Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"The Transcription Regulator Krüppel-Like Factor 4 and Its Dual Roles of Oncogene in Glioblastoma and Tumor Suppressor in Neuroblastoma.","authors":"Swapan K Ray","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016017227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016017227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Krüppel-like factor 4</i> (<i>KLF4</i>) gene is located on chromosome 9q31. All of the currently known 17 KLF transcription regulators that have similarity with members of the specificity protein family are distinctly characterized by the Cys₂/His₂ zinc finger motifs at their carboxyl terminals for preferential binding to the GC/GT box or the CACCC element of the gene promoter and enhancer regions. KLF4 is a transcriptional regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, emphasizing its importance in diagnosis and prognosis of particular tumors. KLF4 has been implicated in tumor progression as well as in tumor suppression, depending on tumor types and contexts. Different studies so far strongly suggest that KLF4 acts as an oncogene in glioblastoma, which is the most malignant and prevalent brain tumor in human adult. It is now well established that the presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in glioblastoma causes therapy resistance and progressive growth of the tumor. Because KLF4 is one of the key stemness factors in GSCs, it is likely that KLF4 contributes significantly to the survival of GSCs and the recurrence of glioblastoma. On the other hand, recent studies show that KLF4 can act as a tumor suppressor in human malignant neuroblastoma, which is a deadly tumor mostly in children, by inhibiting the cell cycle and activating the cell differentiation and death pathways. Our increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the contrasting roles of KLF4 in glioblastoma and neuroblastoma is useful for superior diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of these tumors of the nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"127-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5423539/pdf/nihms853333.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34989057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotics and Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Premature Infants.","authors":"Mark A Underwood","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016018178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016018178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Premature infants are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis. Probiotics decrease the risk of NEC and death in premature infants; however, mechanisms of action are unclear. A wide variety of probiotic species have been evaluated for potential beneficial properties in vitro, in animal models, and in clinical trials of premature infants. Although there is variation by species and even strain, common mechanisms of protection include attenuation of intestinal inflammation, apoptosis, dysmotility, permeability, supplanting other gut microbes through production of bacteriocins, and more effective use of available nutrients. Here, we review the most promising probiotics and what is known about their impact on the innate and adaptive immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5619700/pdf/nihms853331.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35562670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Are There Two Genetically Distinct Syphilis-Causing Strains?","authors":"D. Šmajs, L. Mikalová, M. Strouhal, L. Grillová","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2017020184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2017020184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 1","pages":"181-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota: Potential Impact on Chemotherapy-Related Adverse and Therapeutic Effects","authors":"Y. Touchefeu, M. Salimon, E. Montassier","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the VlsE Lipoprotein in Immune Avoidance by the Lyme Disease Spirochete <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>.","authors":"Troy Bankhead","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2017019625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2017019625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> is the causative bacterial agent of Lyme disease, the most prevalent tick-borne infection in North America. The ability of <i>B. burgdorferi</i> to cause disease is highly dependent on its capacity to evade the immune response during infection of the mammalian host. One of the ways in which <i>B. burgdorferi</i> is known to evade the immune response is antigenic variation of the variable major protein (VMP)-like sequence (Vls) E lipoprotein. Past research involving the <i>B. burgdorferi</i> antigenic variation system has implicated a gene-conversion mechanism for <i>vlsE</i> recombination, analyzed the long-term dynamic changes occurring within VlsE, and established the critical importance of antigenic variation for persistent infection of the mammalian host. However, a role for the VlsE protein other than providing an antigenic disguise is currently unknown, but it has been proposed that the protein may function in other forms of immune evasion. Although a substantial number of additional proteins reside on the bacterial surface, VlsE is the only known antigen that exhibits ongoing variation of its surface epitopes. This suggests that <i>B. burgdorferi</i> may use a VlsE-mediated system for immune avoidance of its surface antigens. Several recent experimental studies involving host reinfection, superinfection, and the importance of VlsE antigenic variation during the pathogen's enzootic cycle have been used to address this question. Here, the cumulative results from these studies are reviewed, and the knowledge gaps that remain regarding the role of VlsE for immune avoidance are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"191-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986088/pdf/nihms970535.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36199569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Complex Analysis in Active Lyme Disease","authors":"S. Schutzer, P. Coyle","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2017019621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2017019621","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 1","pages":"213-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunopathology of Experimental Models of Syphilis, Influenza, and Asthma.","authors":"Stewart Sell","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2017020136","DOIUrl":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2017020136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction of immunopathologic reaction classification in the 1960s led to a major advance in understanding immune effector mechanisms and how lesions of immunopathologic diseases developed. In this article, immunopathologic mechanisms are presented for experimental models of syphilis, influenza, and asthma. The chancre of syphilis is a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction that is initiated by sensitized T cells that activate macrophages to phagocytose and kill the infecting organism, <i>Treponema pallidum</i>, in interstitial tissues. The primary immune effector mechanism in experimental influenza is T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity that kills infected epithelial cells, bronchial lining cells, and Type-II pneumocytes, in a manner similar to viral exanthema. The bronchial lesions of the experimental model of asthma in mice are preceded by an immune complex vasculitis and not an immunoglobulin E-mediated mast cell mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"225-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985826/pdf/nihms970538.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36199571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface: Probiotics and Immunity","authors":"B. Bonavida","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018171","url":null,"abstract":"The human gut is hosted by microbial communities or microbiota that consist of approximately 1014 bacteria that evolve to establish a symbiotic relationship with the human host in the regulation of physiological homeostasis. The functions of microbiota are numerous and diverse and include the synthesis of amino acids and vitamins, energy extraction from nonabsorbable nutrients, and action against pathogens. In addition, and most importantly, this special symbiotic relationship is critical in its participation of the initiation of both innate and adaptive immunities against foreign pathogens. Several reports and reviews have been published regarding the important role of the microbiota in maintaining the balance between a healthy environment and a diseased environment. Changes in the composition of gut microbiota have been reported to be associated with several clinical conditions including obesity, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and anergy, acute and chronic intestinal inflammation, uncontrolled bowel syndrome, allergic gastroenteritis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Modulations of gut microbiota with probiotics have been suggested to be treatments/preventions for different disorders. Probiotics have been defined as viable microbial species that can be ingested for the purpose of altering the gastrointestinal flora in a manner that can provide health benefits. This special section’s content is very restricted and primarily illustrates a few examples of probiotics and immunity. The various chapters list several reviews in the literature on the same subject. Underwood’s Probiotics and Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Premature Infants reviews the findings that show that some premature infants experience necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis that can lead to increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Consumption of probiotics by premature infants reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and death. Although these findings are encouraging, the mechanisms involved are not known. Dr. Underwood reviews the variety of probiotic species that have been cited for their clinical benefits to premature infants, and it appears that probiotics alter intestinal inflammation dysmobility and permeability and introduce different gut microbes for better use of nutrients. He also discusses the role of probiotics in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Goyal and colleagues’ Probiotics in Human Health reviews the reported beneficial effects of probiotics in human health based on the composition of the bacterial species. They discuss the benefits of probiotics in the preparation of vaccines because they improve both humoral and cellular immunities. These authors also review the adjuvanticity of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This chapter is an overview updating advances that have been reported regarding the beneficial applications of probiotics in health. Touchefeu et al.’s Gut Microbiota: Potent","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREFACE: Contrasting Roles of KLF4 as an Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor","authors":"B. Bonavida, M. Vega","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018172","url":null,"abstract":"The highly focused special section on the contrasting roles of the transcription factor KLF4 as either a tumor suppressor or oncogene in various cancers has been a challenge regarding the underlying mechanisms of those contrasting activities and their implications as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets. KLF4 is also a pleiotropic gene product that has been reported to have an important role in cancer stem cells. This issue consists of eight chapters that deal specifically with the various parts that KLF4 plays in many cancers and provides a general overview of its clinical significance. Walden Ai’s Role of Immune-Cell–Expressing Kruppel-Like Factor 4 in Cancer Development reviews the roles and functions of KLF4 in both immune cells and cancer stem cells. The correlation between KLF4 expression and its action as an oncogene or tumor suppressor was suggested to be a result of the existence of KLF4 isoforms and that the ratios of expression levels of the different isoforms may dictate the outcome in tumor development. In addition, Dr. Ai suggests that the role of KL4 as an oncogene or tumor suppressor may also relate to the differentiation of the cancer epithelial cells. Additional studies also revealed that immune cells that also express KLF4 contribute to tumor development. Moyal et al.’s Identification of the Alternating Oncogenic and Tumor-Suppressor Activities of Kruppel-Like Factor 4 in Various Human Cancers reports on the classification of the majority of cancers whose KLF4 expression levels correlate with either tumor suppressor or oncogenic properties. The analysis was a composite of bioinformatics data on mRNA levels of KLF4 as well as literature-reported data on KLF4 protein expression in various cancers. The analyses indicated that in the majority of cancers, KLF4 was overexpressed and acted as an oncogene, whereas in a minority of cancers, KLF4 levels were low, thus acting as a tumor suppressor. The data analyses provided new insights into the role of KLF4 as a potential prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target that uses agents that either activate or repress KLF4, depending on its activity as a tumor suppressor or oncogene, respectively. Yang and Zheng’s Dual Roles of KLF4 as a Tumor Suppressor or Oncogene discusses the duality of KLF4 as a tumor suppressor or oncogene and the possible role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) as a possible gene product that is involved in switching the functions of KLF-mediated signaling, resulting in KLF4 behaving as a tumor suppressor or oncogene. They also suggest the potential role of inactivating KLF4 as a new therapeutic. Wottrich and Bonavida’s Regulation of the Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype by Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein Via Its Association with Kruppel-Like Factor 4 reports on the linkage between KLF4 and Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) expressions in cancers and, particularly, in cancer stem cells. A detailed analysis is presented on the interrelationship between KLF4 ","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"20 1","pages":"57-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016018172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Infection and Inflammatory Diseases.","authors":"Rebecca A Porritt,&nbsp;Timothy R Crother","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2017020161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2017020161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i>, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, has long been investigated as a potential developmental or exacerbating factor in various pathologies. Its unique lifestyle and ability to disseminate throughout the host while persisting in relative safety from the immune response has placed this obligate intracellular pathogen in the crosshairs as a potentially mitigating factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. Many animal model and human correlative studies have been performed to confirm or deny a role for <i>C. pneumoniae</i> infection in these disorders. In some cases, antibiotic clinical trials were conducted to prove a link between bacterial infections and atherosclerosis. In this review, we detail the latest information regarding the potential role that <i>C. pneumoniae</i> infection may have in chronic inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"237-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6345537/pdf/nihms-1007353.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36892042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}