Biofilms最新文献

{"title":"“Adhere today, here tomorrow” – how is exopolysaccharide production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa affected by high-flow shear conditions?","authors":"W. Allan, M. Webber, Kevin Wright, Tim W. Overton","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-69","url":null,"abstract":"Biofilms provide physical, mechanical and chemical protection for microbes from their external environment, necessitating the use of harsh chemicals (such as sanitisers and antimicrobials) and abrasive cleaning (brushing or pigging) for their control. Biofilms have a broad impact upon the manufacturing of a wide range of fast-moving consumer goods, and biofilm contamination during their manufacture can lead to production interruption and significant economic costs to industry for cleaning and sanitisation. Biofilms formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. a.), a major contaminant of industrial processes, have yet to be studied in-depth with respect to the changes that occur in response to high-flow shear conditions from a combined physical and biological perspective.","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45031882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of an industry related biofilm into a proxy model community – Challenges around Field and lab based microbial growth analysis","authors":"Damon C. Brown, R. Turner","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-52","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the oil and gas industry, internal corrosion represents one of the major threats to asset lifetime and integrity. Of the types of internal corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is the most difficult to predict and monitor due to the unpredictable nature of microbial growth and the minimal metal loss resulting in through wall failure (pitting). MIC results from biofilm communities interacting directly and indirectly with the metal. Due to the structure and nature of these pipelines, directly monitoring sessile growth is impossible. As a result, most MIC monitoring is done through planktonic cells retrieved from fluid samples as a proxy for sessile populations.</p>\u0000<p>Growth curves are one of the most fundamental methods of quantitatively assessing microbial growth. In the lab, pure cultures are measured using optical densities, biomass staining, direct microscopic counting and counting colony forming units (CFU) on specialized media while more advanced techniques involve quantitative PCR (qPCR) of key genes. While PCR technologies are more easily transferred from the field to the lab, CFU counts are impossible in the field. Alternatives to the CFU are colorimetric activity assays such as &#8220;bug bottles&#8221; or biological activity reaction test (BART) bottles but aren&#8217;t sensitive and require long incubation times. More sensitive assays such as ATP measurements are also used but can be misleading as high metabolically active samples will give higher cell count equivalents than a metabolically slow community of an identical size.</p>\u0000<p>To systematically evaluate a best practice, we conducted growth curves in a lab scenario using six pure cultures and techniques predominantly used in the field to determine how these techniques compare and accurately measure microbial growth. The six species used are Acetobacterium woodii, Bacillus subtilis, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Geoalkalibacter subterraneus, Pseudomonas putida and Thauera aromatica. The techniques used are optical density at 600 nm, ATP activity measurements using a luciferase-based assay, DNA concentration and 16S rRNA copy numbers.</p>\u0000<p>It was found that most lines of data follow the expected sigmoidal growth curve to varying degrees for all species. OD₆₀₀ readings follow the expected sigmoidal curves, exhibiting a lag phase, log growth phase and a stationary phase. ATP peaks during mid log phase and quickly declines, never showing a distinct stationary phase, while DNA concentrations closely follow the OD₆₀₀ readings but decline to death phase more rapidly. qPCR of the 16S rRNA genes revealed this data followed the same trends but was less susceptible to fluctuations.</p>\u0000<p>Assessing microbial biofilms in the environment and on anthropogenic industrial infrastructure is extremely challenging given sampling, storage and transportation to the lab.&#160; This work begins to establish best practices for growth of environmental communities ","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71171329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity in regulatory regions of icaADBCR and fnbAB genes among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from periprosthetic joint infections","authors":"Liliana Morales, Maite Echeverz, M. Trobos, C. Solano, I. Lasa","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The ability of bacteria to colonize implant surfaces and tissues as a biofilm plays a relevant role in medical-device-associated infections. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> strains can produce a biofilm matrix made of the poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PIA/PNAG) exopolysaccharide and/or proteins. PIA/PNAG is synthesised by enzymes encoded by the<em> icaADBC</em> operon whose expression is repressed by the transcriptional regulator IcaR, while the protein-dependent biofilm is commonly associated to fibronectin-biding proteins, FnBPA and FnBPB, encoded by<em> fnbA</em> and<em> fnbB</em> genes. The aim of this work was to identify common genetic features in the regulatory regions of biofilm-related genes among clinical<em> S. aureus</em> strains derived from periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). &#160;</p>\u0000<p><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Genomes of 45 <em>S. aureus</em> strains from PJI were sequenced. Firstly, the sequence comprising the entire <em>icaADBC</em> regulatory region (5&#8217;UTR of <em>icaADBC</em> and <em>icaR</em>, the <em>icaR</em> coding sequence and its 3&#8217;UTR region) and secondly, the sequence of the promoter region of <em>fnbAB</em> were compared to those of<em> S. aureus</em> MW2 strain. Regulatory regions containing distinctive features were identified, fused to a reporter gene and introduced in a reference strain to analyze differences in gene expression.</p>\u0000<p><strong>Results: </strong>In the case of the<em> icaADBC</em> operon, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the <em>icaADBC</em> regulatory region allowed clustering of the strains in five groups from which a representative strain was chosen for further studies: <em>S. aureus</em> MIC 6924 (20% of isolates), MIC 6934 (13%), MIC 6936 (7%), MIC 6948 (2%) and MIC 7018 (4%). Of note, MICs 6948 and 7018 contained mutations in the<em> icaR</em> coding sequence. In this respect, a single nucleotide mutation in <em>icaR</em> (Val176Glu) caused a significant increase in <em>icaADBC</em> transcription and thus, in PIA/PNAG production and biofilm formation. In contrast, none of the rest of the SNPs found in the<em> icaADBC</em> regulatory region modified the transcription levels of the reporter gene. With respect to fnBPA and fnBPB genes and in agreement with previous studies, 100% of the strains contained the<em> fnbA</em> gene whereas only 69% contained the<em> fnbB</em> gene. The promoter region of <em>fnbA</em> was found to be highly conserved. SNPs in the promoter region of <em>fnbB</em> allowed clustering the strains in five groups. From these, the most frequently identified pattern was represented by <em>S. aureus</em> MIC 6948 (53%) and correlated with a lower level of reporter expression, whereas the group containing SNPs in the LexA binding sites was represented by MIC 7014 (4%) and correlated with higher expression levels.</p>\u0000<p><strong>Conclusion: &#160;</strong>Our results suggest that<em> S. aureus</em> isolates from","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47190044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of temperature gradients on AOB/NOB competition in MABR biofilms","authors":"Patricia Perez, Emily Clements, C. Picioreanu, R. Nerenberg","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is an emerging wastewater treatment technology that can greatly decrease energy requirements for wastewater treatment. It consists of cassettes of air-supplying, hollow-fiber membranes that can retrofit existing activated sludge processes. MABR behavior differs from conventional biofilm processes due to the counter-diffusion of the electron donor (ammonia) and acceptor (oxygen).</p>\u0000<p>&#160;</p>\u0000<p>Partial nitrification (PN), or partial nitrification Anammox (PNA), can further improve MABR energy efficiency and cost effectiveness.&#160; To achieve this, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) must outcompete nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). &#160;High temperatures favor AOB, but it is not feasible to heat the wastewater influent.&#160; However, high-temperature compressed air can be supplied to the membrane lumen, increasing temperatures inside the biofilm without increasing the bulk temperatures. No previous research has addressed temperature gradients in biofilms, which can lead to gradients in&#160; biodegradation kinetics, diffusivities, and O₂ solubility.</p>\u0000<p>&#160;</p>\u0000<p>The objective of this research was to explore the effect of temperature gradients in MABR biofilms, especially with respect to PN. We used a one-dimensional multi-species biofilm model, which considers the MABR physical and biochemical behavior, especially with respect to temperature. The model was implemented using COMSOL Multiphysics. We also used bench-scale experiments to explore the effect of biofilm temperature gradients on MABR nitrification and PN performances and microbial community structure.</p>\u0000<p>&#160;</p>\u0000<p>Model simulations showed that MABR biofilms exposed to a temperature gradient from 20 &#186;C (biofilm interior) to 10 &#186;C (bulk liquid) had a 60% increase in nitrification rates compared with biofilms at 10 &#186;C. More importantly, the model predicted a complete out competition of NOBs within the biofilm.</p>\u0000<p>&#160;</p>\u0000<p>Preliminary experimental results confirm a significant (105%) increase in nitrification fluxes with a temperature of 30&#186;C compared to ambient temperatures (20&#186;C). Future experiments will validate the model predicted effects of biofilm temperature gradients on nitrification fluxes and microbial community structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44229771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of enzymatic detergents to remove biofilms in food industries","authors":"M. Berga, Irene Ylla, M. Latorre","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-132","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade concern about the presence of biofilms in food processing plants has increased. Biofilms in the environment of food processing plants represent a threat to food quality, safety and shelf-life. These biofilms can host pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria, Salmonella and Campylobacter, as well as spoilage microorganisms. Additionally, biofilms show some degree of resistance to conventional detergents and disinfectants that hinders their removal and favors regrowth. Therefore, there is a need for sanitizing products and protocols that are highly efficient at removing biofilms and suitable for food processing plants. Enzymatic detergents have recently been introduced as an alternative to conventional products against biofilms in food processing plants. These detergents contain one or more enzymes that disrupt the EPS of the biofilms, making the microorganisms present in the biofilm more vulnerable to disinfectants. Enzymatic detergents have been proofed to be more efficient in degrading biofilms than conventional detergents reducing both, EPS content and bacterial counts. Finally, higher efficiency on biofilm removal was observed after completing the entire sanitizing procedure (cleaning + disinfection) using an enzymatic detergent than a conventional detergent. These tests confirm the great potential of enzymatic detergents to remove biofilms.","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44443519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving factors for bioclogging of pores and porous media","authors":"Dorothee L. Kurz, E. Secchi, R. Stocker, J. Jiménez‐Martínez","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-23","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the interplay between hydrodynamics and biogeochemical processes is of growing importance in environmental applications and studies, especially in the fields of bioremediation and ecology. The majority of the microbial communities living in soil have a surface-attached lifestyle, allowing them to form biofilms. The biofilm growth influences pore geometries by clogging them and thus redirecting the flow, which in return affects biofilm development and local mass transport. After initially clogging single pores, the biofilm structure expands to larger clusters before eventually clogging the porous medium entirely. We study these processes with a soil-born microorganism, Bacillus subtilis, in microfluidic devices mimicking porous media to get a mechanistic understanding of the driving factors of bioclogging of porous media on different scales.","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47775200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective antibiofilm properties of nano-ZnO and nano-ZnO/Ag coated surfaces","authors":"Merilin Rosenberg, M. Visnapuu, H. Vija, V. Kisand, K. Kasemets, A. Kahru, A. Ivask","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-74","url":null,"abstract":"Merilin Rosenberg, Meeri Visnapuu, Heiki Vija, Vambola Kisand, Kaja Kasemets, Anne Kahru, and Angela Ivask National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Estonia (rosenbergmerilin@gmail.com) Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Estonia University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Estonia Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia University of Tartu, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonia","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as non-invasive approach for quantifying the transport of particulate organic matter within a bed of settled aerobic granules","authors":"F. Ranzinger, Maximilian Matern, M. Layer, G. Guthausen, M. Wagner, N. Derlon, H. Horn","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-101","url":null,"abstract":"Florian Ranzinger, Maximilian Matern, Manuel Layer, Gisela Guthausen, Michael Wagner, Nicolas Derlon, and Harald Horn KIT, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Wasserchemie und Wassertechnologie, Germany (florian.ranzinger@kit.edu) Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Process Engineering, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, Germany DVGW Research Laboratories, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71171276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant Protein Production and Plasmid Stability in Escherichia coli Biofilms","authors":"L. Gomes, G. Monteiro, F. Mergulhão","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-65","url":null,"abstract":"<p><em>Escherichia coli</em> biofilms have a great biotechnological potential since this organism has been one of the preferred hosts for recombinant protein production for the past decades and it has been successfully used in metabolic engineering for the production of high-value compounds.</p>\u0000<p>In a previous study, we have demonstrated that the non-induced enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression from <em>E. coli</em> biofilm cells was 30-fold higher than in the planktonic state without any optimization of cultivation parameters [1]. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of chemical induction with isopropyl &#946;-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) on the expression of eGFP by planktonic and biofilm cells of <em>E. coli</em> JM109(DE3) transformed with a plasmid containing a T7 promoter.</p>\u0000<p>It was shown that induction negatively affected the growth and viability of planktonic cultures, and eGFP production did not increase. Recombinant protein production was not limited by gene dosage or by transcriptional activity. Results suggest that plasmid maintenance at high copy number imposes a metabolic burden that precludes high level expression of the recombinant protein. In biofilm cells, the inducer avoided the overall decrease in the amount of expressed eGFP, although this was not correlated with the gene dosage. Higher specific production levels were always attained with biofilm cells and it seems that while induction of biofilm cells shifts their metabolism towards the maintenance of recombinant protein concentration, in planktonic cells the cellular resources are directed towards plasmid replication and growth [2].</p>\u0000<p>It is expected that this work will be of great value to elucidate the mechanisms of induction on recombinant protein production, especially in biofilm cells which have shown potential to be used as protein factories.</p>\u0000<p>&#160;</p>\u0000<p>&#160;</p>\u0000<p>References:</p>\u0000<p>[1] Gomes, L.C., & Mergulh&#227;o, F.J. (2017) Heterologous protein production in <em>Escherichia coli</em> biofilms: A non-conventional form of high cell density cultivation. <em>Process Biochemistry, 57, 1-8</em>. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.018</p>\u0000<p>[2] Gomes, L., Monteiro, G., & Mergulh&#227;o, F. (2020). The Impact of IPTG Induction on Plasmid Stability and Heterologous Protein Expression by <em>Escherichia coli</em> Biofilms. <em>International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(2), 576</em>. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020576</p>","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71171467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalising antibiotics with nitroxides as an effective broad-spectrum biofilm eradication strategy.","authors":"Anthony D. Verderosa, K. Fairfull‐Smith, Makrina Totsika","doi":"10.5194/biofilms9-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/biofilms9-12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background:</strong></p>\u0000<p>The adhesion of planktonic bacteria to a surface (biotic or abiotic), and their subsequent ability to aggregate into multicellular communities called biofilms, is a major driving force of failing antibiotic therapy and persistence in chronic infections caused by a variety of pathogens (e.g., <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus)</em>&#160;and plaguing healthcare systems worldwide. Biofilms are estimated to be involved in over 80% of all microbial infections in humans, and commonly exhibit extreme resistance to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents, which target biofilm residing cells. Here, we present the development and evaluation of a new generation of dual-acting nitroxide functionalised antibiotics with potent biofilm eradication activity.</p>\u0000<p><strong>Methodology:</strong></p>\u0000<p>Synthetic organic chemistry was utilised to produce a new generation of nitroxide functionalised antibiotics with targeted biofilm eradication capabilities. These compounds were tested for biofilm eradication and/or dispersal of several bacterial species using the MBEC^TM device, a reproducible high-throughput static biofilm formation system. Mature biofilms were treated with serial dilutions of the specific test agent(s) and recovered bacterial numbers were quantified by absorbance spectroscopy at 600 nm or plating for viable cell counts. Treated biofilms were also stained with Live/Dead (SYTO-9/PI) bacterial viability kit and analysed by fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy.</p>\u0000<p><strong>Results: </strong></p>\u0000<p>Nitroxide functionalised antibiotics exhibit potent biofilm-eradication activity against a variety of medically important pathogens, including <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, uropathogenic <em>E. coli</em>, and <em>S. aureus</em>. In Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) assays nitroxide functionalised antibiotics were 64-fold more potent against <em>S. aureus</em> biofilms, and at least 2-fold more potent against uropathogenic <em>E. coli</em> biofilms than the parent antibiotic ciprofloxacin.</p>\u0000<p><strong>Conclusions:</strong></p>\u0000<p>Currently, antibiotics are often entirely ineffective against biofilm infections. Nitroxide functionalised antibiotics represent a promising new strategy, which could circumvent the resistance of Gram-positive and Gram-negative biofilms to conventional treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":87392,"journal":{"name":"Biofilms","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44085262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}