Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Disease Note: First Report of Cladosporium ramotenellum Schub., Zalar, Crous & Braun, 2007 (Fungi: Dothideomycetes) as a Potential Contaminant of Date Palm Tissue Culture","authors":"A. Ahmed, M. Abass","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.28","url":null,"abstract":"Cladosporium ramotenellum Schub., Zalar, Crous & Braun, 2007 an ascomycetes fungus, was isolated from cultured date palm tissues at callus induction stage in Date Palm Research Centre, University of Basrah. Morphometric and molecular diagnoses using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers were applied. Notably, C. ramotenellum was not previously recorded as a contaminant of cultured date palm tissues in Iraq.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73428067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cage Culture in Iraq, Current Status & Potential: A Review","authors":"N. Salman, Khalil I. Saleh, M. Taher","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.27","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation aimed at discussing the present status of cage culture in Iraq and its future potential. Iraqi water resources can provide the basic requirements for successful fish culture in cages. Environmental conditions may maintain sustainable growth rate for 10 months at least. This has encouraged the investors and fish culturists to adopt such technique and make use of its advantages. Development of cage culture in Iraq has been reviewed from the early seventies till now. Fish production from cage culture was analyzed focusing upon recent developments in terms of fish consumption criteria and the per capita in Iraq. The floating cages culture system is considered now as the main culture system, because environmental conditions are suitable for cage culture more than the earthen ponds and recirculating systems. Cage culture industry relies on row materials that are locally available. They includes, frames, bridges, passage ways, nets, floating materials, feeders and wave breakers. Most of the cage units are locally manufactured from steel or wooden frame in square or rectangular shapes. Some circular and octahedral units are used in Kurdistan and Mosul. Researches on cage culture continued to optimize parameters such as stocking density, feeding and stocking sizes, stocking density of fish in the cages was fixed at 60-70 fish per m3 or 1500-2000 fish per cage of 1.5 x 4 x 4m using fish of 100 g in weight. Problems facing cage culture in Iraq are summarized by high prices of feeds, viral infection and other fish diseases, deterioration of water quality, the policy of importing fish from neighboring countries and lack of skills among farmers. Solutions for the above problems and recommendations for future development are discussed at the end of the article.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88993612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Gravel-Sand Mole Drains on Soil Electrical Conductivity and Exchanged Sodium Percentage","authors":"Dheyaa S. Ashour, S. Adday, K. A. Al-Mosawi","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.25","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the mole drains in the corn crop (zea mayes L.) field during the season of 2019; this study was carried out at the Agricultural research station, University of Basrah, where the soil was silty clay loam. The results showed that the treatments of mole drains filled with gravel and sand mixture (S+G) and filled with gravel and sand layers (S/G) affected the decrease of the electrical conductivity (EC), and the exchanged sodium percentage (ESP) compared to W.M. treatment. The S/G drain gave lower values compared to the S+G drain. As well as, the values of EC decreased by the increase of the depth of the mole drain. Also, the treatments of mole drains distances of 2 m decreased the values of EC and ESP compared to the distance of 4 m. The S/G with depth of 60 cm and distance of 2m gave the lower values of EC and ESP, while the W.M. treatment gave higher values. Soil depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm reached the lower values of EC and ESP; however depths of 50-60 cm gave the higher values. The treatment of S/G, with mole drain depth of 50 cm, and soil depth of 20-30 cm gave a lower value of EC; while, S+G, with mole drain depth of 50 cm, and soil depth of 50-60 cm gave a higher value. Finally, the ESP was decreased in the end of the growing season compared to the middle of the season.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90415681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Technical Evaluation of Three Different Types of Tillage Combined Machines and compared them with Individual Tillage Machines","authors":"A. J. Nassir, Sadiq Muhsin, Dakhil R. Ndawi","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.26","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a locally manufactured combined tillage machine on the draft force, fuel consumption, field efficiency, power loss, and soil pulverization index. The combined tillage machine accomplished the primary, secondary, and deep tillage in a single pass. The combined tillage machine types were compared to individual tillage machines. The combined tillage machine accomplished the primary, secondary, and deep tillage in a single pass. A randomized complete block (RCBD) experiment was the statistical method used for the investigation with three replicates. The field experiments were conducted in silty loam soil. The combined tillage machines were used in three types. The first configuration (T1) consists of a subsoiler+ chisel plow + disk harrow + roller, the second configuration (T2) consists of a subsoiler + chisel plow, and the third configuration (T3) consists of chisel plow + disc harrow at two operating speeds (1.5 and 3 km.h-1). Individual tillage machines were used in three conventional tillage systems M1, M2, and M3. M1. Conventional tillage systems M1, M2, and M3 perform similar tasks to combined tillage machine types T1, T2, and T3 respectively. The results showed that T3 reduced draft force by 40 and 34.35%, saved fuel by 19.88 and 25.89%, and reduced power loss by 54.25 and 37.22%, while increasing field efficiency by 13.64 and 5.63 and the soil pulverization index by 26.67 and 66.24% compared with T1 and T2 respectively. The combined tillage machinesT1, T2, and T3 reduced the draft force and power loss while increasing the field efficiency by 19.05, 22.41, and 53.49%, respectively, compared with conventional tillage systems M1, M2, and M3. The combined tillage machinesT1, T2, and T3 achieved the lowest values of the soil pulverization index, with values of 19.91, 41.93, and 33.10 mm, and saved fuel by 58.68, 41.61, and 26.86% respectively, compared with conventional tillage systems M1, M2, and M3. The results also revealed that operating speed and its interaction with the combined tillage machine types had a significant effect on all of the studied characteristics (p<0.05). ","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84862239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allometric Growth Coefficients of Carcass Components and Carcass Waste in Awassi Lambs","authors":"CH. A. M. Yateem, J. Alkass, K. Mustafa","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.20","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to evaluate the developmental trends and the allometric growth values of carcass components and carcass waste in Awassi lambs. Twenty five entire Awassi lambs were seriously slaughtered at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg. Results revealed that the allometric growth coefficients of dissectible lean (0.853) and bone (0.793) weights were negative heterogonic (b<1) indicating that these tissues significantly (p<0.01) grew at slower rate than carcass weight. Conversely, fat was positive heterogonic (1.859) and considered a late maturing tissue. Also, it seems from the coefficients that leg is an early maturing (b=0.938), whereas shoulder is a late maturing (b=1.293). Rack, neck, breast and flank are isogonic (b=1) and grew at a similar rate in relation to carcass weight. Carcass fat, carcass waste fat and fat tail relative to empty body weight are 1.920, 0.089 and 1.036, respectively, indicating carcass fat and fat tail are positive heterogonic demonstrating that are high impetus and grow at a higher rate than empty body weight, whereas carcass waste fat had allometric coefficient <1, low impetus and early maturing tissue. Skin, testes, spleen and kidney exhibited isogonic growth indicating that these components are grow similar rate to empty body weight. On the other hand, head, feet, liver, lung, heart and empty digestive tract are early maturing organs than did empty body weight.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79823820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Record of Calydiscoides difficilis (Yamaguti, 1953) Young, 1969 (Monogenoidea, Polyonchoinea, Diplectaniade) on Gills of Three Fish species off Marine Waters of Iraq","authors":"Ali A. R. Al-Darwesh, Atheer H. Ali, H. Saud","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.21","url":null,"abstract":"A parasitological examination of two species of lethrinid fishes; Pink ear emperor Lethrinus lentjan, Spangled emperor L. nebulosus and Areolate grouper Epinephelus areolatus caught in Iraqi marine territorial waters from January to December 2020, revealed that the gills of the fishes were infected with deiplectanid monogenoid, which is identified as Calydiscoides difficilis (Yamaguti, 1953) Young, 1969. This study redescribed the parasite and for the first time described the egg and confirmed that the species has a wide range of dimension resulting from intraspecific variations. The measurements of hard and soft parts of the parasite collected from L. lentjan are smaller than those from L. nebulosus. In addition, the measurements from E. areolatus are close to that from L. lentjan or intermediate between L. nebulosus and L. lentjan. The past record of C. difficilis from L. harak is discussed and hence L. nebulosus and L. lentjan are considered as new records to the Arabian Gulf. Dimensions of the eggs of the parasite in the current study is given here for the first time. The occurrence of C. difficilis from Epinephelidae is considered as a new host family record.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75989602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Water Quality and Vitamin C on the Growth Performance and Haematological Parameters of Broiler Chickens","authors":"Safeaa J. Hussain, Khalid C. K. Al-Salhie","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.18","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of varying water quality with and without vitamin C on the growth performance and some haematological parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 252 one day old, unsexed chicks of broiler chickens (ROSS 308), average body weight 42 g were used in this study. For 35 days, the chicks were divided into 7 treatments (each treatment thirty six chicks), with 3 replicate per each (twelve chicks per replicate). The first group drank reverse osmosis (R.O) without any addition containing 28.16 total dissolved solids mg.l-1 (TDS), whereas the second, third and fourth groups (Safwan, Qurna and Fao tap water) drank water containing 1849.6, 1452.8 and 1356.8 TDS mg.l-1 respectively. The fifth, sixth and seventh group drank water containing 1849.6, 1452.8 and 1356.8 TDS mg.l-1 with 100 mg.l-1 vitamin C respectively. The highest body weight, weight gain, feed intake and the better feed conversion ratio were observed at the seventh group. The highest cumulative water intake was observed at the second, third and fourth groups. Higher red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cells volume (PCV) and lymphocytes ratio were recorded at the seventh group. Higher heterophils and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio were observed at the second group. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were not affected by different water quality. It can be concluded that the increase of TDS in the drinking water to 1849.6 mg.l-1 led to a decline in the growth performance and haematological parameters, while the addition of vitamin C (100 mg.l-1) improved the growth parameters and physiological status of broilers.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79423676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workers Risk Levels of Noise in the Dairy Cow Milking Parlor","authors":"D. Dimov, T. Penev, I. Marinov","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out in the milking parlor of a dairy cattle farm consisting 500 animals from Holstein-Friesian breed in Bulgaria. The animals were housed in a freestall dairy barn and milked in double-8 milking parlor “herringbone” type. The level of noise was measured three times in every milking (at the beginning, in the middle and at the finishing of the milking) in the morning, midday and evening milking every month for one year. The noise level in the working environment was recorded by noise meter„ Lutron SL-4023SD. The highest noise levels were reported in summer and winter, with maximum values up to 78.3 dB. It was found that regardless of the season during the morning milking the lowest noise levels in the milking parlor were reported (from 70.37 to 70.46 dB). The average values for noise level for an 8-hour working day by seasons varied from 69.87 dB to 74.36 dB, with the highest reported value for the winter season.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85037100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purification of Turbid Water Using Orange Peel Extract and Luffa Mucilage","authors":"I. M. Al-aubadi, L. Hashim","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in aluminum ion concentration resulting from chemical coagulants in water treatment causes human health problems, including damage to brain cells and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, numerous countries sought to find alternative coagulants extracted from natural, environmentally friendly organic sources for use in water treatment. The research included preparing an aqueous extract from orange peel, extracting luffa mucilage, as well as, calculating the yield, estimating the size of mucilage particles, and using them as plant coagulants to purify turbid water. Moreover, the optimum conditions were set for it, represented by the concentration of coagulants and the pH to give the highest efficiency in purifying turbid water. As well as using them as coagulation aids with alum to reduce the concentration of alum used in water purification. The results indicated that the optimum concentrations of natural coagulants ranged 40-50 ppm, where the orange peel coagulant exceeded the luffa coagulant with a significant difference in the turbidity removal, as it was 87 and 71% respectively, at pH values of 5 and 10. Likewise, there were significant differences in the reduction of heavy elements by using coagulants in water treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the percentages of turbidity removal between the mixing ratio 1:0.5 and 1:0.25 (coagulant aid: Alum). Conversely, the use of the optimum concentration of orange peel coagulant with half the alum concentration gave turbidity removal percentages close to the use of alum alone in purifying water. It can be concluded from the study the possibility of using the extracted plant coagulants to reduce the concentration of alum used in purifying turbid water. The results reveled the highest significant decrease in the concentration of all heavy elements using luffa fruit coagulant and orange peel coagulant, compared to their concentration in turbid water before purification, which was 0.4 ppm.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78852376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Different Sucrose Concentrations on Shoot Multiplication of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Cultured in vitro","authors":"Emad E. Al-Drisi, M. Ibrahim, A. Jasim","doi":"10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"Papaya is a heterozygous plant commonly cultivated by seed but, unfortunately, they are not true to type. Moreover, the hybrid seed varieties like the Red Lady are very highly expensive. Hence, tissue culture techniques offer an alternative method to produce a million clones within a short period and a reasonable price. Thus, the current study aimed to optimize the shoot multiplication rate of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Red Lady) in vitro. Five concentrations of sucrose (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g.L-1) were applied for the papaya shoot proliferation. Results demonstrated that the 30 g.L-1 sucrose was significantly superior in the rate of shoot numbers (4.1 shoots. explant-1), shoot length (0.90 cm), (2.7 leaves. shoot-1), leaf area (1.40 cm2) and fresh weight (0.192 g) in compared with other sucrose treatments. Whereas, the 40 g.L-1 sucrose treatment was significantly superior in dry weight of shoot compared to the other treatments, which recorded 0.058 g. While the treatment of 10 g.L-1 sucrose recorded the lowest values in shoot numbers, length, and dry weight. Current study conclude that the 30 g.L-1 sucrose is the best concentration treatment that must be used in papaya micropropagation, where it gives  the maximum rate  of shoot numbers and other morphological traits.","PeriodicalId":8700,"journal":{"name":"Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85870931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}