Behavioral Pharmacology最新文献_第2页

High rates of midazolam self‐administration in squirrel monkeys 松鼠猴咪达唑仑自我给药率高

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00004

P. Munzar, S. Yasar, G. Redhi, Z. Justinova, S. Goldberg

{"title":"High rates of midazolam self‐administration in squirrel monkeys","authors":"P. Munzar, S. Yasar, G. Redhi, Z. Justinova, S. Goldberg","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200107000-00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200107000-00004","url":null,"abstract":"Although benzodiazepines are frequently abused by humans, they usually maintain lower rates of self‐administration behavior in laboratory animals than other drugs of abuse such as psychomotor stimulants or barbiturates. In the present study, intravenous (i.v.) self‐administration of the short‐acting benzodiazepine midazolam was evaluated in squirrel monkeys. Monkeys (n = 3) initially self‐administered the short‐acting barbiturate methohexital (100#μg/kg/injection) during daily 1‐hour sessions under a fixed‐ratio 10, 60 s time‐out, schedule of i.v. drug injection. This dose of methohexital maintained high rates of responding averaging 0.9 responses per second. Midazolam was then substituted for methohexital, and midazolam dose was subsequently varied from 0.3 to 3 μg/kg/injection. Each dose of midazolam was tested for five consecutive sessions and each unit dose condition was separated by five sessions of vehicle extinction. The midazolam dose–response function was an inverted U‐shaped curve, with maximal rates of self‐administration responding averaging 1.01 responses/second at a dose of 1 μg/kg/injection (an average of 48 injections per 1‐hour session). The rates and fixed‐ratio patterns of responding maintained by self‐administration of midazolam in the present study were comparable to the rates and patterns of responding maintained in squirrel monkeys by self‐administration of other drugs of abuse, including cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol, under similar experimental conditions.","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"34 1","pages":"257-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74079628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Effects of chlorpyrifos in the plus‐maze model of anxiety 毒死蜱对焦虑+迷宫模型的影响

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00007

M. C. Sánchez-Amate, P. Flores, F. Sánchez-Santed

{"title":"Effects of chlorpyrifos in the plus‐maze model of anxiety","authors":"M. C. Sánchez-Amate, P. Flores, F. Sánchez-Santed","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200107000-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200107000-00007","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of two different doses of the organophosphate insecticide O, O′–diethyl‐O ‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridylphosphorothionate [chlorpyrifos (CPF)], a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, in the plus‐maze test of anxiety in the rat, as well as on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain. In a first experiment, the behavioural methodology was validated by showing the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of diazepam and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), respectively. Acute exposure to CPF (166 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, s.c.) produced significant dose‐dependent inhibition (54% and 71%, respectively) of whole‐brain AChE 48 hours after treatment. Neither dose produced signs of acute cholinergic toxicity at any time following treatment, as was verified by a functional observational battery. Both doses of CPF were injected 48 h before testing in the plus‐maze and were shown to have anxiogenic effects as demonstrated by the significant decrease in the percentage of time spent and percentage of entries into open arms. This report thus shows clear behavioural alteration as an acute effect of an organophosphate in the absence of any classic sign of cholinergic toxicity. Our results are relevant to the understanding of both the pharmacology of anxiety and the behavioural toxicology of cholinesterase inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"15 1","pages":"285-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79827648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 61

Individual differences in behavioral responses to novelty and amphetamine self‐administration in male and female rats 雌雄大鼠对新奇事物和自我服用安非他明的行为反应的个体差异

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00005

J. E. Klebaur, R. Bevins, T. Segar, M. Bardo

{"title":"Individual differences in behavioral responses to novelty and amphetamine self‐administration in male and female rats","authors":"J. E. Klebaur, R. Bevins, T. Segar, M. Bardo","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200107000-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200107000-00005","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work has shown that individual differences in locomotor activity in an inescapable novel environment can predict acquisition of amphetamine self‐administration. The current study examined whether individual differences in approach to novelty in a free choice test could also predict amphetamine self‐administration. Further, the current study examined whether individual differences in either free choice or inescapable novelty tests could predict responding for a nondrug reinforcer (sucrose) in the presence and absence of amphetamine. Male and female rats were first tested for their response to free choice novelty (playground maze and novelty‐induced place preference tests) and inescapable novelty. They were then tested for acquisition of sucrose‐reinforced responding, amphetamine‐induced changes in maintenance of sucrose‐reinforced responding, and amphetamine self‐administration. Based on the inescapable novelty test, acquisition of sucrose‐reinforced responding was more rapid in male high responders (HR) compared to low responders (LR). This effect in males did not generalize to females. None of the novelty tests predicted the ability of amphetamine to decrease sucrose‐maintained responding. However, using the inescapable novelty test, both male and female HRs self‐administered more amphetamine than LRs within the dose range tested (0.03–0.16 mg/kg/infusion). Neither the playground maze nor the novelty‐induced place preference test predicted amphetamine self‐administration. These results indicate that responses to free choice novelty and inescapable novelty predict different components of amphetamine‐induced behavior.","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":"267-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81488364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 105

Sensitivity of nicotine‐containing and de‐nicotinized cigarette consumption to alternative non‐drug reinforcement: a behavioral economic analysis 含尼古丁和去尼古丁香烟消费对替代非药物强化的敏感性:行为经济学分析

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00006

T. Shahan, W. Bickel, G. Badger, L. Giordano

{"title":"Sensitivity of nicotine‐containing and de‐nicotinized cigarette consumption to alternative non‐drug reinforcement: a behavioral economic analysis","authors":"T. Shahan, W. Bickel, G. Badger, L. Giordano","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200107000-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200107000-00006","url":null,"abstract":"A previous report from our laboratory showed similar measures of reinforcing efficacy for nicotine‐containing and de‐nicotinized cigarettes when each cigarette type was presented alone. The present experiment further compared the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine‐containing and de‐nicotinized cigarettes by assessing the effects of alternative non‐drug reinforcement on self‐administration of both cigarette types. Eight human subjects responded on a progressive‐ratio schedule in which the number of plunger pulls required for standardized cigarette puffs increased across sessions. Responding for the two types of cigarette was examined when each was available alone and when the concurrent opportunity to earn money was available. Consumption of nicotine‐containing and de‐nicotinized cigarettes was decreased by both increases in price and by the concurrent availability of money. The two cigarettes types did not differ in their sensitivity to price or alternative non‐drug reinforcement. These results replicate our previous report of similar measures of reinforcing efficacy for the two cigarette types when each was presented alone, and extend our previous findings to a choice situation involving an alternative non‐drug reinforcer. These data suggest the importance of further examination of non‐pharmacological variables in the maintenance of drug taking and the sensitivity of drug taking to alternative non‐drug sources of reinforcement. Factors potentially contributing to the maintenance of smoking the de‐nicotinized cigarettes (i.e. conditioned reinforcement, primary reinforcement by respiratory stimulation, instructional control, demand characteristics) are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"40 1","pages":"277-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84823431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 81

Effects of benztropine on ketamine‐induced behaviors in Cebus monkeys 苯托品对氯胺酮诱导的Cebus猴行为的影响

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00008

Y. Shiigi, D. Casey

{"title":"Effects of benztropine on ketamine‐induced behaviors in Cebus monkeys","authors":"Y. Shiigi, D. Casey","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200107000-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200107000-00008","url":null,"abstract":"Ketamine, a noncompetitive N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, causes a schizophrenic‐like psychosis in normal volunteers and exacerbates psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Recent work has shown that ketamine and other NMDA antagonists affect a range of behaviors in nonhuman primates, particularly those associated with motor and mental function such as attention and perception. Several lines of study also suggest that NMDA antagonists interact with cholinergic mechanisms. The effects of benztropine, an anticholinergic agent, on ketamine‐induced behaviors were evaluated in a double‐blind randomized test design in 20 Cebus monkeys. Benztropine (0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg, i.m.) was injected 1 hour before ketamine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, i.m.) administration. Behaviors scored for 90 minutes after ketamine administration included salivation, dystonia and reactivity to external stimuli. Benztropine almost completely blocked ketamine‐induced hypersalivation, and partially ameliorated the dystonia syndrome by 50%, but did not affect ketamine‐induced decreased reactivity to external stimuli. These results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms only moderately influence ketamine‐induced central nervous system effects of motor dysfunction, and may not play a substantive role in the ketamine‐induced deficit of reactivity to external stimuli, which involves a complex interaction of mental functions such as attention and perception, as well as motor behavior.","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"12 1","pages":"293-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87500032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Effects of infusions of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor radicicol into the hippocampus on short- and long-term memory of the inhibitory avoidance task 海马注射酪氨酸激酶抑制剂根二醇对抑制性回避任务短期和长期记忆的影响

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-07-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00009

P. Pereira, P. Ardenghi, M. M. D. de Souza, H. Choi, B. Moletta, I. Izquierdo

引用次数: 5

An investigation into the acute nootropic effects of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) in healthy human volunteers 贯叶连翘(St. John’s Wort)对健康志愿者急性促智作用的研究

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200105000-00003

K. Ellis, C. Stough, L. Vitetta, K. Heinrich, P. Nathan

{"title":"An investigation into the acute nootropic effects of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) in healthy human volunteers","authors":"K. Ellis, C. Stough, L. Vitetta, K. Heinrich, P. Nathan","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200105000-00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200105000-00003","url":null,"abstract":"Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) is a complex herb that has been used for centuries for its putative medicinal properties, and has current therapeutic relevance as a treatment of mild to moderate depression. Recently, two studies in rodents have suggested that hypericum may also have memory‐enhancing effects. It has a complex pharmacology, in that acute administration modulates numerous neurotransmitter systems that have previously been observed to either augment or impair a variety of memory processes in humans. This study aimed to examine whether acute administration of standardized hypericum extract could exert a nootropic effect in normal human subjects. The study employed a double‐blind, crossover, repeated‐measures design. Twelve healthy young subjects completed the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) memory battery, following administration of placebo, 900 mg and 1800 mg hypericum (Blackmore's Hyperiforte). The findings suggested that hypericum does not have an acute nootropic effect in healthy humans at these doses. However, there was some evidence for an impairing effect on accuracy of numeric working memory and delayed picture recognition at the higher dose. This observed impairment could be due to a sensitivity of these specific tasks to modulation by neurotransmitters that have been noted to have memory‐impairing effects (e.g. γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin).","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"294 1","pages":"173-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76305662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Training in the step‐down inhibitory avoidance task time‐dependently increases cAMP‐dependent protein kinase activity in the entorhinal cortex 在降压抑制性回避任务训练中，时间依赖性地增加了内嗅皮层cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶活性

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200105000-00007

P. Pereira, P. Ardenghi, T. Mello e Souza, J. Medina, I. Izquierdo

引用次数: 12

The role of medial prefrontal cortical dopamine in spontaneous flexibility in the rat 内侧前额叶皮层多巴胺在大鼠自发性柔韧性中的作用

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200105000-00002

M. Lanser, B. Ellenbroek, F. Zitman, D. Heeren, A. Cools

引用次数: 17

Excitatory mechanisms in neuroleptic‐induced vacuous chewing movements (VCMs): possible involvement of calcium and nitric oxide 抗精神病药诱导的空洞咀嚼运动(VCMs)的兴奋机制:可能与钙和一氧化氮有关

Behavioral Pharmacology Pub Date : 2001-05-01 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200105000-00006

P. S. Naidu, S. K. Kulkarni

{"title":"Excitatory mechanisms in neuroleptic‐induced vacuous chewing movements (VCMs): possible involvement of calcium and nitric oxide","authors":"P. S. Naidu, S. K. Kulkarni","doi":"10.1097/00008877-200105000-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200105000-00006","url":null,"abstract":"Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious motor side‐effect of chronic neuroleptic therapy. Chronic treatment with neuroleptics leads to the development of oral abnormal movements in rats known as vacuous chewing movements (VCMs). Vacuous chewing movements in rats have been widely accepted as an animal model of tardive dyskinesia. Chronic blockade of D 2 inhibitory dopamine (DA) receptors localized on glutamatergic terminals in the striatum leads to the persistent enhanced release of glutamate that kills the striatal output neurons. The object of the present study was to explore the role of glutamatergic modulation on the neuroleptic‐induced VCMs. Rats were chronically (for 21 days) treated with haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to produce VCMs. The neuroleptic‐induced VCMs viz., vertical jaw movements, tongue protrusions and bursts of jaw tremors, were counted during a 5 min observation period. Dizocilpine, a non‐competitive N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dose dependently (0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg) reduced haloperidol‐induced VCMs. Felodipine (5 and 10 mg/kg), an L‐type calcium‐channel blocker, also significantly reduced the VCM count. N‐omega‐nitro‐ l ‐arginine methyl ester ( l ‐NAME) (25 and 50 mg/kg), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, also reduced the VCM count in an l ‐arginine‐sensitive manner. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated NMDA receptor involvement in haloperidol‐induced VCMs, and also suggested the possible involvement of calcium and nitric oxide in haloperidol‐induced VCMs.","PeriodicalId":8741,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"209-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85228601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 66