Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Recurrent Exposure to Amoxicillin Impairs Male Reproductive Function by Enhancing Oxidative Stress and DNA Fragmentation in the Testis of Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"Nabila Akhtara,&nbsp;Manuj Kr Bharali,&nbsp;Mrinmoy Chakraborty,&nbsp;Shilajit Parashar Thakur","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70115","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bcpt.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study was designed to investigate the impact of recurrent exposure to amoxicillin on the male reproductive system by employing a multi-parametric approach in a mouse model. Animals (<i>n</i> = 20) were randomly assigned into two groups: Group I served as a negative control while Group II was treated with amoxicillin every alternative week for 10 weeks. At the end of the experiment period, five animals (<i>n</i> = 05) from each group were euthanised, blood and tissue samples were utilised for further analysis, and the remaining five (<i>n</i> = 05) animals per group were utilised to assess the fertility index. Ultrastructural and sperm parameter analyses and histomorphology assessment of the testis revealed significant impairments (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) following amoxicillin exposure. Amoxicillin exposure also caused significant elevation of oxidative stress and double strand DNA breaks in testicular cells as demonstrated by increased level of 8-OHdG and γ-H2AX positive cells in the testis (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). To summarise, this study indicated that recurrent exposure to amoxicillin can induce reproductive toxicity through oxidative stress and genotoxic mechanisms, compromising sperm integrity and fertility potential in male mice. This work highlights the need for evaluation of antibiotic safety concerning male reproductive health, with implications for clinical practice, environmental exposures and the development of strategies to mitigate fertility risks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Protection of Arsenic-Induced Hepatic Disorder by Arjunolic Acid","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70113","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bcpt.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>RETRACTION</b>: P. Manna, M. Sinha, and P. C. Sil, “Protection of Arsenic-Induced Hepatic Disorder by Arjunolic Acid,” <i>Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology</i> 101, no. 5 (2007): 333–338, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00132.x.</p><p>The above article, published online on 3 September 2007 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editors-in-Chief, Jens Lykkesfeldt and Ulf Simonsen; the Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT; and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</p><p>The retraction has been agreed following an investigation based on allegations raised by a third party. Figures 4A and 4C were found to be duplicates, and the authors were unable to provide the original data due to the age of the paper. Additionally, the article contains multiple scientific inaccuracies, conceptual flaws and methodological omissions. Thus, the editors consider the conclusions of this article to be invalid.</p><p>The authors disagree with the retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of ABCB1 Polymorphisms on the Efficacy of Antidepressants","authors":"Sofie Voss Thorsen,&nbsp;Cille Bülow,&nbsp;Kim Dalhoff,&nbsp;David Peick Sonne","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70097","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bcpt.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This scoping review investigates the association between <i>ABCB1</i> polymorphisms and antidepressant efficacy in humans. A systematic search identified 630 records, of which 58 met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 42 unique studies (five randomised controlled trials (RCTs), two randomised studies (non-RCTs), 30 prospective cohort studies, three case–control studies, one cross-sectional clinical study and one phase I clinical trial). These studies examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near the <i>ABCB1</i> gene and their association with antidepressant treatment response. Of the 42 studies, 30 focused on rs1045642, the most extensively studied SNP. Among these, only 20% reported statistically significant associations. Beyond rs1045642, rs2032582 and rs1128503 were also frequently studied, but statistically significant associations were reported in only a minority of cases (28% and 13%, respectively), often with conflicting directions. Haplotype analyses involving all three SNPs (the TTT haplotype) showed mixed results. Results were variable across antidepressants, likely due to overlapping pharmacokinetic pathways. Methodological differences, including study design, sample sizes and definitions of remission, likely contribute to these inconsistencies. This review highlights the complexity of linking <i>ABCB1</i> polymorphisms to antidepressant treatment response and suggests the need for standardised methodologies and larger, diverse populations in future studies. Haplotype analyses could provide deeper insights and enhance personalised treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Drugs on CYP3A Enzyme Activity and Protein Expression Through Ubiquitination Modification Regulation","authors":"Fang Wang,&nbsp;Xiwei Gu,&nbsp;Haiying Hong,&nbsp;Qianqian Xia,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Song,&nbsp;Baoxin Li,&nbsp;Pan Fan","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70102","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bcpt.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is one of the most important members of the cytochrome P450 subfamily, which is involved in the catalytic process of many drug activation or deactivation. Meanwhile, it is also a risk factor for drug-induced toxic reactions. Our research investigates the impact of drugs on CYP3A4 enzyme activity and protein expression, and that CYP3A4 inhibition induced by drugs may exacerbate under hypoxia. Molecular docking has found that the drug has binding sites with amino acid residues in the active region of CYP3A4, which may affect the ability of the CYP3A4 enzyme to metabolize drugs. Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control (FiO₂: 21%), hypoxia (FiO₂: 10%) for 14 days. Liver microsomes from hypoxic and normoxic rats were used for in vitro experiments by high-performance liquid chromatography. Drug concentration in blood in vivo was measured by LC–MS/MS. Further studies have revealed that drugs mediate the degradation of CYP3A4 ubiquitination-proteasome pathway through E3 ubiquitin ligase gp78 by immunoprecipitation, which may exacerbate the CYP3A4 inhibition under hypoxic conditions. These elucidated that the inhibition of CYP3A4 may worsen under pathological conditions (such as hypoxia), providing a basis for rational clinical medication to reduce or avoid drug interactions and toxic reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Is Psychotropic Use for Challenging Behaviour in People With Intellectual Disability Understood by Stakeholders? A Concept Analysis Using Rodgers' Evolutionary Approach","authors":"Dervla Kelly,&nbsp;Susan Morrissey,&nbsp;Darragh O'Regan,&nbsp;Drona Sharma,&nbsp;Owen Doody","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Psychotropic use for challenging behaviours in people with intellectual disability persists despite initiatives and prescribing guidelines encouraging judicious use. The use of some medications, such as psychiatric medications, can be stigmatised or linked to certain social and cultural beliefs. Rodgers' (1989) evolutionary framework of concept analysis was employed, alongside qualitative data collection, to examine the extent to which people with intellectual disability, their family members and health professionals have similar beliefs about appropriate psychotropic use and shared decision making processes. This study found that the justification for psychotropic use ranges from maintaining mood and safety according to service users and service providers; however, only service providers spoke about the use of medication as a last resort or legacy use. We identified organisational and health system factors, as well as professional, cultural, and relational factors stemming from diverging perceptions of psychotropic risk and power imbalances that influence psychotropic use. This suggests that there are gaps in understanding how to support decision making among people with intellectual disability about their medications. The results clarify the need for further research on effective interventions to enhance the shared decision making process around medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into Pharmacist-Led Deprescribing of Benzodiazepines and Related Drugs: A Qualitative Study With Physicians and Pharmacists","authors":"Miro Korppas,&nbsp;Miia Tiihonen,&nbsp;Marika Buch Lund,&nbsp;Kirsi Kvarnström","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While deprescribing benzodiazepines and related drugs (BZRDs) is crucial for preventing prolonged use and their associated adverse effects, it presents challenges from a healthcare perspective, because of limited resources and time. Recently, a pharmacist-led deprescribing of BZRDs in the treatment of insomnia was introduced in Helsinki's primary care health centres. To explore pharmacists' and physicians' insights, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams with physicians and pharmacists involved in a pharmacist-led deprescribing. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed abductively. A total of four pharmacists and four physicians from four health centres participated in this study. Pharmacist-led deprescribing was perceived as having positive outcomes and as being efficient, particularly in saving physicians' time and resources. Various patient-related facilitators and barriers were identified, with patient motivation and willingness being the most cited. Suggestions for improvement included establishing clear criteria for deprescribing, clarifying the roles in the process flow, providing enhanced deprescribing guidance and educational materials and enhancing the patient-centred approach by actively involving patients in the decision-making process and considering the patient's overall situation. Overall, the pharmacist-led model was seen as a promising and resource-efficient approach to deprescribing BZRDs in primary care health centres.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleural Effusion Formation Linked to Altered Transporter Expression Involved in Alveolar Fluid Clearance: Insights From the Monocrotaline Model of Pulmonary Hypertension","authors":"Katarina Lelkova,&nbsp;Katarina Hadova,&nbsp;Michaela Katanova,&nbsp;Jana Babiakova,&nbsp;Zuzana Albert Kmecova,&nbsp;Emil Babiak,&nbsp;Pavel Babal,&nbsp;Gabriel Doka,&nbsp;Jan Klimas,&nbsp;Peter Krenek","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pleural effusions (PLEF) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), particularly in patients with isolated right heart failure, are associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. This study investigates changes in alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) transporter expression in relation to lung fluid accumulation and PLEF formation during PAH progression, as well as the effects of terbutaline (TER) and riociguat (RIO) treatment. Using a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) rat model, we performed a detailed molecular analysis of AFC transporter expression at different disease stages, both before and after PH development. Although only minor changes were observed in the early stages prior to PH onset, a downregulation of key transporters, γ-ENaC and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase subunits <i>Atp1a2</i> and <i>Atp1b1</i>, was evident in the later stages. This reduction may have contributed to pulmonary oedema, as indicated by histological analysis. TER treatment modestly increased Atp1a2 expression, aligning with the stimulatory effects of β₂-agonist on oedema clearance. Conversely, RIO showed trends towards fluid accumulation, indicated by perivascular oedema in control animals and reduced oxygen saturation in MCT-treated rats. These findings support a potential role of impaired AFC in the pathogenesis of PLEF in PAH and suggest that pharmacological interventions may differentially affect lung fluid homeostasis in this setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Molecular Targets in Neurodegenerative Disorders: New Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention","authors":"Ezgi Eroglu,&nbsp;Nusin Harmanci","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia represent a significant global health burden with limited therapeutic options. Current treatments are primarily symptomatic and fail to modify disease progression, emphasizing the urgent need for novel, mechanism-based interventions. Recent advances in molecular neuroscience have identified several non-classical pathogenic pathways, including neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy and proteostasis, synaptic degeneration and non-coding RNA dysregulation. In this focused review, we highlight emerging molecular targets such as TREM2, NLRP3, mTOR, TFEB, PINK1 and SIRT3, which offer promising avenues for therapeutic intervention. We also address challenges in target validation and translational drug development, while proposing future research directions that may facilitate the design of more effective treatments. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms is essential for developing disease-modifying strategies to combat neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Antibiotic Use in Young Danish Children From 2016 to 2024","authors":"Heidi Sonne,&nbsp;Anton Pottegård,&nbsp;Katrine Sommerlund,&nbsp;Camilla Flintholm Raft,&nbsp;Helene Kildegaard","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70108","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Ocular antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat eye infections. Among young children, around half of acute conjunctivitis cases are bacterial, but distinguishing between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can be challenging [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Most cases resolve spontaneously without treatment, although antibiotic treatment can modestly reduce symptom duration [&lt;span&gt;1, 2&lt;/span&gt;]. Prescriptions may also be motivated by parental pressure and day care policies requiring treatment for re-entry, raising concerns about inappropriate use and antibiotic resistance [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;]. To address such issues, Choosing Wisely programmes have been launched in over 30 countries. In Denmark, Choosing Wisely was established in 2020 as a collaboration between healthcare professionals and patient organisations [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. The Danish initiative emphasizes consensus-based development of ‘do-not’ recommendations and local implementation. One of Choosing Wisely Denmark's key aims is to reduce unnecessary healthcare interventions, including antibiotic overuse. In support of a forthcoming Choosing Wisely recommendation in the autumn of 2025, this study analyses trends in ocular antibiotic use in Danish children from 2016 to 2024, extending previous work [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We conducted a nationwide descriptive drug utilization study using individual-level data on all redeemed prescriptions for ocular antibiotics in children under 6 years old, from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2024.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;From 2016 to 2024, 616 393 prescriptions for ocular antibiotics were issued to 343 096 children aged 0–5 years. In 2016, the prevalence was 322 per 1000 children aged 0–1 years and 128 per 1000 children aged 2–5 years (Figure 1a). Prevalence decreased sharply in 2020, coinciding with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, before gradually increasing in subsequent years, with a decrease again in 2024. By 2024, the prevalence was 172 per 1000 children aged 0–1 years and 70 per 1000 children aged 2–5 years, corresponding to prevalence ratios of 0.53 (95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.54) and 0.55 (0.54 to 0.56) compared to the 2016 level.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Incidence trends mirrored prevalence, with a marked decline during the pandemic and a large rebound, particularly in 0- to 1-year-olds (Figure 1b). Peaks in the winter months were evident, and incidence was consistently higher among children aged 0–1 years. General practitioners issued 86% of treatment episodes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The distribution of antibiotic types shifted over the study period (Figure 1c). Fusidic acid fell from 64% in 2016 to 34% by 2024. In contrast, chloramphenicol rose from 24% of prescriptions in 2016 to 74% in 2024. Tobramycin declined from 9.5% to 0%. Ciprofloxacin remained stable at around 5%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 2024, boys had higher IRs compared to girls across all age groups, although differences were attenuated with increasing child age (Figure 2a). The highest rate was observed in children aged 11–15 months with an IR of 310–35","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting the Undetected: Machine Learning in Early Disease Diagnosis","authors":"Kanika Rathi,&nbsp;Sakshi Sharma,&nbsp;Anil Barnwal","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Early detection of diseases is a critical pillar in advancing modern healthcare, offering timely interventions and better patient outcomes. This overview highlights a range of machine learning (ML) approaches that are transforming early disease diagnosis. We discuss how traditional supervised and unsupervised methods, alongside advanced deep learning and reinforcement learning techniques, are utilized to detect early disease markers, often before clinical symptoms appear. The paper begins with a discussion of ML fundamentals within healthcare, along with standard evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score and AUC-ROC. It then explores various ML models, including supervised algorithms (support vector machines, decision trees and random forests), unsupervised methods (<i>K</i>-means, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis) and deep learning architectures (convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and transformers). Reinforcement learning's emerging role in healthcare is also examined. Practical applications across disease areas such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and infectious diseases are reviewed. We emphasize the importance of high-quality datasets, balanced data distribution and clinical relevance. Key challenges such as data scarcity, model interpretability, privacy, the risk of overdiagnosis and clinical integration are critically discussed. It underscores that the successful translation of these technologies from code to clinic hinges on a deep, bidirectional collaboration between data scientists and clinical experts to ensure that newly developed tools address real-world patient needs. The overview concludes with future directions, including explainable AI, federated learning, multimodal data fusion, real-time applications and quantum ML, charting the evolving path of early disease detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8733,"journal":{"name":"Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcpt.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}