Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection最新文献

{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of New Compounds Based on Nanocomposites","authors":"Maryam Kouhkan, F. Ghanbary, F. Karimi","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a major problem in treatment and public health, and it has been increasing over the last few decades. Hence, serious measurements are needed to overcome this challenge. In this study, we evaluated antibacterial and antifungal activity of some nanocomposites including titanium dioxide (5a), polyimide nanocomposites containing cerium oxide (5b), silver-titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared under desired conditions (5c), polyaniline/wheat husk ash PANI /WHA (5d), Ag-TiO2 prepared by sol–gel route (5e), and cellulose-graphene (5f) against some bacterial and fungal strains, which are the most common agents in many infectious diseases. Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared in desired condition. The agar dilution and well agar diffusion methods were used for determination of inhibition zoon and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Results: The results showed that the nanocomposites had good activity against gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: Our results showed that the inhibitory activity of these nanocomposites on gram-negative bacteria was better than gram-positive bacteria.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73606115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Multiplex PCR for the Identification of Oxacillinase Genes and Determination of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Environmental Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU","authors":"Anahita Farajzadeh, M. Mirzaee, S. Nanekarani, R. Yari","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a common cause of nosocomial infections. A prominent feature of these bacteria is resistance to carbapenems. This study aimed to identify OXA genes encoding oxacillinase in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 25 environmental A. baumannii isolates collected from ICU over 8 months. Definitive identification of isolates was performed by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of 16s rRNA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Müller-Hinton agar medium by disk diffusion and E-test. Antibiogram and multiplex PCR data of beta-lactamase genes were collected and analyzed at a significance level of P<0.05 using SPSS 22.0. Results: Except for one isolate, all isolates (96%) were sensitive to polymyxin B and 80% of isolates were sensitive to oxacillin. All isolates were sensitive to meropenem, ampicillin/sulbactam, gentamicin, amikacin, piperacillin, and carbenicillin. The results showed that 25 isolates (100%) had OXA-51 gene, 21 isolates (84%) had OXA-58 gene, one isolate (4%) had OXA-24 gene, and none of the isolates contained OXA-23 gene. Only isolate No.10 had three oxacillinase genes simultaneously and it was resistant to oxacillin, polymyxin B, and cephalothin. Conclusions: The study showed that environmental isolates of ICU do not have pathogenic genes present in the clinical isolates, and how these genes are transferred to the peripheral isolates is an important point that should be studied. Identification of genes encoding carbapenem resistance may help to understand the mechanisms of resistance transfer in A. baumannii. The lack of the OXA-23 gene plays an important role in the susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics and non-emergence of resistant strains.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75790919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Slit-Skin Smear Against Punch Biopsy in Diagnosing Leprosy: A Cross-sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Centre of West Bengal","authors":"L. K. Marak, Sudipta Roy, Tanusree Mondal, M. Sarkar, T. Ghosh, J. Dey","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leprosy is an infectious disease which faces diagnostic challenges. Slit-skin smear (SSS) is an age simple diagnostic technique, yet not commonly applied by health care providers. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of SSS in terms of validity, diagnostic accuracy, and percentage agreement against punch biopsy in diagnosing leprosy among leprosy patients who were diagnosed with leprosy on clinical grounds only (i.e., number of skin lesions and/or peripheral nerve thickening). Methods: An evaluation study of diagnostic tests with a cross-sectional design was conducted at a tertiary care center of Bankura. In general, 70 new untreated leprosy patients, diagnosed solely by clinical grounds (i.e., count of skin lesions and/or thickening of the nerve) and attending the dermatology outpatient department (From February 2019 to January 2020) were enrolled in this study. After excluding pure neuritic, relapse, and seriously ill patients by consecutive sampling, they were subjected to both SSS and punch biopsy using a standard process. SPSS for Windows (Version 16.0., Chicago, SPSS Inc.) was used to analyze data. Z test, chi-square test, and kappa test were conducted to test the statistical significance between the effectiveness of SSS and punch biopsy. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and diagnostic accuracy of SSS were 81.81%, 95.83%, 90%, 92%, 20%, 0.19%, 102.87%, and 91.42%, respectively. Based on the results, SSS could detect acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in clinically diagnosed leprosy cases slightly less than punch biopsy, but it was statistically insignificant (Z=0.3689, P=0.71138, df=1). Finally, Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was 0.796, representing substantial agreement between SSS and punch biopsy (95% CI: 0.641-0.951). Conclusions: Overall, SSS is more or less equally effective as compared to punch biopsy in confirming leprosy cases. Interest and training on SSS among resident doctors should be emphasized accordingly.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83499760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Bacteriocin Isolated From Lactobacillus rhamnosus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharides","authors":"Hafizeh Haghighatafshar, R. Talebi, A. Tukmechi","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.09","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacteriocins are heterogeneous inhibitory substances that could affect the bacteria belonging to the same genus. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria produce bacteriocins. One of the best sources of producing bacteriocins is Lactobacillus. The aim of this study was to isolate and purify bacteriocin from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and assess its effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and synthesis of its lipopolysaccharide. Methods: L. rhamnosus was prepared and cultured at MRS broth and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Then, the medium was centrifuged for the isolation of bacteriocin and the supernatant was considered as bacteriocin. Antibacterial properties of different concentrations of bacteriocin (50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) against P. aeruginosa were assayed by using agar diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. Also, the effect of bacteriocin against lipopolysaccharide synthesis in P. aeruginosa was analyzed by using one unit of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for bacteriocin. Results: The results showed that all bacteriocin concentrations had antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The MIC value was 31.25 μg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 62.5 μg/mL. Also, the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide decreased during P. aeruginosa growth period, and it reached zero after 5 hours. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the antibacterial effect of bacteriocin isolated from L. rhamnosus against P. aeruginosa. In addition, this bacteriocin prevented the lipopolysaccharide synthesis in P. aeruginosa.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89266841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reverse Vaccinology Approach for a Potential Rhinovirus Vaccine","authors":"S. Hudu, Saadatu Haruna Shinkafi, Shuaibu Umar, B. Makun","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rhinoviruses (RVs) represent the most important aetiological agents of the common cold and are responsible for about two-thirds of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in both children and adults. This study aimed to design a pan-serotypic vaccine capable of inducing cross-reactive antibodies against most of the RV by using a reverse Vaccinology approach. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to characterise the capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) of all known RV serotypes and to predict potential immune motifs. Conserved motifs consisting at least nine-mers common across all RV-A or B serotypes were selected and synthesized chemically. Four tagged full-length genes coding the capsid proteins of an ideal strain (HRV-74), VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 were constructed and cloned in vitro. Upon expression , the purified recombinant proteins were also administered subcutaneously to other groups of rabbits. The responses and cross-reactivity of the specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) to the peptides, proteins, and whole viruses were measured. Results: The obtained anti-peptide antibodies exhibited a cross-neutralizing activity for different RV strains in vitro. Antibodies raised to the synthetic peptides exhibited cross-reactivity against the corresponding recombinant proteins and antigenically distinct RV strains coated on plates via ELISA assay. Conclusions: The study findings indicated that the peptides corresponding to the conserved region of the RV capsid proteins were potent immunogenic; moreover, the findings showed that their combination was crucial for extending the cross-protection against variant RVs.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76561989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the Relationship between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)? A Comprehensive Analysis on Iranian Population","authors":"A. Yousefi, M. Keikha","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86989417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scrub Typhus and its Risk Factors in Asian Countries: A Meta-analysis","authors":"Mohd Shahrol Abd Wahil, Muhammad Faiz Mohd Ishak, Nor Akila Binti Mahmood, Z. Azhar, M. S. Jeffree, S. S. Syed Abdul Rahim, Hasanain Faisal Ghazi, M. R. Hassan","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Scrub typhus is an infectious disease with potentially fatal consequences. It is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted to humans via the bites of infected larval mites (chiggers). Scrub typhus is one of the most neglected and severe diseases despite its easy treatment. Delay in diagnosis and treatment is not uncommon, resulting in a 10% fatality rate in cases of inappropriate treatment. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of scrub typhus in Southeast Asia and the risk factors contributing to the disease in order to aid the development of effective control and prevention strategies. Methods: In this meta-analysis, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) were used as a guideline. The systematic literature search was performed for the relevant titles, abstracts, and keywords in the journal databases of PubMed, EBSCOhost, Ovid, and Google Scholar in November 2018. The keywords and terms were derived from population, intervention, comparison, outcome analysis, and a total of 720 studies were retrieved accordingly. Only original research, published articles, and articles written in the English language were selected for this purpose. Screening of abstracts had shortlisted 36 studies and data extraction was conducted accordingly. However, only 9 studies were accepted after a review of the full texts. The other 27 articles were excluded due to ecological studies and different outcome measures. Results: Several factors in this meta-analysis were identified to have significant risk of having scrub typhus (P<0.05), including people who are involved in the agriculture sector (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 2.33, 3.77), those having direct contact or being exposed to the vector habitat (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.49, 3.16), and house yard conditions (OR: 3.02, 95% CI: 2.1, 4.33). Other factors were indoor house conditions (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.67), those having close contact with rodents or domestic animals (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.67, 3.77), those working in paddy fields or vegetable farms (OR: 5.17, 95% CI: 3.15, 8.47), and bad occupational safety practices (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.62). Conclusions: The identified risk factors from this meta-analysis highlight the importance of public health intervention strategies for the prevention of scrub typhus among high-risk populations.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72610999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Para-clinical Features of Brucellosis With and Without Spondylodiscitis","authors":"F. Keramat, S. Hashemi, Farzaneh Esna-Ashari, K. Kaseb","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.08","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease with protean clinical manifestations. Osteoarticular involvement is the most common complication of the disease. This study aimed to compare the clinical and para-clinical manifestations of brucellosis among the patients with and without spondylodiscitis. Methods: In this comparative and cross-sectional study, 135 patients having brucellosis with and without spondylodiscitis and admitted to Sina hospital in Hamadan, Iran from March 2009 to March 2014 were included. Clinical and para-clinical data of the patients were obtained from their medical records in the hospital based on a designed checklist. Results: Thirty-five patients having brucellar spondylodiscitis (BS) with the mean age of 55.60±14.31 years, and 100 patients having brucellosis without BS with the mean age of 43.27±18.35 years were examined. A significant difference was found between the mean age of the patients with spondylodiscitis and that of those without spondylodiscitis (P<0.001). All patients with spondylodiscitis complained of back pain and vertebral tenderness, while 60% of the patients without BS suffered from back pain but experienced no vertebral tenderness (P=0.003). The most common vertebral involvement in spinal MRI of the patients with BS was L4-L5 (45.7%). Patients with spondylodiscitis had more increased ESR and CRP than those without spondylodiscitis (P<0.001). Conclusion: It is recommended that Brucellar spondylodiscitis be considered in the differential diagnosis of the patients with prolonged fever, back pain, and vertebrae tenderness in the endemic areas.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74162873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Loaded Antibiotics Against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter spp.","authors":"Behnaz Shokrollahi, A. S. Tabatabaee Bafroee, T. Saleh","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promising efficacy for combating bacterial resistance due to their antibacterial properties. This research investigated the effect of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs) on the antibacterial activity of conventional antibiotics including ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefotaxime (CTX), and colistin (CST) against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter isolates. Methods: The disc diffusion method was performed to detect the pattern of antibiotic resistance in isolates. The synthesized ZnO-NPs via the solvothermal method were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Finally, the broth microdilution technique was conducted to demonstrate the antibacterial activity of CIP, CTX, and CST antibiotics with and without a sub-inhibitory concentration of ZnO-NPs. Results: XRD, EDS, and FESEM results confirmed the crystalline structure of ZnO-NPs, and the average size was 100±58.68 nm. All isolates were discovered to be of multidrug-resistant (MDR) type and fully susceptible to CST. The antibacterial activity of CTX and CIP was restored when combined with a sub-inhibitory level of ZnO-NPs (0.25 mg/L), and the highest activity was obtained at the concentrations of 32 µg/mL CTX and 8 µg/ mL CIP. Eventually, ZnO-NPs showed a synergistic effect on the antibacterial properties of CST against MDR Acinetobacter. Conclusions: This research indicated that the combination of ZnO-NPs with some common antibiotics can be considered as a novel strategy for reducing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89781575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus from Clinical Samples – Demographics and Phenotypes","authors":"F. Adeyemi, Nana-Aishat Yusuf, R. R. Adeboye, O. Oluwajide, A. K. Ako-Nai","doi":"10.34172/ajcmi.2021.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2021.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Of all enterococci species, the most renowned clinically as multidrug-resistant pathogens are Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) species are the principal cause of opportunistic hospital-acquired infections, due to numerous resistance mechanisms. Methods: In this study, the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of VRE according to clinical sources from three selected hospitals in Southwest-Nigeria were investigated. Altogether, 431 samples (urine, rectal, and wound swabs - caesarian section (CS), automobile accidents, and other skin lesions and abrasions) were collected from three selected hospitals in Osun State, Nigeria. Established techniques were employed for the recovery of enterococci and screening for VRE while antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by disc diffusion technique. Results: Altogether, 208 (48.3%) enterococci strains were recovered from which 85 (40.9%) were VRE. E. faecium predominated at 71.8% (61/85) and E. faecalis at 28.2% (24/85) as determined by phenotypic characterization. VRE isolates exhibited 100%, 97.6%, and 92.9% resistance to ampicillin, clindamycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q/D) respectively. The least resistance in-vitro was to tigecycline (27.1%). None of the antibiotics exhibited 100% activity against all the isolates. vanA resistant phenotype was prevalent at 65.9%. E. faecium from all study locations displayed higher levels of resistance than E. faecalis. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices in all VRE isolates were ≥0.2, all being multidrug-resistant. Conclusions: The high prevalence rate along with the high level of multidrug resistance observed in the present study is worrisome and poses a continuous threat in the therapy of illnesses triggered by VRE as vancomycin was perceived as a drug of choice to curb enterococcal infections.","PeriodicalId":8689,"journal":{"name":"Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection","volume":"59 2-3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85306551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}