Biomedical Reviews最新文献

{"title":"A sample copy of the textbook Principles of Cell and Tissue Biology","authors":"G. Chaldakov","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7716","url":null,"abstract":"The textbook has grown from many years of reading and discussions. Among the numerous colleagues with whom I have exchanged views during the past 59 years, my scientific father Zhelyazkov, and my colleague-brain-and-heart friends (BHF) (listed chronologically) Abstract The abstract (typically about, although not strictly restricted to, 250 words) should provide a concise summary of the data to be reviewed and major conclusions of the study. It should be written in complete sentences, without explicit subheadings. Citing references should be avoided.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74838484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural killer cells and immunotherapy based on monoclonal antibodies","authors":"Magdalena Pencheva-Demireva, K. Kavaldzhieva, Nikola J. Mladenov, T. Markova, D. Dimitrova-Dikanarova","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7705","url":null,"abstract":"Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of innate immunity needed to protect against stressed cells and to destroy tumor cells and virus-infected cells. These cells play an important role in the immune surveillance of malignant cells, preventing their uncontrolled growth. Natural killer cells recognize target cells directly through their receptors, which bind to various determinants on the surface of the target cell. The receptor-ligand (secretory or membrane-bound) interaction between the NK cells and the target cells determines NK’s cell activity. The use of monoclonal antibodies in tumor therapy has increased significantly in the recent years. These antibodies are intended to block inhibitory receptors (immune checkpoint inhibitors) expressed by immune cells or to block their ligands expressed by tumor cells. Examples of such immune checkpoint molecules are the following receptors: cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and others. This blocking inhibits tumor growth by enabling immune system reactivation. The advances in cellular immunobiology that have provided the establishment of blocking monoclonal antibodies (ipilimumab, nivolumab, etc.) and increased NK cell proliferative activity are promising therapies for neoplasms. Biomed Rev 2020; 31: 61-65","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78999658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The murburn precepts for photoreception","authors":"K. Manoj, Vivian David Jacob","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/gmd5t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/gmd5t","url":null,"abstract":"Murburn concept is a redox mechanistic scheme involving interactive equilibriums of discretized or organized proteins/substrates molecules, unbound ions and radicals (or reactive species); which may afford selective/specific electron transfers, particularly at phospholipid interfaces. Earlier, we have applied murburn concept to provide parsimonious explanations (grounded in thermodynamics and kinetics) for various physiological/bioenergetic routines like xenobiotic metabolism, unusual dose responses, aerobic respiration, thermogenesis, homeostasis, trans-membrane potential, oxygenic photosynthesis, etc. While proposing the murburn model for photophosphorylation, we had projected that the murburn mechanism could also be relevant for photoreception physiology. Herein, we expand on this aspect and present the basic scheme and evidence in support for the murburn model of photoreception, with retinal/opsin as the salient photon-impingement response-transducing element. In alignment with our earlier murburn schemes, we propose that diffusible reactive oxygen species (DROS, as exemplified by superoxide, which is currently deemed a toxic product of all-trans retinal and NADPH oxidase interactions) is produced in rod/cone cells upon photoactivation and it plays a crucial role in the visual cycle. This is supported by the fact that layers of photoreceptive neural cells precede the rod/cone cells (with respect to the presentation to oncoming light ray/photon), there exists high oxygen demand in retina, copious ROS are detected in functional retina, NAD(P)H/reductase is involved in the cycle, events occur at sub-micrometer dimensioned phospholipid disks stacked to stabilize DROS and minimize free protons (quite like the thylakoids that harbor carotenoids in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria), etc. In the new scheme, photo-electric activation leads to charge separation and hyperpolarization. This electro-chemical signaling serves is the front-runner to a trigger for action potential relay along a neuron and the superoxide mediated phosphorylation of GDP bound to transducin serves as the initiator of signal transduction cascade. The newly proposed scheme allows a facile electrical connectivity of the retina-photoreceptors with the brain via the optic nerve, and is anatomically correlated with the structure and resolution or retina, and is kinetically viable.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84214939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The great Geoffrey Burnstock: A passion for discovery and empathy","authors":"G. Chaldakov","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7699","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75423493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ongoing COVID-19 syndrome and post-COVID-19 syndrome: Long-term symptoms and residual changes after SARS-CoV-2 infection","authors":"K. Kostov","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7711","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, in the time SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is increasing interest among the medical community in post-COVID-19 residual symptoms including structural and functional changes in different organs and systems The symptom characteristic and parameters of these changes in the period after illness are in the process of registration and complete clarification, and the first results were published It becomes clear that symptoms of COVID-19 (over 30 in number) even among those with a “mild form” of the disease remain for a long time after the acute phase in a large number of patients More data are needed on the somatic, mental and emotional characteristics of patients who have undergone COVID-19, the so-called „prolonged COVID-19 syndrome“, despite the lack of a generally accepted definition Knowledge of its clinical characteristic will help physicians to recognize its manifestations, and the healthcare system to prepare for its prevention and treatment Biomed Rev 2020;31: 117-123","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85265310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells and matrix metalloproteinases as targets for atherosclerotic plaque stabilization","authors":"G. Chaldakov, M. Zhelyazkova-Savova, Daniela Panayotova, M. Fiore, S. Yanev","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7704","url":null,"abstract":"Atherosclerosis and its complications, erosion and rupture of the plaque fibrous cap, lead to myocardial infarction and stroke, the main causes of mortality worldwide. In this setting, arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the innermost media undergo phenotypic changes, a switch towards a secretory phenotype engaged in matrix proteins production. In its nature, this is a protective action that forms of a new arterial layer, the fibrous cap covering the plaque thrombogenic lipid core. The risk of plaque rupture is inversely correlated with the presence of secretory state SMC and collagen fibrils within the fibrous cap. Thus, fibrous cap remodeling appears to be the main determinant of plaque vulnerability. Herein, we focus on the potential role of (i) the transcription factors TCF21 and KLF-4 in SMC phenotypic modulation, (ii) the matrix protein secretion of SMC, and (iii) the activity of proteinases (MMP, ADAM, ADAMTS, furin, and the MMP inducer CD147) in this critical process. We argue that focusing on these basic pathways could contribute to the knowledge of fibrous cap stability that might be translated into clinical medicine.","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"9 6 1","pages":"49-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82582154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet-rich fibrin treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw followed up for two years","authors":"M. Hristamyan, V. Hristamyan","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7715","url":null,"abstract":"The use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in surgery represents a new alternative method of treatment of Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. This report presents a case of a patient undergoing PRF treatment. The patient is a 76-year-old male who was admitted for treatment in 2018 at the Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery with osteonecrosis of the lower jaw on the right side. In 2012, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent bilateral orchiectomy followed by a therapy with Denosumab (trade names Prolia and Xgeva), a monoclonal antibody that works as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) inhibitor. The patient was diagnosed with medication-related osteonecrosis of the mandible jaw in 2017 after tooth extraction. The treatment was performed at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery of St. George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. When initial antibiotic therapy failed, surgical therapy was undertaken using PRF. The patient was followed-up for two years and no osteonecrotic lesion was detected recurring in the intervention area. Biomed Rev 2020; 31: 161-163","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78700352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers of acute kidney injury and their role in clinical patient management","authors":"Ecem Busra Deger, Enver Arslan, M. Değer, Oktay Kaya","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7701","url":null,"abstract":"Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common public health problem and has a significant impact on cardiovascular disease, mortality and increased hospital costs. Also, AKI can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, early diagnosis is very important for AKI. Serum creatinine (SCr) is a well-known biomarker in the diagnosis of AKI. However, changes in SCr levels are insufficient in early diagnosis so, new biomarkers are needed. Because of that, the search for biomarkers for the early detection of AKI is an ongoing process. In recent years, early diagnosis, prognostic and predictive biomarkers have been discovered to replace or support SCr in the diagnosis of AKI. New biomarkers can help early diagnosis and effective management of AKI. Since there are many biomarkers, when and under which condition these biomarkers should be used cause confusion. In this review, we aimed to construct and ease to use classification of these AKI biomarkers and summarize the current literature. We have divided the biomarkers into two main categories: renal and non-renal origin. Then, we have classified the biomarkers of renal origin as glomerular, tubular and unknown renal site. We have also described the clinical use of these biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Biomed Rev 2020; 31:","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83419467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New challenges to renin-angiotensin-system in COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"S. Yanev, T. Stoyanova","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7709","url":null,"abstract":"In the fight against the global epidemic from the new corona virus (SARS-CoV-2), awareness on the site of the primary viral attack, the so-called „entry port“ enables an implies efficient prophylactic/therapeutic approach The attack is aimed at the important balancing unit of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which regulates the level of angiotensin II (Ang II) While Ang II has vasoconstrictor and inflammatory functions, the ACE2 converted product of Ang-(1-7) possesses vasodilating and anti-inflammatory functions In patients with pathological cardiovascular symptoms and increased blood pressure, maintenance of optimal Ang II is achieved by inhibiting the synthesizing enzyme ACE1 or blocking the angiotensin receptor response (ATR) In this Dance Round, an attempt is made to address the question: In the unbalanced functions of RAS (manifesting as an outcome of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic), will the therapeutic effect of ACE1 inhibitors change and in what direction?","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89538885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 as an oxygen-deprivation disease","authors":"S. Yanev","doi":"10.14748/BMR.V31.7710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14748/BMR.V31.7710","url":null,"abstract":"Since the last year, the epidemic with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has accumulated a wealth of data The genetic structure of the virus, the epidemiological characteristics of the spread, the main clinical manifestations, the risks of the healing process, and the approaches for therapeutic intervention, etc are the main areas into which the information can be parsed The experimental and clinical data confirm the view that the new coronavirus causes pathogenic changes, which can be summarized as hypoxic syndrome In this Dance Round, I shall succinctly justify this claim","PeriodicalId":8906,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83598684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}