Health statistics quarterly最新文献

{"title":"In brief","authors":"","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2011.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2011.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2011.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58666045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In brief","authors":"","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2011.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2011.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2011.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58666554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deriving trends in life expectancy by the National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification using the ONS Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Brian Johnson","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2011.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2011.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health inequalities among socio-economic groups are well documented. One of the measures used to track inequalities over time is the series 'Trends in life expectancy by social class, 1972-2005', on the Office for National Statistics website. In 2001 the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC), replaced Registrar General's social class (RGSC) for the purposes of official statistics. This paper describes the challenges involved in producing an analogous series of trends in life expectancy by NS-SEC to that by RGSC, the approach adopted, and publishes the first results of the new series.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NS-SEC was devised in the 1990s and introduced in 2001. Like RGSC, it is an occupation-based measure. In order to produce a series of trends over more than 20 years based on NS-SEC, it is necessary to classify people according to NS-SEC based on their occupation at the 1981 and 1991 Censuses and then to measure subsequent mortality rates for different classes. The 1981 Census preceded the construction of the NS-SEC classification system by nearly 20 years, and there was no recognised way of classifying 1981 Census respondents by NS-SEC. This paper describes how an approximation to allow such a classification was derived. The ONS Longitudinal Study was used to provide the data from which mortality and survival rates by NS-SEC class could then be estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results are presented in terms of life expectancy at birth and at age 65 by five-year calendar periods, from 1982-86 to 2002-06. A social gradient was found using NS-SEC, similar to the one found using RGSC. For most classes for all periods studied, life expectancy improved for both males and females but inequalities persisted between classes. There was a difference of around six years for males between the most and least advantaged classes in expectation of life at birth and about four years for females in the period 2002-06. The estimates suggested a widening of inequalities over the study period for men, which appeared to end after 2001. For women, no overall trend could be detected, but there were no signs of any narrowing of the gap in the most recent period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NS-SEC can be used to provide medium-term trends in life expectancy by occupation based class, which will be capable of extension over time, although certain approximations are necessary. It is important that work should continue on investigating other means of classification, particularly for women, for example based on educational attainment and on household rather than individual-based measures.List of Tables, 12.</p>","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":" 49","pages":"9-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2011.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29715523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In brief","authors":"","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2011.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2011.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2011.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58665276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social inequalities in fatal childhood accidents and assaults: England and Wales, 2001-03.","authors":"Veronique Siegler,&nbsp;Alaa Al-Hamad,&nbsp;David Blane","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2010.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2010.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This article presents age-specific mortality rates of children for selected causes of accidents and assault using the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC). The study is an analysis of the social inequalities in fatal childhood accidents and assault at the start of the 21st century. It aims to identify the causes and age groups for which these inequalities are the widest.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to classify children by NS-SEC, the most advantaged class of the biological or adoptive parents was used. Death registrations provided the number of deaths from accidents and assault for children aged from 28 days to 15 years, in England and Wales, between 2001 and 2003. The population of children by NS-SEC and age group was obtained from the 2001 Census. Age-specific mortality rates were estimated. Inequalities were measured using socio-economic gradients in mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were wide social inequalities in fatal accidents and assaults for children aged between 28 days and 15 years. The overall mortality rate in the routine class was 64 per million children aged up to 15, 4.5 times the rate of children with parents in the higher managerial and professional class. The greatest inequalities in accidental mortality for children in that age group were observed for fire and pedestrian accidents, followed by accidental suffocation. Infants at least 28 days but less than one year were subject to the widest inequalities of all age groups in fatal accidents and assault. The highest mortality rate in this study resulted from assault on babies whose parents could not be classified by occupation. Pedestrian and other transport accidents were the greatest causes of death for children between 5 and 15 years old. Inequalities were much larger for pedestrian than for other transport accidents for children aged 14 years and under. The leading cause of death for children aged less than five years was suffocation, followed by drowning and exposure to fire/hot substances. In that age group, the risk of death from exposure to fire was significantly higher for children whose parents could not be classified by occupation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Substantial social inequalities in childhood mortality from accidents and assault existed in 2001-03. Reducing the large inequalities between the most advantaged class and the most disadvantaged group in the non-occupied category, would make a substantial impact on childhood deaths from accidents and assaults. If the mortality rates in the latter group were the same as in the most advantaged managerial and professional class, deaths of infants of at least 28 days but less than one year, from assault would be reduced by 62 per cent. Deaths from fire, accidental suffocation and pedestrian accidents in the under fives would be reduced by 50 per cent, 25 per cent and 28 per cent respectively. Deaths in pedestrian and transport ","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":" 48","pages":"3-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2010.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29513137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in life expectancy between rural and urban areas of England, 2001-07.","authors":"Lynsey Kyte,&nbsp;Claudia Wells","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2010.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2010.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was part of a wider project commissioned by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) to examine inequalities in health outcomes in rural areas. It investigated variations in life expectancy at birth between rural and urban areas of England, taking the effect of deprivation into account. The study aimed to produce results which provide specific evidence of the needs of rural communities, as they have often been overlooked in previous research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Rural and Urban Area Classification (RUAC) 2004 and the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2007 were used to categorise area types at the Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) level. Population and mortality data used were produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Abridged life tables were constructed to calculate period life expectancy at birth for males and females, for the years 2001 to 2007 combined. Confidence intervals (95%) were also produced.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the 2001-07 period, life expectancy at birth in England was 76.9 years for males and 81.3 years for females. However, when deprivation was examined, results between the most deprived and least deprived quintiles varied by 7.8 years for men and 5.4 years for women.Overall, life expectancy was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Deprivation had a considerable impact on the results and wide inequalities were evident, particularly in men and in urban areas. In both area types, males living in the less deprived quintiles had similar life expectancies to females living in the more deprived quintiles.Within rural area types, life expectancy was higher in village and dispersed settlements than in town and fringe areas. There were large differences between the fourth and fifth (most deprived) quintiles in village and dispersed settlements, which shows that there may be acute pockets of deprivation within this area type that need to be addressed.In terms of sparsity, there was little difference in life expectancy between densely and less densely populated localities within rural and urban areas. However, variations were observed when deprivation was taken into account and greater differences were evident in less sparse areas than in sparse areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were clear inequalities in life expectancy between rural and urban areas in England. There were also intricate differences within area types, which can be overlooked when only examining differences between them. The results were consistent with the findings of previous studies and demonstrated that it is important to examine differences in life expectancy in both area and deprivation contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":" 46","pages":"25-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2010.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29040741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequalities in cancer survival: Spearhead Primary Care Trusts are appropriate geographic units of analyses.","authors":"Libby Ellis, Michel P Coleman","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2010.22","DOIUrl":"10.1057/hsq.2010.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cancer survival in Spearhead Primary Care trusts (PCTs) is lower than in the rest of England for most common cancers, but differences are smaller than the more substantial survival gradients between deprived and affluent populations using small-area measures of deprivation. The way in which Spearhead PCTs were designated may give an unduly favourable image of inequalities in cancer survival.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five-year age-standardised relative survival for 10 common cancers was estimated separately for patients resident in Spearhead local authorities (LAs), Spearhead PCTs, and the rest of England. Differences in survival between Spearhead and other LAs and the corresponding differences between Spearhead and other PCTs were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cancer survival was consistently lower for patients resident in Spearhead areas than in the rest of England for the majority of cancers, regardless of the geographic unit used. Survival was lower in Spearhead LAs than Spearhead PCTs for 11 of the 16 cancer-sex combinations examined. As a consequence, the survival gap between the Spearhead areas and the rest of England was slightly wider when the definition of Spearhead was based on LAs rather than PCTs, but the two contrasts provide a very similar picture.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Small differences were found between using Spearhead LAs and Spearhead PCTs in the estimation of cancer survival, but results were inconsistent. Although the overlap between the two geographies is imperfect, Spearhead PCTs are appropriate geographic units for monitoring inequalities in cancer survival. However, given the instability of NHS geographical boundaries, Spearhead LAs could be a suitable alternative geographic unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":" 48","pages":"81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29513140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amenable mortality as an indicator of healthcare quality - a literature review.","authors":"Sophia Kamarudeen","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2010.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2010.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2008, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) suggested that research should be undertaken into whether amenable mortality - deaths considered avoidable due to medical intervention - could be used as an indicator of healthcare quality. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on amenable mortality in order to determine the extent to which the observed fall in amenable mortality is due to the healthcare system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature reviewed covers mainly the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and can be broadly categorised into: (a) trends across OECD countries (b) pooled time series cross-country analyses of OECD countries and (c) cross-section or time series analyses within countries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is no consensus in the literature on exactly what constitutes amenable mortality, thereby making the concept in itself imprecise. However, there has been a fall in amenable mortality in the past few decades in most OECD countries including the UK. Since the fall in amenable mortality has been at a faster rate than that of 'unavoidable' mortality, some studies have directly attributed this to the healthcare system. Others have tested the relationship between healthcare outcomes and healthcare inputs to determine the magnitude and direction of the relationship. No study has explicitly used a healthcare activity or quality variable in their analyses. This implies that the evidence that amenable mortality is an indicator of healthcare quality is far from overwhelming or clear.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>At this stage, it is premature to use amenable mortality in ONS's healthcare output calculations. We welcome comments from those interested in this field, and suggestions to improve understanding in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":" 47","pages":"66-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2010.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29292005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequalities in disability-free life expectancy by social class and area type: England, 2001-03.","authors":"Chris White,&nbsp;Grace Edgar","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2010.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2010.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) is an important indicator which combines longevity with functional health status. This article examines inequalities in DFLE by socio-economic position in England, and between Local Authorities (LAs) in the deprived 'Spearhead group' and other LAs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Census and vital event data available from the ONS Longitudinal Study were used to calculate estimates of DFLE based on limiting long-term illness or disability status for each Registrar General's Social Class (RGSC) in 2001-03, in England as a whole and within the 'Spearhead group' and non-Spearhead LAs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A predominantly linear relationship was present with DFLE increasing with rising social class. The differences observed in DFLE at birth and at age 65 between people assigned to the professional and unskilled manual social classes were statistically significant and substantial, demonstrating a clear social inequality in the amount of life, the functional health status during those years lived, their absolute number, and thus the relative proportion of life spent free from a limiting long-term illness or disability.Among professional men, no statistically significant differences in DFLE at birth were found between the 'Spearhead group' and the non-Spearhead LAs. However, men assigned to the other social classes in the 'Spearhead group' were disadvantaged in terms of lower DFLE than their counterparts in the non-Spearhead LAs. Manual women living in non-spearhead LAs had comparable DFLE to women assigned to the managerial and technical and skilled non-manual social classes living in the 'Spearhead group'.The magnitude of inequality in DFLE at birth between professionals and the unskilled manual class in the proportion of life spent free of a limiting long-term illness or disability also varied between the 'Spearhead group' and non-Spearhead LAs: among men, a difference of 7.7 per cent was present in non-Spearhead LAs, compared with 13.1 per cent in the 'Spearhead group'; among women, the equivalent differences were 5.2 per cent and 9.4 per cent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results confirm that the assumptions made with regard to sex differences in DFLE need to be set in the context of socio-economic position, and assumptions made regarding sex and social differences need to set in the context of geography. The scale of the inequalities shown is important for policy responses and understanding of differences in service needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":" 45","pages":"57-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2010.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28913930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In brief","authors":"","doi":"10.1057/hsq.2010.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/hsq.2010.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87183,"journal":{"name":"Health statistics quarterly","volume":"48 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1057/hsq.2010.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58662934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}