Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Advances in PET Imaging of α7 Nicotinic Receptors: From Radioligand Development to CNS Applications","authors":"Janus H. Magnussen","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Positron emission tomography (PET) has significantly advanced our understanding of the brain by enabling non-invasive imaging and quantification of molecular processes, including receptor binding. In this review, we explore the development and application of PET radioligands targeting the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), a receptor implicated in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and cognitive disorders. Despite challenges associated with the low density of α7 nAChRs and difficulties in achieving adequate brain penetration, several promising radioligands have been developed, including ¹¹C-(<i>R</i>)-MeQAA, ¹¹C-NS14492 and ¹⁸F-ASEM. These radioligands facilitate the evaluation of the ‘three pillars of survival’ in drug development: tissue accessibility, target engagement and downstream pharmacology. PET imaging offers critical insights into drug distribution across the blood–brain barrier, receptor occupancy and the pharmacodynamic effects of α7 nAChR–targeted therapies. By reviewing current radioligands and their applications, we highlight the potential of PET imaging to deepen our understanding of α7 nAChR–mediated signalling pathways and its implications for CNS drug discovery. Future innovations in radioligand development, including more selective and brain-penetrant compounds, will be key to fully realizing the potential of PET imaging in α7 nAChR–targeted research and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy Outcomes After Semaglutide Exposure","authors":"Line Kolding,&nbsp;Jakob Nørgaard Henriksen,&nbsp;Eva Aggerholm Sædder,&nbsp;Per Glud Ovesen,&nbsp;Lars Henning Pedersen","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70021","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Semaglutide, a GLP1 agonist, is used for glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes and weight management [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. In animals (mice, rats and rabbits), GLP1 agonists is associated with embryofetal mortality, structural abnormalities and growth disturbances concerning delayed ossification and skeletal variants [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. A recent cohort study on the potential risk of malformations included GLP-1 receptor agonists but did not provide specific estimates for semaglutide [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;]. Except for case reports, there are no studies on other pregnancy outcomes [&lt;span&gt;1, 4, 5&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unintentional use of semaglutide in pregnancy is rapidly increasing. Women who experience such exposure are difficult to advise due to the lack of human data. We report pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies exposed to semaglutide based on data from a cohort of over 100 000 pregnancies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study population included all singleton pregnancies surviving the first trimester in the Central Denmark Region, which accounts for one fifth of Denmark's population. This encompassed pregnancies from a gestational age (GA) of 12 + 0/7 weeks onwards, with conception dates ranging from 1 June 2016 to 22 June 2023, regardless of foetal survival. In Denmark, there is universal access to healthcare free of charge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Data were collected from the electronic charts from all hospitals in the region and linked on the individual level, including exact mother–child linkage, via a unique identifier from the Danish Civil Registration System.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exposure to semaglutide (ATC A10BJ06) and/or insulin (ATC A10B) in first trimester (from the estimated conceptiondate to 70 days after, corresponding to GA 12 + 0/7), pregnancy and neonatal outcomes and informations regarding diabetes were collected from the electronic patient record.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Major malformations were classified according to EUROCAT classification including both prenatal (ultrasound data) and postnatal registered malformations as previously reported, with a deviation with reverse registration of congenital malformations (DQ) diagnoses found later in life (until June 2024) [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. The neonatal outcomes of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), hypoglycemia and jaundice were identified using ICD10 codes (RDS DP220, 228, 229/hypoglycemia DP703, 704/jaundice DP550, 551, 558-560, 569, 570, 578-585, 588-593, 598, and 599). The outcomes of semaglutide-exposed pregnancies were compared to pregnancies exposed to either insulin or no diabetes medication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Statistical analyses were performed with Stata (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, United States).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wilcoxon ranksum test was used for numerical data and Fishers exact test for dichotomous data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Access to the data was approved according to Danish legislation (Sundhedsloven §46, permission [1-45-70-88-22, 5 April 2024]), and data were stored according to the EU GDPR rules.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study was conducted in accordance with the Basic &amp; Clinic","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Acute Exposure of Swiss Mice to Chlorogenic Acid","authors":"Oluwatoyin Adenike Adeyemo-Salami,&nbsp;Dorcas Abiola Afolabi,&nbsp;Abdullahi Adekunle Amuzat,&nbsp;Joseph-Peace Oluwabukunmi Adekanye,&nbsp;Okikijesu Olusola Oladokun","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenolic compound widely distributed in the diet. It has been shown to have a variety of potential health benefits and is also administered as a food supplement. However, the report on its safety assessment is sparse. This study is therefore designed to assess the effect of acute exposure to CGA. Forty-eight Swiss mice were weight-matched into eight groups (<i>n</i> = 6). Groups I and II received distilled water and 1% ethanol; Groups III–VIII received 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 1000 mg/kg doses of CGA, respectively. Twenty-four hours post-treatment, the liver and kidneys were excised and used for antioxidant assays and kidney and liver function tests. Sections were prepared for histology. Results showed that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was significantly elevated at all the doses of CGA in the kidney and also in the liver. The liver function parameters were affected in the liver of mice treated with CGA. CGA variably affected potassium ion concentration at the different doses in the kidney. Results were complemented by the histology. CGA manifests a deleterious effect, as evidenced by the perturbations in some of the biochemical parameters in the liver at all the doses, and in particular from the 240 mg/kg dose.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Patients Admitted to Intensive Care After Administration of Chlordiazepoxide in the Emergency Room","authors":"Jakob Nørgaard Henriksen,&nbsp;Sara Buttrup Rosenquist,&nbsp;Dorte Goldbækdal Illum,&nbsp;Charlotte Uggerhøj Andersen","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chlordiazepoxide is effective in treating alcohol withdrawal syndrome, but it poses a risk of long-term sedation. The prevalence of this side effect and its risk factors remain uncertain. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to estimate both using data from Aarhus University Hospital's BI portal. We identified and manually reviewed patient records from 1 September 2019 to 31 August 2021, including the treating physicians' conclusions on ICU admissions to determine whether they were likely due to chlordiazepoxide toxicity. Chlordiazepoxide was administered to 1363 unique patients in the study period. We identified 32 ICU admissions preceded by chlordiazepoxide administration, 5 of which (16%) were likely related to chlordiazepoxide toxicity. Patients with chlordiazepoxide-induced admissions received higher cumulative doses compared to other admissions (425 mg vs. 150 mg, <i>p</i> = 0.01), had longer ICU stays (median 8 vs. 2 days, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and required higher doses of flumazenil (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Their median age was above 60 years, and not all had known liver disease. The overall incidence of long-term chlordiazepoxide toxicity was approximately 0.35%, with risk factors including higher doses and age above 60. Our findings suggest increased caution when treating not only patients with liver disease but also elderly patients with chlordiazepoxide for alcohol withdrawal symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical-Related Poisonings in Greenland","authors":"Kim Dalhoff,&nbsp;Johanne Mølby Hansen,&nbsp;Søren Bøgevig,&nbsp;Tonny S. Petersen","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Danish Poison Information Centre (DPIC) received 1827 enquiries from Greenland in the period 2007–2022. The risk and the treatment of poisonings in Greenland are potentially different from those in Denmark. The use and availability of medicines, the ethnicity and the vicinity of health care are different in Greenland compared with Denmark. This study examined whether the toxicological profile was different between Denmark and Greenland using DPIC data. The most frequent drug poisoning in Greenland was paracetamol, followed by ibuprofen and quetiapine (6.6, 4.5 and 1.6 enquiries/1000 inhabitants, respectively). There were significantly more serious poisonings in Greenland compared with Denmark (36% vs. 12% moderate or life-threatening poisonings; <i>p</i> = 0.0004). Most of the calls from Greenland to the DPIC came primarily from health care professionals (HCPs). Also, the age groups of the poisoned patients were different in Greenland compared with Denmark. In Denmark, 38% of the enquiries were regarding children aged 0–4, compared with 17% in Greenland. In the age group 20–29 years, 14% came from Denmark and 23% from Greenland. In conclusion, we found an excessive number of calls to the DPIC from HCPs in Greenland with more serious poisonings, primarily with paracetamol, and fewer calls regarding children.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabinol Interactions With the Melatonergic Pathway","authors":"George Anderson","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Mitochondrial Superoxide Level Is Partially Associated With Vemurafenib-Induced Renal Tubular Toxicity","authors":"Akimasa Sanagawa,&nbsp;Hiroshi Takase","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vemurafenib (VEM) reportedly inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain and reduces ferrochelatase (FECH) activity, thereby causing VEM-induced renal tubular toxicity. However, the exact mechanisms underlying VEM-induced renal tubular toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we treated human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells with VEM to elucidate these mechanisms. VEM treatment for 24 h resulted in cell damage, reduced cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase release and elevated the production of inflammatory cytokines. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence microscopy revealed accumulation and enlargement of lysosome-derived vacuoles and mitochondrial superoxide production. Although MitoTracker showed no change in the total mitochondrial volume, TEM indicated mitochondrial damage, including smaller and less visible mitochondria. Enhanced superoxide production was confirmed using mtSOX. The mitochondria-specific antioxidant XJB-5-131 partially alleviated VEM-induced superoxide production and improved cell viability, indicating the role of superoxide in VEM-induced renal tubular toxicity. The inhibition of lysosomal acidification by bafilomycin A1 did not mitigate VEM-induced cytotoxicity, suggesting potential autophagy impairment. These findings highlight that mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal abnormalities are significant factors in VEM-induced renal tubular toxicity, warranting further investigation into the relationship between their mechanisms, reduced FECH activity and potential renoprotective targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between CYP2D6 Genotypes and Serum Concentrations of Mirtazapine and Mianserin","authors":"Kristine Hole,&nbsp;Espen Molden","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of <i>CYP2D6</i> genotypes on mirtazapine and mianserin serum concentrations. Patients were included retrospectively from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of <i>CYP2D6</i> genotype, age and sex on mirtazapine and mianserin concentration-to-dose (C/D) ratio. The study included 2315 mirtazapine patients and 474 mianserin patients who were assigned to the genotype-predicted phenotype groups of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs), normal metabolizers (NMs) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed 18% and 14% higher mirtazapine C/D ratio in CYP2D6 PMs and IMs, respectively, compared with NMs (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.004). For mianserin, the C/D ratio was 80% and 45% higher in PMs and IMs, respectively, compared with NMs (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The C/D ratio in UMs did not differ from NMs for either drug (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.3). In conclusion, <i>CYP2D6</i> genotype was only associated with a minor change in mirtazapine serum concentration. The association between <i>CYP2D6</i> genotype and mianserin serum concentration was greater, with 80% higher mianserin C/D ratio in CYP2D6 PMs compared with NMs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Filgotinib Improves Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis by Modulating JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3/IL-17A Signalling","authors":"Yunying Lv,&nbsp;Guanghua Zhang,&nbsp;Dexin Kong,&nbsp;Wanglin Jiang","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regulatory agencies in Europe and Japan have approved filgotinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor, for use in treating rheumatoid arthritis, but its effect and mechanism of action in treating pulmonary fibrosis remain unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We performed an in vivo investigation in rats on filgotinib's effect on pulmonary fibrosis resulting from the intratracheal infusion of bleomycin (BLM). Then, we focused on the mechanisms by which filgotinib inhibits experimentally induced pulmonary fibrosis in vitro by determining its effect on TGF-β1-induced proliferation of mouse lung fibroblasts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Continuous gavage of filgotinib at 20 mg/kg for 14 days elicited protective effects in the BLM-induced rat experimental pulmonary fibrosis model, as reflected in changes in Hounsfield units as an indicator of overall pulmonary function and in the lung coefficient and lung microscopic pathology scores as indicators of gross pulmonary pathology. Protein expression levels of IL-17A, phosphorylated tyrosine kinase (p-JAK1), p-STAT3 and cytokine signal transduction inhibitor 3 (SOCS3) were also changed. In in vitro studies, filgotinib at 1 μM reduced TGF-β1-induced fibroblast proliferation and produced lower levels of IL-17A, p-JAK1 and p-STAT3, but higher SOCS3.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Filgotinib appeared to alleviate experimental pulmonary fibrosis by reducing fibroblast proliferation via inhibition of the JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3/IL-17A pathway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143481596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and Functional Characterization of DPYD Exon 4 Deletion Common in the Finnish Population","authors":"Johanna I. Kiiski,&nbsp;Sofia Khan,&nbsp;Antti Hosio,&nbsp;Mikko Neuvonen,&nbsp;Mikko Niemi","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"136 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}