Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews最新文献_第3页

5-Aminolevulinic Acid: Production by Fermentation, and Agricultural and Biomedical Applications 5-氨基乙酰丙酸:发酵生产及农业和生物医学应用

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648012

S. Nishikawa, Y. Murooka

{"title":"5-Aminolevulinic Acid: Production by Fermentation, and Agricultural and Biomedical Applications","authors":"S. Nishikawa, Y. Murooka","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648012","url":null,"abstract":"5-Alninolevulinic acid (ALA) is knovn as a C0l11ffiOIl precursor of tetrapyrrole C0111pounds (e.g. chlorophyll, henle and vitamin Bl~) in all living organisJns (Figure 7. I). ALA has the potential to be widely used as a biodegradable herbicide (Rebeiz et al., 1984), insecticide (Rebeiz et ai., 1988), and in photodynanlic cancer therapy (Kennedy el al., 1990). Recently, Hotta et al. (1997) have reported that a low level of ALA stitnulates plant growth and increases the yields of several crops. ALA also has potential for LIse as an active substrate for the chemical synthesis of nlaterials. For these reasons, a nunlber of ALA production nlethods have been developed. ALA has been synthesized chenlically via selective reduction of acyl cyanides (Pfaltz and Anvar~ 1984) or via dye-sensitized oxygenation ofN-furfurylphthalilnide (Takeya et al., 1989) (Figure 7.2). However, the chenlical synthesis of ALA requires at least four reaction steps and the yield is less than 60%. The high cost ofproductlon of ALA has thus far limited its cOlunlcrcia) utilization. Microorganisills such as Clostridhl111 thernlO{lCeticul1l (Koesnandar et al., 1989), methanogens (Lin et al., 1989), Chlorella spp. (Sasaki et al., 1995: Ano et al., 1999, 20(0). and photosynthetic bacteria (van der Mariet and Zeikus., ]996; Sasaki et al., 1989, 1990, 1993., 1995; Tanaka el al., 1991, 1994a,b) produce ALA in considerable anlounts. The ALA production by photosynthetic bacteria, hovever, requires light illll1nination and has been found to be sensitive to aeration. A crude extract froln","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"149 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78284447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Genetic Improvement of Iron Content and Stress Adaptation in Plants Using Ferritin Gene 利用铁蛋白基因改良植物铁含量及逆境适应性

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2001.10648019

F. Goto, T. Yoshihara, T. Masuda, F. Takaiwa

{"title":"Genetic Improvement of Iron Content and Stress Adaptation in Plants Using Ferritin Gene","authors":"F. Goto, T. Yoshihara, T. Masuda, F. Takaiwa","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2001.10648019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2001.10648019","url":null,"abstract":"Iron deficiency resulting from an inadequate diet is a serious nutritional problem. Anaemia derived from iron deficiency causes a host of illnesses, including abortion, brain damage in infants, increased susceptibility to infection, and chronic exhaustion (Baynes and Bothwell, 1990). An estimated 30% of the world's population suffer from some level of iron deficiency, with the highest prevalence found in the developing countries. On the contrary, iron intake by people in developed countries is adequate, and the prevalence of iron deficiency is decreasing. However, anaemia derived from iron deficiency in Japanese females is a concern, and its incidence has remained constant in recent years. There are two approaches to overcome the iron deficiency: one is supplementation of iron to dairy diets, and another is fortification using biological methods. Although supplements added to food or taken in tablet form are effective in preventing and controlling iron deficiency t such treatments are difficult to implement in developing countries because of the associated high costs and lack of primary health care programmes. The other approach is the fortification using biological methods, and there are two ways. The first way is to increase the iron concentration of the hydroponic culture media or soil. This method is costly and cannot accumulate iron to a desirable part of the plant. The second way is to improve the iron content in crops genetically. This way seems better than the first one. This is","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":"351 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90099058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Emerging Strategies for the Chemical Treatment of Microbial Biofilms 微生物生物膜化学处理的新策略

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647995

A. McBain, D. Allison, P. Gilbert

{"title":"Emerging Strategies for the Chemical Treatment of Microbial Biofilms","authors":"A. McBain, D. Allison, P. Gilbert","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647995","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, several strategies have been proposed for the control of surfaceassociated tnicrobial populations. Physical methods, including electrification, ultrasonication, application of ablative laser light and mechanical cleaning or scraping are generally effective at removing sutface growth. Chemical control methods, on the other hand, are often ineffective. This has led to a notorious association of biofilms with resistance towards antibiotics, biocides and disinfectants. In such respects, reaction-diffusion limitation of the passage of oxidizing biocides and antibiotics, across biofilms aided by the presence ofextracellular enzymes often causes the failure of such agents to sanitize contaminated surfaces. Deep-lying cells within biofilms are often also severely nutrientand oxygen..litnited, causing the expression of starvation phenotypes, which include multi-drug efflux pumps and enhanced exopolylner synthesis. During exposure to antimicrobial agents, these slow growing organislns1 being exposed to sub-lethal levels of agent, will generaHy out-survive their less nutrient-depleted congeners. This Inay well enrich the population for drug resistant phenotypes and genotypes during the post...treatment phase. Emerging biofihn treatment methodologies are based 011 our knowledge of biofilm physiology and resistance mechanisms. For example, in an attempt to prevent early colonization of surfaces and in order to overcome reaction..diffusion limitation, treatnlent agents may be coated onto or incorporated into the substrate to be protected. More sophisticated approaches have been developed, with varying success, that deploy erodable~ biocide-containing coatings. Erosion, in this instance being intended to purge the surface of attached bacteria and cellular debris. At the vanguard of emerging control strategies are surface-catalyzed hygiene and anti cell-cell signalling chemicals.","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":"267 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87462877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 24

On-Line, Real-Time Measurements of Cellular Biomass using Dielectric Spectroscopy 在线，实时测量细胞生物量使用介电光谱

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647986

J. Yardley, D. Kell, J. Barrett, C. Davey

{"title":"On-Line, Real-Time Measurements of Cellular Biomass using Dielectric Spectroscopy","authors":"J. Yardley, D. Kell, J. Barrett, C. Davey","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647986","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction All else being equal, the productivity of a biological process is determined by the quantity of biomass present. There is therefore a major requirement for the accurate measurement and control of the biomass within fermentors, at both laboratory and industrial scales. Presently the range of sensors available that can be used in situ and reliably for the monitoring and regulation of biotechnological processes in general is rather limited. These sensors normally rely upon physical (e.g. optical, mechanical and electrical) or chemical variables (e.g. pH and concentration) rather than biological ones per se (Sarra et al., 1996; Pons, 1991). However only physical methods allow the on-line, real-time estimation of biomass (Harris and Kell, 1985). As well as physical methods, any easily determinable chemical that is produced or consumed by cells at an essentially constant rate during cell growth may also be used to assess biomass, e.g. carbon dioxide evolution and oxygen consumption. In these indirect methods biomass is then calculated based upon mass balances, stoichiometric relationships or empirical constants. However, this type of approach has the great disadvantage that it does not generally discriminate between biomass and necromass (Kell et al., 1990). Even if biomass was easily measurable there is still the question of what is biologically relevant information for fermentation control and how can one define and quantify it (e.g. metabolism, viability, vitality, morphology) (Kell et al., 1987; Kell, 1987a;","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":"3 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80549582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 96

Modulation of Intestinal Permeability: A Novel and Innovative Approach for the Oral Delivery of Drugs, Macromolecules and Antigens 肠通透性调节:药物、大分子和抗原口服递送的新方法

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10648001

T. Watts, A. Fasano

{"title":"Modulation of Intestinal Permeability: A Novel and Innovative Approach for the Oral Delivery of Drugs, Macromolecules and Antigens","authors":"T. Watts, A. Fasano","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10648001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10648001","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few years, we have witnessed an explosion in research aimed at creating new oral drug delivery systelns. This research has been fuelled by unprecedented challenges, such as the need to deliver newer and more complex dnlgs (such as proteins, hormones, etc.) that are becoming available through genetic engineering. Consequently, the need has arisen for further investigation into utilizing the intestine as a pritne site for targeting the absorption on these new compounds. One potential and attractive JnechaniSlll would be to exploit avenues that increase intestinal peJmeability. Theoretically, three transepitheJiaJ pathways are available for the passage of nlolecules fronl the intestinal lumen into the bloodstreanl (Figure 16.1): ( I) transcellular (ie through the cell) canier-mediated active or facil itated transport; (2) transcellular passive transport; and (3) paracellu]ur (ie between adjacent cells) transport With the exception of those molecules that are transported by active or facilitated transcellular mechanisms, the absorption of large hydrophilic macromolecules is mainly lim.ited to the paraceUular pathway (Lee et al., 1991). Under normal conditions, however, this pathway is restricted to molecules with molecular radii < II Angstroms and, therefore, is not accessible to large compounds. To overconle the intestinal barrier, several strategies have been developed to target either the transcellular or the paracellular pathway for drug delivery. The nlost","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":"433 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88422017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Human Mitochondrial Genetics 人类线粒体遗传学

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647991

L. Tully, B. Levin

引用次数: 6

Production of Active Mammalian and Viral Proteases in Bacterial Expression Systems 细菌表达系统中活性哺乳动物和病毒蛋白酶的产生

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647993

Lilia M. Babél, Christopher J. Linneversl, B. Schmidt

{"title":"Production of Active Mammalian and Viral Proteases in Bacterial Expression Systems","authors":"Lilia M. Babél, Christopher J. Linneversl, B. Schmidt","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647993","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian endopeptidases and exopeptidases participate in a wide variety of cellular processes. They are responsible for the relatively non-specific degradation of proteins targeted for digestion or recycling, and they also perform highly specific single-site cleavages necessary for the activation or inactivation of functional proteins and peptides. Likewise, numerous viruses that infect mammalian cells utilize virusencoded proteases to regulate their replication cycle. Malnmalian proteases are expressed as enzymatically inactive zymogens requiring specific coor post-translational processing by self or other proteases. Virus...encoded proteases are expressed as part of viral polyproteins that also require specific autoprocessing to release the fully active protease. Thus, the sanle theme is used, where structural motifs prevent the enzyme from being active before the appropriate time and place, and catalytic proficiency is regulated by the formation of the active protease (Babe and Craik, 1997). This theme must be kept in mind when designing heterologous expression systems for mammalian and viral proteases to ensure the production of active or activatable enzymes. Advances in the study of proteases in the past two decades have been largely dependent on the ability of researchers to produce significant quantities of pure enzymes. Generally, recombinant gene expression systems have been used to accomplish this task, especially for proteases that are naturally produced in very limited amounts. Heterologous expression systems also have the advantage of being able to produce variant proteases at will, allowing the study of structure-function relationships and modifications of their properties. In addition to basic research, the production of recolnbinant proteases has been crucial to the development of cOlnmercial products. For example, recombinant bovine chyl11osin. an aspaitic protease, is used in the manufacture of cheese, while","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"103 1","pages":"213 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85838711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Tools for Molecular Genetic Epidemiology: A Comparison of MADGE Methodology with Other Systems 分子遗传流行病学的工具:MADGE方法与其他系统的比较

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647988

J. Holloway, S. Ye, I. Day

{"title":"Tools for Molecular Genetic Epidemiology: A Comparison of MADGE Methodology with Other Systems","authors":"J. Holloway, S. Ye, I. Day","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647988","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of susceptibility loci for complex genetic diseases has become the focus of much activity in recent years. A key to the successful analysis of these disorders is the analysis of many single nucleotide polymotphisms (SNPs) in extensive population samples to identify DNA variants that are risk factors. As a result, efficient costeffective methods are required for the typing of SNPs. In this review we present an overview of one such method, Microplate-Array Diagonal Gel Electrophoresis (MADGE), and compare it with a number of other methodologies for high throughput SNP typing In disease gene mapping, an essential role is played by the typing of polymorphism between individuals. In the characterization of etiological genetic sites for polygenic disease traits, due to the nature of the genetic contribution to the disease, and thus to the methods of analysis, the number of polymorphic loci needing to be typed is extremely large. Common polymorphism is likely to underpin many common disease susceptibilities. Either guided by linkage studies or by functional hypotheses concerning specific genes, genetic variation in specific genes is examined by association either in family-based or case-control designs (Weeks and Lathrop, 1995). There are two main limitations in the analysis of genetic susceptibility to common disease. The first is that for complex diseases, which have multiple disease-causing","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":"71 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88159699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The p53 Tumour Suppressor Protein p53肿瘤抑制蛋白

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647992

E. Hickman, K. Helin

{"title":"The p53 Tumour Suppressor Protein","authors":"E. Hickman, K. Helin","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647992","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a genetic disease dependent upon the accumulation of mutations within the genes that control cellular proliferation. Mutations may arise, either as a consequence of errors made during DNA replication, or after exposure to physical or chemical mutagens. DNA damaging agents, such as the oxygen free radicals produced by the mitochondria during respiration, are continually generated as a result of normal cellular activity (Kaufmann and Paules, 1996). Disruption of the genes responsible for cell growth regulation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), differentiation and motility may contribute to tumour formation, either promoting unrestrained cell division or allowing inappropriate cell survival. The earliest studies revealed that tumours contain gain-of-function mutations within genes that normally signal cell division under specific growth conditions. The products of these genes are often components of the signal transduction pathways that are either overexpressed or expressed as overactive mutant proteins (Cantley et al., 1991). The constitutive activation of these pathways favours proliferation under conditions that would otherwise be growth prohibitive. However, it is clear that a single oncogenic mutation is insufficient to induce the formation of a tumour. The creation of artificial tumour cell lines by exogenous expression of oncogenes has demonstrated that at least four growth regulatory pathways must be disrupted to enable tumourigenic conversion of primary cells (Hahn et al., 1999). The requirement for additional mutations is explained, at least in part, by the existence of cell cycle checkpoints that have evolved to protect multicellular organisms against tumourigenesis. It is now clear that these checkpoints are governed by a second class of genes, the tumour suppressor genes, which repress cellular proliferation and which are frequently mutated in tumours. In normal tissues, the growth restraint exerted by the tumour suppressor gene products","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":"179 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87750052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Metabolic Engineering of Plant Cells in a Space Environment 空间环境下植物细胞代谢工程

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647998

D. Durzan

{"title":"Metabolic Engineering of Plant Cells in a Space Environment","authors":"D. Durzan","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10647998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10647998","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic engineering aims to optimize yields of comlnercially valuable products by controlling enzymatic, transport, and cell regulatory functions by indirect or direct genetic intervention. Many natural products from plants on earth are now being metabolically engineered (eg Grotewold et al., 1998; Knauf, 1998; Gnlys et al., 1998). While large-scale culture is technically feasible (Verpoorte el al., 1998), plant cell bioreactors have historically given ecollotnically low and unreliable yields (Alfermann and Petersen, 1995; Fowler, 1988). Shikonin and berberine (Fujita, 1988) raised hopes for products that were eventually not commercially sustainable. The recovery of products froln vacuoles requires harvesting and disruption of cells. Processes are sought where products are released directly into the culture medium. Slow growth and low product levels are major constraints. Space environments offer new opportunities for the metabolic engineering of plant cells. Bioreactor process controls will differ significantly from production facilities on earth because of constraints in gravitational fields, the increased use of small modular designs, and physical Iinlitations to downstream processing capabilities. For the International Space Station (ISS), spacecraft construction and maintenance of crew support systems will initially limit the time for basic and applied research. This review evaluates factors for the development and testing of lTIodels for drug producing plant cells, given the constraints of space environlnents. Mission priorities are given","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"31 1","pages":"353 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81894960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7