Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)最新文献

{"title":"The effect of drying and size reduction pretreatments on recovery of inorganic crop nutrients from inedible wheat residues.","authors":"R F Strayer,&nbsp;M P Alazraki,&nbsp;J Judkins","doi":"10.3727/1542966034605289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/1542966034605289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inorganic nutrients can be easily recovered from ALS crop residue solid wastes by aqueous leaching. However, oven drying and milling pretreatment of these residues has been frequently required to accommodate crop scientists and facility storage limitations. As part of a research study that will compare three different bioreactor technologies for processing these wastes, we realized that different drying and size-reduction pretreatments had been utilized for each technology. This paper compares the effects of residue pretreatment on recovery of nutrients by leaching. Pretreatments included three drying methods [fresh, oven-dried (70 degrees C overnight), and freeze-dried] and two size reduction methods [chopped (2 cm length) and milled (2 mm diameter)]. Determination of mass balances (dry weight and ash content of solids) before and after leaching indicated solubilization was least for fresh residues (23% dry weight loss and 50% for ash loss), and most for freeze-dried residues (41-47% dry weight loss and nearly 100% for ash loss). Mineral recovery of major elements (NO3, PO4, K, Ca, and Mg) in leachates was poorest for fresh residues. P and K recovery in leachates were best for oven-dried residues and Ca, Mg, and N recovery best for freeze-dried residues. The differences in recovery for N, P, and K in leachates were minimal between chopping and milling and slightly better for Ca and Mg from milled residues.</p>","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/1542966034605289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24088679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dioxide scrubbing capabilities of two new nonpowered technologies.","authors":"W. Norfleet, W. Horn","doi":"10.3727/1542966034605234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/1542966034605234","url":null,"abstract":"Current guidance for survivors aboard a disabled submarine (DISSUB) recommends the use of the \"stir-and-fan\" method of carbon dioxide (CO2) scrubbing in which the contents of canisters of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) are dispersed onto horizontal surfaces. This technique is objectionable because it releases large quantities of fine, caustic LiOH dust and it utilizes LiOH inefficiently. This report presents the results of laboratory studies of the CO2 scrubbing capabilities of two new products that might improve on \"stir-and-fan\": the Battelle Curtain (BC) and the Micropore Reactive Plastic Curtain (RPC). Experiments took place within a sealed hyperbaric chamber. CO2 was added to the chamber at a known mass flow that reproduced what might be encountered in a \"worst-case\" DISSUB scenario. Natural convection alone circulated gas within the chamber. The mass of BCs or RPCs necessary to limit CO2 to 3% for about 2 days was determined. The total scrubbing capacity (mass of CO2 scrubbed per unit mass of agent) of the BC was 0.756 +/- 0.012 (mean +/- SD), and the comparable value for the RPC was 0.808 +/- 0.007. Both products provided a scrubbing capacity that is close to the stoichiometric limit of the reaction (0.919). Neither product released sufficient caustic dust to prevent handling by a trained individual wearing no personal protective equipment.","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2 1","pages":"67-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/1542966034605234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69738372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a pilot system for converting sweet potato starch into glucose syrup.","authors":"Valerian C K Silayo,&nbsp;John Y Lu,&nbsp;Heshmat A Aglan","doi":"10.3727/1542966034605306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/1542966034605306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sweet potato has been chosen as one of NASA's crops to support human beings in future space missions. One of the possible uses is to make syrup that can be used as a general sweetener. In this work a simple engineering system for converting sweet potato starch into glucose syrup was studied on a laboratory scale. The system comprises the following main units: a blender, continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), centrifugal and vacuum filters, deionization column and vacuum evaporator. The system was tested by carrying out conversion processes from fresh sweet potato roots. The roots were pealed, sliced, homogenized, heated and hydrolyzed by diastase of malt and Dextrozyme C (Novo Nordisk BioChem, North America, Inc.) enzymes in the CSTR. After hydrolysis the slurry was filtered, de-ionized and concentrated to get glucose syrup. The performance of the system was evaluated based on the quality of the conversion. The main factor was the level of reducing sugars except for the deionization where ash content and color were the main factors. Through careful control of the system units, good heating performance in the CSTR was obtained and the hydrolysis process attained sufficient conversion. The filtration process that incorporated the centrifuge was faster than when it was by-passed to the vacuum filter but losses in sugars were higher. Deionization removed more than 90% of the ash and reduced pigmentation, with probable insignificant losses in sugars during the deionization process. Recovery levels when the centrifuge was used and when it was by-passed could reach about 65% and 78%, respectively. These correspond to reducing sugar concentration of 259 and 310 mg/ml in 150-ml syrups from 300 g of sweet potatoes in each process. However, from concentration trials, syrups with volumes of 100 and 70 ml with the respective dextrose equivalence of 281 and 213 mg/ml were obtained. The syrups obtained were brownish in color and the process that employed centrifugal filtration gave a product with color that resembled the original color of the sweet potatoes. Further work is required to improve the overall system performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2","pages":"9-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/1542966034605306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24088038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgravity heat pump for space station thermal management.","authors":"R E Domitrovic,&nbsp;F C Chen,&nbsp;V C Mei,&nbsp;A L Spezia","doi":"10.3727/1542966034605270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/1542966034605270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A highly efficient recuperative vapor compression heat pump was developed and tested for its ability to operate independent of orientation with respect to gravity while maximizing temperature lift. The objective of such a heat pump is to increase the temperature of, and thus reduce the size of, the radiative heat rejection panels on spacecrafts such as the International Space Station. Heat pump operation under microgravity was approximated by gravitational-independent experiments. Test evaluations include functionality, efficiency, and temperature lift. Commercially available components were used to minimize costs of new hardware development. Testing was completed on two heat pump design iterations--LBU-I and LBU--II, for a variety of operating conditions under the variation of several system parameters, including: orientation, evaporator water inlet temperature (EWIT), condenser water inlet temperature (CWIT), and compressor speed. The LBU-I system employed an ac motor, belt-driven scroll compressor, and tube-in-tube heat exchangers. The LBU-II system used a direct-drive AC motor compressor assembly and plate heat exchangers. The LBU-II system in general outperformed the LBU-I system on all accounts. Results are presented for all systems, showing particular attention to those states that perform with a COP of 4.5 +/- 10% and can maintain a temperature lift of 55 degrees F (30.6 degrees C) +/- 10%. A calculation of potential radiator area reduction shows that points with maximum temperature lift give the greatest potential for reduction, and that area reduction is a function of heat pump efficiency and a stronger function of temperature lift.</p>","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/1542966034605270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24088045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work measurement for estimating food preparation time of a bioregenerative diet.","authors":"Ammar Olabi,&nbsp;Jean Hunter,&nbsp;Peter Jackson,&nbsp;Michele Segal,&nbsp;Rupert Spies,&nbsp;Carolyn Wang,&nbsp;Christina Lau,&nbsp;Christopher Ong,&nbsp;Conor Alexander,&nbsp;Evan Raskob,&nbsp;Jennifer Plichta,&nbsp;Ohad Zeira,&nbsp;Randy Rivera,&nbsp;Susan Wang,&nbsp;Bill Pottle,&nbsp;Calvin Leung,&nbsp;Carrie Vicens,&nbsp;Christine Tao,&nbsp;Craig Beers,&nbsp;Grace Fung,&nbsp;Jacob Levine,&nbsp;Jaeshin Yoo,&nbsp;Joanna Jackson,&nbsp;Kelly Saikkonen,&nbsp;Matthew Zimmerman,&nbsp;Megan Cunningham,&nbsp;Michele Crum,&nbsp;Naquan Ishman,&nbsp;Norman Voo,&nbsp;Raul Cadena,&nbsp;Robert Relinger,&nbsp;Saori Wada","doi":"10.3727/1542966034605252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/1542966034605252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During space missions, such as the prospective Mars mission, crew labor time is a strictly limited resource. The diet for such a mission (based on crops grown in a bioregenerative life support system) will require astronauts to prepare their meals essentially from raw ingredients. Time spent on food processing and preparation is time lost for other purposes. Recipe design and diet planning for a space mission should therefore incorporate the time required to prepare the recipes as a critical factor. In this study, videotape analysis of an experienced chef was used to develop a database of recipe preparation time. The measurements were highly consistent among different measurement teams. Data analysis revealed a wide variation between the active times of different recipes, underscoring the need for optimization of diet planning. Potential uses of the database developed in this study are discussed and illustrated in this work.</p>","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/1542966034605252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24088039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized bioregenerative space diet selection with crew choice.","authors":"Carrie Vicens,&nbsp;Carolyn Wang,&nbsp;Ammar Olabi,&nbsp;Peter Jackson,&nbsp;Jean Hunter","doi":"10.3727/1542966034605243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/1542966034605243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies on optimization of crew diets have not accounted for choice. A diet selection model with crew choice was developed. Scenario analyses were conducted to assess the feasibility and cost of certain crew preferences, such as preferences for numerous-desserts, high-salt, and high-acceptability foods. For comparison purposes, a no-choice and a random-choice scenario were considered. The model was found to be feasible in terms of food variety and overall costs. The numerous-desserts, high-acceptability, and random-choice scenarios all resulted in feasible solutions costing between 13.2 and 17.3 kg ESM/person-day. Only the high-sodium scenario yielded an infeasible solution. This occurred when the foods highest in salt content were selected for the crew-choice portion of the diet. This infeasibility can be avoided by limiting the total sodium content in the crew-choice portion of the diet. Cost savings were found by reducing food variety in scenarios where the preference bias strongly affected nutritional content.</p>","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2","pages":"31-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/1542966034605243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24088040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dioxide scrubbing capabilities of two new nonpowered technologies.","authors":"William Norfleet,&nbsp;Wayne Horn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current guidance for survivors aboard a disabled submarine (DISSUB) recommends the use of the \"stir-and-fan\" method of carbon dioxide (CO2) scrubbing in which the contents of canisters of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) are dispersed onto horizontal surfaces. This technique is objectionable because it releases large quantities of fine, caustic LiOH dust and it utilizes LiOH inefficiently. This report presents the results of laboratory studies of the CO2 scrubbing capabilities of two new products that might improve on \"stir-and-fan\": the Battelle Curtain (BC) and the Micropore Reactive Plastic Curtain (RPC). Experiments took place within a sealed hyperbaric chamber. CO2 was added to the chamber at a known mass flow that reproduced what might be encountered in a \"worst-case\" DISSUB scenario. Natural convection alone circulated gas within the chamber. The mass of BCs or RPCs necessary to limit CO2 to 3% for about 2 days was determined. The total scrubbing capacity (mass of CO2 scrubbed per unit mass of agent) of the BC was 0.756 +/- 0.012 (mean +/- SD), and the comparable value for the RPC was 0.808 +/- 0.007. Both products provided a scrubbing capacity that is close to the stoichiometric limit of the reaction (0.919). Neither product released sufficient caustic dust to prevent handling by a trained individual wearing no personal protective equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":86963,"journal":{"name":"Habitation (Elmsford, N.Y.)","volume":"9 1-2","pages":"67-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24088044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}