G. Adams, Jan Clark, T. Sahota, S. Tanna, M. Taylor
{"title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery","authors":"G. Adams, Jan Clark, T. Sahota, S. Tanna, M. Taylor","doi":"10.1080/02648725.2000.10648002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2000.10648002","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is presently one of the major health problems of the European and North American continents affecting at least 6% of the population. Of these, about 10% suffer from type 1, insulin-dependent disease. Diabetes, whether insulindependent or not, is a leading cause of death in developed countries (Cotran et al., 1994; McGee et al., 1992). In 1985 the World Health Organization (WHO, 1985) expert committee on diabetes defined this disease as a state of chronic hyperglycaemia, that is to say, the state of having an excessive concentration of glucose in the blood. The causes of hyperglycaemia are insulin deficiency or ineffectiveness, which leads to defective carbohydrate utilization and resultant aberrations in lipid and protein metabolism. The clinical manifestations of a patient presenting with this disease are thirst, hunger, fatigue and glucose in the urine. Depending on the stage and type, this may progress to stupor, coma and death. The symptoms may be less evident in type 2 patients in whom the secondary complications of diabetes may give rise to the presenting symptoms. The incidence of diabetes is rising sharply worldwide (Amos et al., 1997) but this is a disease that has affected man for millennia, the symptoms being described in the Ebers Papyrus of Egypt which date back to 1550 B.C. In about 200 AD., Aretaeus of Cappadocia named the disease diabetes, the Greek word meaning to flow through a siphon (Pickup and Williams, 1997). Aretaeus described diabetes as leading to a ’moist and cold wasting of the flesh and limbs into urine’. He described the disease as chronic in character, and slowly engendered, though the patient ’does not survive long when it is completely established, for the marasmus produced is rapid and death speedy’. In the 6th century, Hindu physicians recognized that the urine from the","PeriodicalId":8931,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":"455 - 496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85265910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}