Biomagnetic Research and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Motion and twisting of magnetic particles ingested by alveolar macrophages in the human lung: effect of smoking and disease.","authors":"Winfried Möller,&nbsp;Winfried Barth,&nbsp;Martin Kohlhäufl,&nbsp;Karl Häussinger,&nbsp;Wolfgang G Kreyling","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-044X-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Magnetic microparticles being ingested by alveolar macrophages can be used as a monitor for intracellular phagosome motions and cytoskeletal mechanical properties. These studies can be performed in the human lung after voluntary inhalation. The influence of cigarette smoking and lung diseases on cytoskeleton dependent functions was studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Spherical 1.3 microm diameter ferrimagnetic iron oxide particles were inhaled by 17 healthy volunteers (40-65 years), 15 patients with sarcoidosis (SAR), 12 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and 18 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB). The retained particles were magnetized and aligned in an external 100 mT magnetic field. All magnetized particles induce a weak magnetic field of the lung, which was detected by a sensitive SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) sensor. Cytoskeletal reorganizations within macrophages and intracellular transport cause stochastic magnetic dipole rotations, which are reflected in a decay of the magnetic lung field, called relaxation. Directed phagosome motion was induced in a weak magnetic twisting field. The resistance of the cytoplasm to particle twisting was characterized by the viscosity and the stiffness (ratio between stress to strain) of the cytoskeleton.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One week after particle inhalation and later macrophage motility (relaxation) and cytoskeletal stiffness was not influenced by cigarette smoking, neither in healthy subjects, nor in the patients. Patients with IPF showed in tendency a faster relaxation (p = 0.06). Particle twisting revealed a non-Newtonian viscosity with a pure viscous and a viscoelastic compartment. The viscous shear was dominant, and only 27% of the shear recoiled and reflected viscoelastic properties. In patients with IPF, the stiffness was reduced by 60% (p < 0.02). An analysis of the shear rate and stress dependence of particle twisting allows correlating the rheological compartments to cytoskeletal subunits, in which microtubules mediate the pure viscous (non-recoverable) shear and microfilaments mediate the viscoelastic (recoverable) behavior. The missing correlation between relaxation and particle twisting shows that both stochastic and directed phagosome motion reflect different cytoskeletal mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Faster relaxation and a soft cytoskeleton in patients with IPF indicate alterations in cytoskeleton dependent functions of alveolar macrophages, which may cause dysfunction's in the alveolar defense, like a slower migration, a retarded phagocytosis, a disturbed phagosome lysosome fusion and an impaired clearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"4 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-4-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26024447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiation of myomas by means of biomagnetic and doppler findings.","authors":"Panagiotis Anastasiadis,&nbsp;Achilleas N Anastasiadis,&nbsp;Athanasia Kotini,&nbsp;Nikoleta Koutlaki,&nbsp;Photios Anninos","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-044X-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To elucidate the hemodynamics of the uterine artery myomas by use of Doppler ultrasound and biomagnetic measurements.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Twenty-four women were included in the study. Sixteen of them were characterised with large myomas whereas 8 of them with small ones. Biomagnetic signals of uterine arteries myomas were recorded and analyzed with Fourier analysis. The biomagnetic signals were distributed according to spectral amplitudes as high (140-300 ft/ radicalHz), low (50-110 ft/ radicalHz) and borderline (111-139 ft/ radicalHz). Uterine artery waveform measurements were evaluated by use of Pulsatility Index (PI) (normal value PI < 1.45).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant difference between large and small myomas concerning the waveform amplitudes (P < 0.0005) and the PI index (P < 0.0005). Specifically, we noticed high biomagnetic amplitudes in most large myomas (93.75 %) and low biomagnetic amplitudes in most small ones (87.5 %).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is suggested that the biomagnetic recordings of uterine artery myomas could be a valuable modality in the estimation of the circulation of blood cells justifying the findings of Doppler velocimetry examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"4 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-4-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25946990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear analysis of biomagnetic signals recorded from uterine myomas.","authors":"Athanasia Kotini,&nbsp;Achilleas N Anastasiadis,&nbsp;Photios Anninos,&nbsp;Nikoleta Koutlaki,&nbsp;Panagiotis Anastasiadis","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-4-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-044X-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if there is any non-linearity in the biomagnetic recordings of uterine myomas and to find any differences that may be present in the mechanisms underlying their signal dynamics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four women were included in the study. Sixteen of them were characterised with large myomas and 8 with small ones. Uterine artery waveform measurements were evaluated by use of Pulsatility Index (PI) (normal value PI<1.45).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Applying nonlinear analysis to the biomagnetic signals of the uterine myomas, we observed a clear saturation value for the group of large ones (mean = 11.35 +/- 1.49) and no saturation for the small ones.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The comparison of the saturation values in the biomagnetic recordings of large and small myomas may be a valuable tool in the evaluation of functional changes in their dynamic behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"4 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-4-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25935436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth of etiolated barley plants in weak static and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields tuned to calcium ion cyclotron resonance.","authors":"Alexander Pazur,&nbsp;Valentina Rassadina,&nbsp;Jörg Dandler,&nbsp;Jutta Zoller","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-4-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1477-044X-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effects of weak magnetic and electromagnetic fields in biology have been intensively studied on animals, microorganisms and humans, but comparably less on plants. Perception mechanisms were attributed originally to ferrimagnetism, but later discoveries required additional explanations like the \"radical pair mechanism\" and the \"Ion cyclotron resonance\" (ICR), primarily considered by Liboff. The latter predicts effects by small ions involved in biological processes, that occur in definite frequency- and intensity ranges (\"windows\") of simultaneously impacting magnetic and electromagnetic fields related by a linear equation, which meanwhile is proven by a number of in vivo and in vitro experiments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare, L. var. Steffi) were grown in the dark for 5 and 6 days under static magnetic and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields matching the ICR conditions of Ca2+. Control cultures were grown under normal geomagnetic conditions, not matching this ICR. Morphology, pigmentation and long-term development of the adult plants were subsequently investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The shoots of plants exposed to Ca2+-ICR exposed grew 15-20% shorter compared to the controls, the plant weight was 10-12% lower, and they had longer coleoptiles that were adhering stronger to the primary leaf tissue. The total pigment contents of protochlorophyllide (PChlide) and carotenoids were significantly decreased. The rate of PChlide regeneration after light irradiation was reduced for the Ca2+-ICR exposed plants, also the Shibata shift was slightly delayed. Even a longer subsequent natural growing phase without any additional fields could only partially eliminate these effects: the plants initially exposed to Ca2+-ICR were still significantly shorter and had a lower chlorophyll (a+b) content compared to the controls. A continued cultivation and observation of the adult plants under natural conditions without any artificial electromagnetic fields showed a retardation of the originally Ca2+-ICR exposed plants compared to control cultures lasting several weeks, with an increased tendency for dehydration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A direct influence of the applied MF and EMF is discussed affecting Ca2+ levels via the ICR mechanism. It influences the available Ca2+ and thereby regulatory processes. Theoretical considerations on molecular level focus on ionic interactions with water related to models using quantum electrodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-4-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25838395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortex reorganization of Xenopus laevis eggs in strong static magnetic fields.","authors":"Daniel Mietchen, Jörg W Jakobi, Hans-Peter Richter","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-3-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1477-044X-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Observations of magnetic field effects on biological systems have often been contradictory. For amphibian eggs, a review of the available literature suggests that part of the discrepancies might be resolved by considering a previously neglected parameter for morphological alterations induced by magnetic fields--the jelly layers that normally surround the egg and are often removed in laboratory studies for easier cell handling. To experimentally test this hypothesis, we observed the morphology of fertilizable Xenopus laevis eggs with and without jelly coat that were subjected to static magnetic fields of up to 9.4 T for different periods of time. A complex reorganization of cortical pigmentation was found in dejellied eggs as a function of the magnetic field and the field exposure time. Initial pigment rearrangements could be observed at about 0.5 T, and less than 3 T are required for the effects to fully develop within two hours. No effect was observed when the jelly layers of the eggs were left intact. These results suggest that the action of magnetic fields might involve cortical pigments or associated cytoskeletal structures normally held in place by the jelly layers and that the presence of the jelly layer should indeed be included in further studies of magnetic field effects in this system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"3 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25748752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity of glucose oxidase functionalized onto magnetic nanoparticles.","authors":"Gilles K Kouassi,&nbsp;Joseph Irudayaraj,&nbsp;Gregory McCarty","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-044X-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Magnetic nanoparticles have been significantly used for coupling with biomolecules, due to their unique properties. METHODS: Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous chloride using two different base solutions. Glucose oxidase was bound to the particles by direct attachment via carbodiimide activation or by thiophene acetylation of magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the size and structure of the particles while the binding of glucose oxidase to the particles was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: The direct binding of glucose oxidase via carbodiimide activity was found to be more effective, resulting in bound enzyme efficiencies between 94-100% while thiophene acetylation was 66-72% efficient. Kinetic and stability studies showed that the enzyme activity was more preserved upon binding onto the nanoparticles when subjected to thermal and various pH conditions. The overall activity of glucose oxidase was improved when bound to magnetic nanoparticles CONCLUSION: Binding of enzyme onto magnetic nanoparticles via carbodiimide activation is a very efficient method for developing bioconjugates for biological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-3-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25002622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of weak magnetic field effects in an aqueous glutamic acid solution by nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy and voltammetry.","authors":"Alexander Pazur","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-2-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1477-044X-2-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Previous reports indicate altered metabolism and enzyme kinetics for various organisms, as well as changes of neuronal functions and behaviour of higher animals, when they were exposed to specific combinations of weak static and alternating low frequency electromagnetic fields. Field strengths and frequencies, as well as properties of involved ions were related by a linear equation, known as the formula of ion cyclotron resonance (ICR, abbreviation mentioned first by Liboff). Under certain conditions already a aqueous solution of the amino acid and neurotransmitter glutamate shows this effect. METHODS: An aqueous solution of glutamate was exposed to a combination of a static magnetic field of 40 muT and a sinusoidal electromagnetic magnetic field (EMF) with variable frequency (2-7 Hz) and an amplitude of 50 nT. The electric conductivity and dielectric properties of the solution were investigated by voltammetric techniques in combination with non linear dielectric spectroscopy (NLDS), which allow the examination of the dielectric properties of macromolecules and molecular aggregates in water. The experiments target to elucidate the biological relevance of the observed EMF effect on molecular level. RESULTS: An ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) effect of glutamate previously reported by the Fesenko laboratory 1998 could be confirmed. Frequency resolution of the sample currents was possible by NLDS techniques. The spectrum peaks when the conditions for ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) of glutamate are matched. Furthermore, the NLDS spectra are different under ICR- and non-ICR conditions: NLDS measurements with rising control voltages from 100-1100 mV show different courses of the intensities of the low order harmonics, which could possibly indicate \"intensity windows\". Furthermore, the observed magnetic field effects are pH dependent with a narrow optimum around pH 2.85. CONCLUSIONS: Data will be discussed in the context with recent published models for the interaction of weak EMF with biological matter including ICR. A medical and health relevant aspect of such sensitive effects might be given insofar, because electromagnetic conditions for it occur at many occasions in our electromagnetic all day environment, concerning ion involvement of different biochemical pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-2-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24836496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic techniques for the isolation and purification of proteins and peptides.","authors":"Ivo Safarik, Mirka Safarikova","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-2-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1477-044X-2-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Isolation and separation of specific molecules is used in almost all areas of biosciences and biotechnology. Diverse procedures can be used to achieve this goal. Recently, increased attention has been paid to the development and application of magnetic separation techniques, which employ small magnetic particles. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize various methodologies, strategies and materials which can be used for the isolation and purification of target proteins and peptides with the help of magnetic field. An extensive list of realised purification procedures documents the efficiency of magnetic separation techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24831557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous suppression of disturbing fields and localization of magnetic markers by means of multipole expansion.","authors":"Bernd Hilgenfeld,&nbsp;Jens Haueisen","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-044X-2-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Magnetically marked capsules serve for the analysis of peristalsis and throughput times within the intestinal tract. Moreover, they can be used for the targeted disposal of drugs. The capsules get localized in time by field measurements with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer array. Here it is important to ensure an online localization with high speed and high suppression of disturbing fields. In this article we use multipole expansions for the simultaneous localization and suppression of disturbing fields. METHODS: We expand the measurement data in terms of inner and outer multipoles. Thereby we obtain directly a separation of marker field and outer disturbing fields. From the inner dipoles and quadrupoles we compute the magnetization and position of the capsule. The outer multipoles get eliminated. RESULTS: The localization goodness has been analyzed depending on the order of the multipoles used and depending on the systems noise level. We found upper limits of the noise level for the usage of certain multipole moments. Given a signal to noise ratio of 40 and utilizing inner dipoles and quadrupoles and outer dipoles, the method enables an accuracy of 5 mm with a speed of 10 localizations per second. CONCLUSION: The multipole localization is an effective method and is capable of online-tracking magnetic markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-2-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24661474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of dye-affinity beads for aluminium removal in magnetically stabilized fluidized bed.","authors":"Handan Yavuz,&nbsp;Ridvan Say,&nbsp;Müge Andaç,&nbsp;Necmi Bayraktar,&nbsp;Adil Denizli","doi":"10.1186/1477-044X-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-044X-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Aluminum has recently been recognized as a causative agent in dialysis encephalopathy, osteodystrophy, and microcytic anemia occurring in patients with chronic renal failure who undergo long-term hemodialysis. Only a small amount of Al(III) in dialysis solutions may give rise to these disorders. METHODS: Magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (mPHEMA) beads in the size range of 80-120 microm were produced by free radical co-polymerization of HEMA and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of magnetite particles (Fe3O4). Then, metal complexing ligand alizarin yellow was covalently attached onto mPHEMA beads. Alizarin yellow loading was 208 micromol/g. These beads were used for the removal of Al(III) ions from tap and dialysis water in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. RESULTS: Al(III) adsorption capacity of the beads decreased with an increase in the flow-rate. The maximum Al(III) adsorption was observed at pH 5.0. Comparison of batch and magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB) maximum capacities determined using Langmuir isotherms showed that dynamic capacity (17.5 mg/g) was somewhat higher than the batch capacity (11.8 mg/g). The dissociation constants for Al(III) were determined using the Langmuir isotherm equation to be 27.3 mM (MSFB) and 6.7 mM (batch system), indicating medium affinity, which was typical for pseudospecific affinity ligands. Al(III) ions could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with these beads without noticeable loss in their Al(III) adsorption capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Adsorption of Al(III) demonstrate the affinity of magnetic dye-affinity beads. The MSFB experiments allowed us to conclude that this inexpensive sorbent system may be an important alternative to the existing adsorbents in the removal of aluminium.</p>","PeriodicalId":8888,"journal":{"name":"Biomagnetic Research and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1477-044X-2-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24651564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}