (<i>n</i> = 159) completed a 15-minute anonymous questionnaire, including questions on risk behaviors, sleep habits, alcohol, and caffeine consumption. We compared behaviors between the top ∼15% (\"high end\") of energy drink users (≥3/month) and coffee users (≥16/month) to those with less frequent or no caffeine consumption. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Caffeine consumption was frequent among young adults. In the last month, 36% of students had an energy drink, 69% had coffee or espresso, and 86% reported having any caffeine; however, the majority of students were unaware of the caffeine content in these beverages. High-end energy drink consumers reported more risk-taking behaviors (increased drug and alcohol use and less frequent seat belt use), sleep disturbances (later bedtimes, harder time falling asleep, and more all-nighters), and higher frequency of mental illness diagnoses than those who consumed fewer energy drinks. In contrast, the frequency of most risk behaviors, sleep disturbances, and mental illness diagnoses was not significantly different between the high-end and general population of coffee drinkers. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Students with delayed sleep patterns, mental illness, and higher frequency of substance use and risk behaviors were more likely to be regular energy drink users but not regular coffee drinkers. It is unclear whether the psychoactive content in energy drinks results in different behavioral effects than just caffeine in coffee, and/or different personality/health populations are drawn to the two types of beverages.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"6 2","pages":"73-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892198/pdf/jcr.2015.0027.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34621437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coffee, Genetic Variants, and Parkinson's Disease: Gene-Environment Interactions.","authors":"Naomi Yamada-Fowler,&nbsp;Peter Söderkvist","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2014.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2014.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of gene-environment interactions may help us to understand the disease mechanisms of common and complex diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Sporadic PD, the common form of PD, is thought to be a multifactorial disorder caused by combinations of multiple genetic factors and environmental or life-style exposures. Since one of the most extensively studied life-style factors in PD is coffee/caffeine intake, here, the studies of genetic polymorphisms with life-style interactions of sporadic PD are reviewed, focusing on coffee/caffeine intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"5 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2014.0028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33140776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression and Cognitive Impairment Are Associated with Low Education and Literacy Status and Smoking but Not Caffeine Consumption in Urban African Americans and White Adults.","authors":"Andrew V Kuczmarski,&nbsp;Nancy Cotugna,&nbsp;Marc A Mason,&nbsp;Michele K Evans,&nbsp;Alan B Zonderman","doi":"10.1089/jcr.2014.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2014.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Recent research has linked caffeine consumption with a lower risk for depression and cognitive decline. However, no studies have examined the relationship in an African American compared to a white, socioeconomically diverse representative urban sample. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data from a cross-sectional study were used to determine the associations of caffeine use with depressive symptomatology and cognition in a sample of 1,724 participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. The United States Department of Agriculture's Automated Multiple Pass Method was used by trained interviewers to collect two, in-person 24-hour dietary recalls. Depressive symptoms and global cognition were assessed using two well-validated measures: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Scale (CES-D) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. Usual caffeine intake was based on both recalls. Data were analyzed with <i>t</i>- and chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and ordinal logistic regression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> African Americans consumed significantly less caffeine than did whites (89.0±3.2 and 244.0±8.7 mg respectively). Caffeine consumption was not associated with depressive symptomatology or global cognition. Age, less than 5th grade literacy, and less than high school education were significantly associated with both depressive symptoms and cognitive function. Smokers had a 43% greater risk for depression but only a 3% higher risk for cognitive impairment. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The low level of dietary caffeine intake in combination with smoking among HANDLS study participants may have influenced the lack of association with depressive symptomatology or global cognition. For this sample, low literacy and education appear more highly associated with depressive symptoms and cognitive function than caffeine intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":89685,"journal":{"name":"Journal of caffeine research","volume":"5 1","pages":"31-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/jcr.2014.0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33140777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}