ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2013-01-01Epub Date: 2013-03-07DOI: 10.1155/2013/941269
Benjamin K Hinton, John B Fiveash, Xingen Wu, Michael C Dobelbower, Robert Y Kim, Rojymon Jacob
{"title":"Optimal planning target volume margins for elective pelvic lymphatic radiotherapy in high-risk prostate cancer patients.","authors":"Benjamin K Hinton, John B Fiveash, Xingen Wu, Michael C Dobelbower, Robert Y Kim, Rojymon Jacob","doi":"10.1155/2013/941269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/941269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Purpose. High-risk prostate cancer patients often receive radiotherapy (RT) to pelvic lymphatics (PLs). The aim of this study was to determine the safety margin around clinical target volume for PL (PL-CTV) to construct planning target volume for PL (PL-PTV) and for planning elective PL irradiation. Methods and Materials. Six patients who received RT to PL as part of prostate cancer treatment were identified. To determine average daily shifts of PL, the right and left IVs were contoured at 3 predetermined slices on the daily MV scans and their daily shifts were measured at these 3 levels using a measuring tool. Results. A total of 1,932 observations were made. Daily shifts of IV were random in distribution, and the largest observed shift was 13.6 mm in lateral and 15.4 mm in AP directions. The mean lateral and AP shifts of IV were 2.1 mm (±2.2) and 3.5 mm (±2.7), respectively. The data suggest that AP and lateral margins of 8.9 mm and 6.5 mm are necessary. Conclusions. With daily alignment to the prostate, we recommend an additional PL-CTV to PL-PTV conversion margin of 9 mm (AP) and 7 mm (lateral) to account for daily displacement of PL relative to the prostate.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":" ","pages":"941269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2013/941269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40230012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2013-01-01Epub Date: 2013-02-24DOI: 10.1155/2013/358538
A Azmy, S Abdelwahab, M Yassen
{"title":"Oxaliplatin and Bolus-Modulated 5-Fluorouracil as a Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Can Bolus Regimens Replace FOLFOX When Considered for Second Line?","authors":"A Azmy, S Abdelwahab, M Yassen","doi":"10.1155/2013/358538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/358538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective. Comparing activity of 2 regimens combining oxaliplatin to bolus modulated fluorouracil as second line treatment in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma pretreated with gemcitabine-containing schedule. Methods. Forty eight patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned to receive either FU 500 mg/m(2) IV bolus weekly ×6 weeks plus leucovorin 500 mg/m(2) IV weekly for 6 weeks during each 8-week cycle plus oxaliplatin 85 mg/m(2) IV on weeks 1, 3, and 5 of each 8-week (FLOX) OR receive weekly intravenous infusions of oxaliplatin 40 mg/m(2), 5-FU 500 mg/m(2), and leucovorin 250 mg/m(2) (3 weeks on, 1 week off). Results. Non progression(PR+SD) was found in 33.5% for first regimen and 29% for second regimen, and 37.5% had clinical benefit (FLOX regimen) compared to 50% in 3-weeks regimen. The median TTP was 3.9,4 months respectively. Median OS was 8, 9 months for both regimens. Only one case in 3-weeks arm suffered from grade IV diarrhea. Two cases > grade 2 neutropenia were observed; one in each treatment groups. Grade 3 anemia was recorded in 3 patients (2 in FLOX arm, one in 3-weeks arm). Conclusions. Both regimens showed encouraging efficacy, acceptable toxicity, and clinical benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":" ","pages":"358538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2013/358538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40228973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Real-Time Elastography versus Systematic Prostate Biopsy Method on Cancer Detection Rate in Men with a Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen between 2.5 and 10 ng/mL.","authors":"Gianluigi Taverna, Paola Magnoni, Guido Giusti, Mauro Seveso, Alessio Benetti, Rodolfo Hurle, Piergiuseppe Colombo, Francesco Minuti, Fabio Grizzi, Pierpaolo Graziotti","doi":"10.1155/2013/584672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/584672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The actual gold standard for the diagnosis of prostate cancer includes the serum prostate-specific antigen, the digital rectal examination, and the ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy sampling. In the last years, the real-time elastography has been introduced as an imaging technique to increase the detection rate of prostate cancer and simultaneously reduce the number of biopsies sampled for a single patient. Here, we evaluated a consecutive series of 102 patients with negative digital-rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound, and prostate-specific antigen value ranging between 2.5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, in order to assess the impact of real-time elastography versus the systematic biopsy on the detection of prostate cancer. We found that only 1 out of 102 patients resulted true positive for prostate cancer when analysed with real-time elastography. In the other 6 cases, real-time elastography evidenced areas positive for prostate cancer, although additional neoplastic foci were found using systematic biopsy sampling in areas evidenced by real-time elastography as negative. Although additional studies are necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of this imaging technique, the present study indicates that the limited accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity do not justify the routine application of real-time elastography in prostate cancer detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2013 ","pages":"584672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2013/584672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31231716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-11-29DOI: 10.5402/2012/721612
Alexandra V Sen'kova, Nadezhda L Mironova, Olga A Patutina, Tatyana A Ageeva, Marina A Zenkova
{"title":"The Toxic Effects of Polychemotherapy onto the Liver Are Accelerated by the Upregulated MDR of Lymphosarcoma.","authors":"Alexandra V Sen'kova, Nadezhda L Mironova, Olga A Patutina, Tatyana A Ageeva, Marina A Zenkova","doi":"10.5402/2012/721612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/721612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antitumor therapy of hematological malignancies is impeded due to the high toxicity of polychemotherapy toward liver and increasing multiple drug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells under the pressure of polychemotherapy. These two problems can augment each other and significantly reduce the efficiency of antineoplastic therapy. We studied the combined effect of polychemotherapy and upregulated MDR of lymphosarcoma RLS(40) onto the liver of experimental mice using two treatment schemes. Scheme 1 is artificial: the tumor was subjected to four courses of polychemotherapy while the liver of the tumor-bearing mice was exposed to only one. This was achieved by threefold tumor retransplantation taken from animals subjected to chemotherapy into intact animals. Scheme 2 displays \"real-life\" status of patients with MDR malignancies: both the tumor and the liver of tumor-bearing mice were subjected to three sequential courses of polychemotherapy. Our data show that the strengthening of MDR phenotype of RLS(40) under polychemotherapy and toxic pressure of polychemotherapy itself has a synergistic damaging effect on the liver that is expressed in the accumulation of destructive changes in the liver tissue, the reduction of the regeneration capacity of the liver, and increasing of Pgp expression on the surface of hepatocytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"721612"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/721612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31134003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-05-17DOI: 10.5402/2012/674523
M A Badr, Y A Al-Tonbary, A K Mansour, T H Hassan, M R Beshir, A Darwish, R A El-Ashry
{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics and survival studies of rhabdomyosarcoma in East egypt: a five-year multicenter study.","authors":"M A Badr, Y A Al-Tonbary, A K Mansour, T H Hassan, M R Beshir, A Darwish, R A El-Ashry","doi":"10.5402/2012/674523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/674523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, it represents 5-8% of childhood malignancies. Aim of the Work. To evaluate the epidemiological characteristics and treatment outcome in two pediatric oncology centers. Patients and Method. A retrospective analysis was performed on 41 medical records of children with RMS during 6 years period. Results. The median age of patients was 6 years with 80.4% below 10 years. Head and neck was the most common primary site. Embryonal RMS was the most frequent histopathologic subtype. Stage IV was the most frequent stage. According to IRS postsurgical grouping classification, group 4 was the most frequent group. There was a significant relationship between histopathologic subtypes of tumor and metastasis, primary site of tumor and histopathologic subtype, age, metastasis, IRS presurgical stage and IRS postsurgical group and outcome. The overall survival rate was 56.9% ± 8.4 and the failure free survival rate was 68.3% ± 7.6. Conclusion. The epidemiological characteristics of our patients are quite near to the worldwide data, apart from the higher prevalence of stage IV and group 4 with most of the primary tumor site in the extremities. CWS2002 protocol of therapy had led to improvement in the curability of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"674523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/674523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30672882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-03-26DOI: 10.5402/2012/638352
Ewa Kopczyńska, Maciej Dancewicz, Janusz Kowalewski, Roman Makarewicz, Hanna Kardymowicz, Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Tyrakowski
{"title":"Time-dependent changes of plasma concentrations of angiopoietins, vascular endothelial growth factor, and soluble forms of their receptors in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients following surgical resection.","authors":"Ewa Kopczyńska, Maciej Dancewicz, Janusz Kowalewski, Roman Makarewicz, Hanna Kardymowicz, Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Tyrakowski","doi":"10.5402/2012/638352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/638352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even when patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer undergo surgical resection at an early stage, recurrent disease often impairs the clinical outcome. There are numerous causes potentially responsible for a relapse of the disease, one of them being extensive angiogenesis. The balance of at least two systems, VEGF VEGFR and Ang Tie, regulates vessel formation. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of surgery on the plasma levels of the main angiogenic factors during the first month after surgery in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. The study group consisted of 37 patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. Plasma concentrations of Ang1, Ang2, sTie2, VEGF, and sVEGF R1 were evaluated by ELISA three times: before surgical resection and on postoperative days 7 and 30. The median of Ang2 and VEGF concentrations increased on postoperative day 7 and decreased on day 30. On the other hand, the concentration of sTie2 decreased on the 7th day after resection and did not change statistically later on. The concentrations of Ang1 and sVEGF R1 did not change after the surgery. Lung cancer resection results in proangiogenic plasma protein changes that may stimulate tumor recurrences and metastases after early resection.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"638352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/638352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30588109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-08-17DOI: 10.5402/2012/912642
Philip James, Anthony Glackin, Alan Doherty
{"title":"Safe removal of the urethral catheter 2 days following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.","authors":"Philip James, Anthony Glackin, Alan Doherty","doi":"10.5402/2012/912642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/912642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Purpose. To assess the risks and benefits of early urethral catheter removal following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Materials and Methods. Between June 2009 and April 2011, 114 patients underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Candidates for early removal of the urethral catheter were selected intraoperatively on the basis of the integrity of the vesicourethral anastamosis and the ease of recatheterisation. In the selected cohort of patients, the urethral catheter was removed at day 2. Recatheterisation rates within this group were recorded and analysed. Results. Of the 114 patients who underwent laparoscopic prostatectomy, 64 (56%) were deemed suitable for removal of catheter on second postoperative day prior to discharge. The first 20 patients selected for early removal of urethral catheter were covered with a suprapubic catheter inserted at the time of surgery. Out of 64 patients deemed suitable for early removal of urethral catheter, 53 (83%) were able to pass urine without complication. 11 patients (17%) developed urinary retention that necessitated recatheterisation. In all cases, reinsertion of catheter was performed easily and successfully without the need for cystoscopic guidance or adjuncts. Conclusions. Removal of the urethral catheter at day 2 following laparoscopic prostatectomy is a safe procedure in carefully selected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"912642"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/912642","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30889497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-06-07DOI: 10.5402/2012/546927
D Dewing, M Emmett, R Pritchard Jones
{"title":"The Roles of Angiogenesis in Malignant Melanoma: Trends in Basic Science Research over the Last 100 Years.","authors":"D Dewing, M Emmett, R Pritchard Jones","doi":"10.5402/2012/546927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/546927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood vessels arose during evolution carrying oxygen and nutrients to distant organs via complex networks of blood vessels penetrating organs and tissues. Mammalian cells require oxygen and nutrients for survival, of which oxygen has a diffusion limit of 100 to 200 μm between cell and blood vessel. For growth beyond this margin, cells must recruit new blood vessels, first by vasculogenesis, where embryonic vessels form from endothelial precursors, then angiogenesis which is the sprouting of interstitial tissue columns into the lumen of preexisting blood vessels. Angiogenesis occurs in many inflammatory diseases and in many malignant disease states, including over 90% of solid tumours. Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most lethal skin cancer, highly angiogenic, highly metastatic, and refractory to all treatments. Raised serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) strongly correlate MM disease progression and poor prognosis. Melanoma cells secrete several proangiogenic cytokines including VEGF-A, fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), platelet growth factor (PGF-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and transforming growth factor (TGF-1) that modulate the angiogenic switch, changing expression levels during tumour transition from radial to invasive vertical and then metastatic growth. We highlight modern and historical lines of research and development that are driving this exciting area of research currently.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"546927"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/546927","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30707571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-05-06DOI: 10.5402/2012/756591
Alice Dewdney, Sheela Rao
{"title":"Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: time for a shift in the treatment paradigm?","authors":"Alice Dewdney, Sheela Rao","doi":"10.5402/2012/756591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/756591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anal cancers are rare tumours; however, the incidence is increasing in both men and women. Changing trends in sexual behaviour, smoking, and infection with the human papillomavirus are thought to be responsible for the increase. Patients with metastatic disease have a poor prognosis, with 5-year median overall survival rates of 10% in men and 20% in women. The standard systemic treatment of metastatic disease remains cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, and aside from several non-randomised small phase II trials there has been no real progress over the past two decades. Based on the efficacy of cetuximab in squamous cell carcinomas from other primary sites, there appears to be clinical rationale for evaluation of anti-epidermal growth factor inhibitors in anal squamous cell carcinoma. In order to facilitate research and implement more effective treatment strategies international collaboration in clinical trials incorporating tissue collection for biomarkers is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"756591"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/756591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30638364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ISRN oncologyPub Date : 2012-01-01Epub Date: 2012-08-08DOI: 10.5402/2012/392647
M H Cruz, A Sidén, G M Calaf, Z M Delwar, J S Yakisich
{"title":"The stemness phenotype model.","authors":"M H Cruz, A Sidén, G M Calaf, Z M Delwar, J S Yakisich","doi":"10.5402/2012/392647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/392647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The identification of a fraction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) associated with resistance to chemotherapy in most solid tumors leads to the dogma that eliminating this fraction will cure cancer. Experimental data has challenged this simplistic and optimistic model. Opposite to the classical cancer stem cell model, we introduced the stemness phenotype model (SPM), which proposed that all glioma cells possess stem cell properties and that the stemness is modulated by the microenvironment. A key prediction of the SPM is that to cure gliomas all gliomas cells (CSCs and non-CSCs) should be eliminated at once. Other theories closely resembling the SPM and its predictions have recently been proposed, suggesting that the SPM may be a useful model for other type of tumors. Here, we review data from other tumors that strongly support the concepts of the SPM applied to gliomas. We include data related to: (1) the presence of a rare but constant fraction of CSCs in established cancer cell lines, (2) the clonal origin of cancer, (3) the symmetrical division, (4) the ability of \"non-CSCs\" to generate \"CSCs,\" and (5) the effect of the microenvironment on cancer stemness. The aforenamed issues that decisively supported the SPM proposed for gliomas can also be applied to breast, lung, prostate cancer, and melanoma and perhaps other tumors in general. If the glioma SPM is correct and can be extrapolated to other types of cancer, it will have profound implications in the development of novel modalities for cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":89399,"journal":{"name":"ISRN oncology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"392647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5402/2012/392647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30862187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}