Biomedical Reviews最新文献_第4页

Immunity and resistance to cryptosporidiosis: the intricate ways of an enigmatic parasitosis 对隐孢子虫病的免疫和抵抗:一种神秘寄生虫病的复杂方式

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.14748/bmr.v30.6386

K. Stoyanova, S. Pavlov

{"title":"Immunity and resistance to cryptosporidiosis: the intricate ways of an enigmatic parasitosis","authors":"K. Stoyanova, S. Pavlov","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v30.6386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v30.6386","url":null,"abstract":"Genus Cryptosporidium includes around 30 known apicomplexan parasitic species which infect the gastrointestinal tract and rarely the respiratory system of more than 300 vertebrate animals. The immune response against infection by Cryptosporidium spp. includes all strata of innate and adaptive immunity with differences in their significance. The mucosal immunity, expressed predominantly by the “sentinel” role of epitheliocytes, is fundamental to the resistance against an infection (mainly via activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signalling axis). The vast array of epithelial chemokines and cytokines initiate the local inflammatory processes, attract effector cells and may directly suppress the parasite adhesion. The second line of defence includes IFN-γ-production by the NK cells in combination with their innate cytotoxicity against the parasite and the infected epitheliocytes. The adaptive immunity against the parasite depends predominantly on cytotoxic CD4+ Th1-lymphocytes, which makes IFN-γ central to the acquired response too. CD8+ cells aid to some extent the activity of Th1-cells but their involvement is not decisive. While Cryptosporidium infection elicits the synthesis of specific serum and mucosal antibodies, the humoral immunity is of minor importance. In immunocompromised hosts, infants and malnourished children, the mild and usually self-limiting infection can become life-threatening or take a chronic course. It is the second leading cause of fatal diarrhoea in children and one of the major opportunistic pathogens in the continually expanding group of patients with immunodeficiencies and systemic chronic diseases. Unravelling the mechanisms of resistance against Cryptosporidium infection is fundamental for the successful prevention of the disease. Biomed Rev 2019;30:37-48","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82391696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

2020: murburn concept heralds a new era in cellular bioenergetics 2020年:默本概念预示着细胞生物能量学的新时代

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.14748/bmr.v30.6390

D. A. Gideon, Vivian David Jacob, K. Manoj

{"title":"2020: murburn concept heralds a new era in cellular bioenergetics","authors":"D. A. Gideon, Vivian David Jacob, K. Manoj","doi":"10.14748/bmr.v30.6390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/bmr.v30.6390","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular bioenergetics has been interpreted for several decades using the Keilin-Mitchell-Boyer (KMB) model of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), and for understanding/managing of the pertinent mitochondrial pathophysiological states. Although decades of research had revealed many faulty chemico-physical aspects of KMB perspective, recent critical insights from our group’s writings have sufficiently brought out the errors in the KMB model, rendering it obsolete/redundant. The murburn model proposed in lieu is a compelling alternative for explaining OxPhos because it reasons several facets of mitochondrial structure-function correlations, reaction chemistry and thermodynamics. However, the mitochondrial research community appears to be recalcitrant, and continues to follow the erstwhile erroneous ideas and not take cognizance of the new insights. Hence, we deemed it opportune to make a clarion call for a jettisoning of the superseded terminologies (or keywords) and concepts routinely used by researchers in this field. First, we present a statistical perspective of the usage of these terms in the past and recent times, to support our claims and call. Then, we articulate simplified arguments why the key elements/terms of the KMB model like “electron-transfer/electron-transport/respiratory chain”, “mitochondrial proton pumps”, “mitochondrial membrane po-tential”, “chemiosmosis”, “proton motive force” and “rotary ATP synthase/synthesis” violate scientific/semantic logic. Finally, we conclude with summative statements projecting the importance of our claims and call.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82248228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Galectin-3: multiple clinical applications 半乳糖凝集素-3:多种临床应用

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.14748/bmr.v30.6389

A. Kisheva, Y. Yotov

引用次数: 0

Torday’s prognosis for aging and mortality: more evolution and better life! 今天对衰老和死亡的预测:更多的进化和更好的生活!

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.14748/bmr.v30.6384

K. Manoj

引用次数: 5

Freezing of sputum as a way to improve the applicability of sputum studies 将痰液冷冻作为提高痰液研究适用性的一种方法

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14748/BMR.V29.5853

Todor A Popov, A. Petlichkovski, T. Mustakov, T. Kralimarkova

{"title":"Freezing of sputum as a way to improve the applicability of sputum studies","authors":"Todor A Popov, A. Petlichkovski, T. Mustakov, T. Kralimarkova","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5853","url":null,"abstract":"Rationale: Sputum examination is a valuable research tool to study airway diseases, but the requirement to process the samples within 2 hours of their collection poses limitations to its wider applicability. A way to bypass this hurdle would be to freeze the sample at the time of collection and to examine it at a later stage. Methods and Subjects: We developed a protocol for freezing of sputum upon collection by adding dimethylsulfoxide to it. We tested the reproducibility of cell counts in frozen samples and in fresh portions from the same sputum specimens. We took sputum from 41 asthmatics (18 males) with different levels of control of their disease: 19 of the samples were spontaneously produced and 22 were induced with hypertonic saline. Results: Significant correlations (p<0.05) were established between the total cell counts, the relative and absolute number of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages in the paired fresh and frozen sputum samples. Cell viability in frozen sputum was slightly but consistently lower. Only one frozen sample had viability < 50%. Outcomes in paired samples from induced sputum had better reproducibility than the spontaneous ones. Conclusion: Examination of frozen sputum samples does not change total cell counts and differential cell counts, despite consistently affecting cell viability compared with fresh sputum cellularity. Still cell viability in frozen sputum was above 50% in all but one examined specimens.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72996937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Y chromosome microdeletions as a cause for male infertility Y染色体微缺失是男性不育的原因之一

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14748/BMR.V29.5850

M. Levkova, T. Chervenkov, L. Angelova

{"title":"Y chromosome microdeletions as a cause for male infertility","authors":"M. Levkova, T. Chervenkov, L. Angelova","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5850","url":null,"abstract":"Male infertility represents around half of all cases of infertility. The microdeletions of the azoospermia factor (AZF) region, located in the long arm of Y chromosome, are the second most common reason for reproductive problems among men. This genetic mutation results in low sperm count and fertility rate. The presence of Y microdeletions can lower the success rate of in vitro procedures and would be transmitted to the next generation. We have analyzed 30 articles about the connection between the deletions of the Y chromosome and the decreased sperm count. 25 of them confirm the role of this genetic mutation, while the rest do not, but they investigate only some AZF loci. The negative results could also be due to the different ethnic origin of the participants, difference between the research method and etc. Testing infertile men for Y chromosome deletions could lead to a major improvement in the options for treating infertility. Also, if such mutation is diagnosed, this is an indication for genetic counseling in order to avoid future fertility issues in the next generation. The review of the included articles proves the role of the Y chromosome microdeletions as a reason for male infertility and outlines the main principles when performing the genetic test for this mutation.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75294867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nanoparticles reshape the biomedical industry 纳米粒子重塑了生物医学产业

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14748/BMR.V29.5846

P. Hassanzadeh, F. Atyabi, R. Dinarvand

{"title":"Nanoparticles reshape the biomedical industry","authors":"P. Hassanzadeh, F. Atyabi, R. Dinarvand","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V29.5846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V29.5846","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decades, increasing interest has been attracted towards the nanotechnology which provide a set of promising research tools and theranostic approaches. Tremendous research efforts in nanofabrication technology have led to the production of biocompatible nanostructures and advanced carriers with various configurations for protection of the loaded biomolecules or drugs against the metabolism or excretion. Furthermore, controlled delivery and targeted therapy may result in the improved therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases and reduced adverse effects of drugs. The efficiency of protein drugs may be negatively affected by their limited transportation within the body and short half-lives. Application of nanoparticles may significantly improve the pharmacological profiles of protein drugs. In neurology, high-resolution imaging techniques, nanoengineered materials capable of interaction with the nervous systems, and nanopharmaceuticals with minimal toxicity and improved bioavailability may be of great theranostic significance. This may provide remarkable breakthroughs in the pharmaceutical industry and health-care system. In the present review, the significance of nanotechnology and modeling approaches in health-care system has been highlighted.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78577313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Clinical and genetic approach to the dysmorphic child 畸形儿童的临床和遗传学研究

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14748/bmr.v29.5848

L. Tarani, G. Micangeli, D. Rasio, Silvia Ottombrino, N. Liberati, D. D. Angelis, Valentina Carito, A. Greco, M. Ceccanti, M. Fiore

引用次数: 7

Nerve growth factor in brain diseases 脑疾病中的神经生长因子

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14748/BMR.V29.5845

Stefania CiafrÃ, Valentina Carito, G. Ferraguti, A. Greco, M. Ralli, P. Tirassa, G. Chaldakov, M. Messina, M. L. Attilia, R. Ceccarelli, L. Tarani, M. Ceccanti, M. Fiore

引用次数: 12

RME-based pharmacology: The inhibition of viral entry as therapeutic perspective in viral diseases including AIDS. Hypothesis updated and enlarged 基于rme的药理学:抑制病毒进入作为包括艾滋病在内的病毒性疾病的治疗观点。更新和扩大假设

Biomedical Reviews Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14748/bmr.v29.5856

G. Chaldakov, S. Yanev

引用次数: 1