{"title":"“Natal is a White Man's Land”: Anti-Asianism and Pro-White Labour Politics in Colonial Natal, c. 1906–1909","authors":"W. Visser","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2012.11964177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2012.11964177","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the history of the early South African labour movement has been increasingly revisited and reinterpreted by social historians in order to produce a new understanding and synthesis of its influence on twentieth-century South African history. Labour and socialist newspapers, as well as official trade union organs, are important documents of the history of the early twentieth-century South African labour movement and present a general reflection of the socio-political views representative of this movement. This article focuses on the policies and political sentiments of the white colonial labour and trade union movement in Natal between c. 1906 and 1909, the period of existence of the Natal Labour Party (NLP). Contemporary literature on the history of KwaZulu-Natal pays scant attention to the NLP.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"30 1","pages":"23 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2012.11964177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59312012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political Violence — Disrupting Ways of ‘Doing’ Politics: An Exploration of Organisational and Political Life in Mpumalanga Township, 1970s-1980s","authors":"D. Bonnin","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2011.11964166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964166","url":null,"abstract":"The political violence, between supporters of the Zulu ethnic movement, Inkatha, on the one hand, and those of the African National Congress (ANC) – aligned United Democratic Front (UDF), on the other, that tore apart the province of KwaZulu-Natal during the 1980s and 1990s was firmly located in spaces that had already established ‘ways of doing’ politics, and, amongst people who knew each other. Moreover, these spaces were localised and grounded in particular places and in the relationships and histories of those places. The question that is of interest to this paper is how did these established ‘ways of doing’ politics become disrupted to the extent that the province became engulfed in a civil war between supporters of these two organisations?","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"29 1","pages":"101 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practices of Naming and the Possibilities of Home on American Zulu Mission Stations in Colonial Natal","authors":"M. Healy, E. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2011.11964163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964163","url":null,"abstract":"From the 1840s, the American Zulu Mission (AZM) in Natal included a number of converts who took on Christian names after missionaries within the circle of the AZM, and after those missionaries’ American friends and relations. This article emphasises an issue that has been secondary in scholarship on naming as a tool of colonial control and redesignation: the responses to and uses of such names by those who bore them. We address this issue through an examination of two prominent lineages: the Goba/Hawes and Nembula/Makhanya families on American mission stations north and south of Durban. Our findings suggest that the results of missionaries’ exertions of power through renamings were uneven: that pre-baptismal names resurfaced as a means of laying claim to or invoking particular identities and pasts; that baptismal names, or parts of them, could be mobilised or rejected over time according to different needs; and that attention to names may help to track these dynamics over time. We make use of the sociolinguistic understanding of names as “labels” (terms without semantic content) or as “pointers” (names pointing to, for instance, the circumstances of a person's birth) and adapt these categories: suggesting while scholars have seen baptismal names essentially as colonising labels, in the cases we explore, both baptismal and pre-baptismal names have served also as pointers—gesturing towards unstable pasts and futures.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"29 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Natal Militia: Defence of the Colony, 1893–1910","authors":"P. Thompson","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2011.11964164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964164","url":null,"abstract":"Natal was a small British colony of settlement in southern Africa which was the scene of fighting in the Anglo-Zulu War, the Anglo-Boer wars of 1881 and 1899-1902, and the Zulu rebellions in 1888 and 1906. The British settlers depended on the mother country for protection for half a century, but after 1893, when the Colony became self-governing, they had to provide for their own defence. They established a small, well trained field force of Volunteers, but it was found to be inadequate in the South African (Second Anglo-Boer) War. In the post-war reassessment of Imperial Defence and Army Reform, Natal modernized quickly, and established a well armed and (relatively) efficient Militia based on compulsory manhood training. In the process settler society was militarized and imbued with Imperial patriotism. When the Colony became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910, its Militia offered an example for the new Union Defence Force.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"29 1","pages":"20 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surendra Bhana and Neelima Shukla-Bhatt, A Fire That Blazed in the Ocean-Gandhi and the poems of Satyagraha in South Africa, 1909–1911","authors":"D. Govinden","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2011.11964168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"29 1","pages":"158 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Learning About Controversial Issues in School History: The Experiences of Learners in KwaZulu-Natal Schools","authors":"J. Wassermann","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2011.11964167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964167","url":null,"abstract":"Under Apartheid, History was taught according to a positivist model in which it was claimed that “objective truthful History” was passed on to learners. Consequently, since both learners and teachers were expected to subscribe to History in an uncritical manner, educational engagement with controversial issues hardly ever occurred and multiple perspectives to topics were not explored. At face value at least, the idea was created that History was taught in a neutral manner. In reality, school History was dominated by an Apartheid paradigm, an Afrikaner Nationalist framework and content to support this. As a result History was used as a tool to legitimise Apartheid. Since 1994, the Apartheid educational legacy has been dismantled and a new curriculum, the National Curriculum Statement (NCS), and a new educational philosophy, Outcomes Based Education (OBE), have been implemented.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"29 1","pages":"131 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Colours Do Not Mix”: Segregated Classes at the University of Natal, 1936–1959","authors":"Surendra Bhana, G. Vahed","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2011.11964165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964165","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines segregation in university education with special reference to the circumstances around which separate classes were introduced for Blacks in 1936 at the NUC and continued until 1959, some nine years after the institution achieved university status. It examines the roles of various individuals, most particularly Mabel Palmer (1876-1958) who, as organizer, was instrumental in persuading politicians, administrators, and academics to run segregated classes; and of E. G. Malherbe, who as Rector of the University of Natal from 1943-1965 defended them as the only practical alternative to a segregated university.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"45 1","pages":"100 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2011.11964165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cultural Heritage Tourism Potential at Six former American Board Mission Stations","authors":"Gordon Fakude","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964162","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This initial assessment of the cultural heritage tourism potential is a component of a broader project aimed at conducting research and revitalizing selected former American Zulu Mission Stations in southern parts of KwaZulu-Natal. Whilst the Heritage, Tourism and Community Development Project is being considered by a range of stakeholders including local communities at the localities where the six mission stations are located, the University of KwaZulu-Natal is charged with leading the research component of the project. The purpose of research in this project is to ‘lay bare’ the indelible print on the cultural and heritage landscape left behind by the missionaries in this region of South Africa. A principal component of the project is to encourage community development through promotion of religious heritage tourism in order to stimulate local tourism-based production and services such as crafts, hospitality accommodation and cultural/educational events in the Mission Stations. Therefore, the purpose of this part of the research is to present an initial scan of the heritage tourism potential of the six mission stations.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"28 1","pages":"78 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Economic Experimentation of Nembula Duze/Ira Adams Nembula, 1845 – 1886","authors":"E. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964157","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper gives a short biography of Ira Adams Nembula, the Natal sugarcane manufacturer. Nembula's business and his family have been often mentioned but not fully described before in accounts of Natal's nineteenth-century economy and mission stations. This paper draws on historians' narratives and missionary writings on Nembula from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (American Board), and incorporates information from the archives of the Secretary for Native Affairs (SNA), to look at the life of a man who was described by missionaries as one of the “first fruits” or very first converts to Christianity in Natal, and was a preacher, a pioneering sugarcane producer, and also a transport rider. The paper outlines Nembula's and his mother Mbalasi's position and portrayal as initial converts in the American Board, his sugar milling business, and his plans to farm on a large scale. Nembula's steps towards buying a large tract of land left an impression in the procedures government followed around black land ownership; and may also have contributed to the formulation of colonial laws around black land ownership and exemption from “native law”. Nembula's story in many ways exemplifies the amakholwa experience of what Norman Etherington has called “economic experimentation” and the frustration of that vision.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"28 1","pages":"22 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"History and Heritage: A Special Issue on Former American Board Mission Stations in Southern Kwazulu-Natal","authors":"V. Khumalo","doi":"10.1080/02590123.2010.11964156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964156","url":null,"abstract":"The editorial provides a historical context to this Special Issue on Mission Stations in Southern KwaZulu-Natal.","PeriodicalId":88545,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natal and Zulu history","volume":"28 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02590123.2010.11964156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59311648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}