Austral Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Apparent anti-parasite behaviour in the Norfolk Island green parrot Cyanoramphus cookii","authors":"Penny Olsen,&nbsp;Alex Dempsey-Wood,&nbsp;Neil Tavener,&nbsp;Judy Tavener,&nbsp;Luis Ortiz-Catedral","doi":"10.1111/aec.13525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13525","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Birds must cope with all manner of ectoparasites, from insects and mites to bacteria and fungi. During their grooming routine, several Norfolk Island green parrots <i>Cyanoramphus cookii</i> were observed and photographed, and a pair was videoed, biting off and chewing small pieces of lateral shoot and bark of pepper trees <i>Piper excelsum</i> and working the chewed material through their feathers. They also stripped the leaves and rubbed their beaks along the branches before extracting preen oil. Pepper trees are a well-known source of piperine and other potent aromatic chemicals that are insect repellent and antimicrobial. This appears to be a rare example of a bird using plant material to anoint themselves, which we interpret as a way to repel blood-sucking insects and ectoparasites and, possibly, void endoparasites, thereby improving fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalist southern African temperate forest canopy tree species have distinct pollinator communities partially predicted by floral traits","authors":"Rudi Crispin Swart,&nbsp;Sjirk Geerts,&nbsp;James Stephen Pryke,&nbsp;Anina Coetzee","doi":"10.1111/aec.13523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest canopies provide important resources for insect communities via flowers. Yet, pollination systems of tall forest trees are poorly studied, resulting from the difficulties in observing pollinator activity at the canopy level and great temporal variation in flower production. In temperate forest canopies of the southern hemisphere, small, whitish and generalist flowers seem to dominate. Here, we observed insect flower visitors, at the canopy level, to four southern Afrotemperate forest tree species bearing small, white to green flowers in a large, indigenous forest. Additionally, we quantified flower traits and collected pollen from representative insect visitors. A total of 105 insect species, from 48 families and 7 orders, were observed visiting flowers. In terms of total flower visits, the generalist Cape honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera capensis</i>) made up ca. 57% of all flower visits. A third of the total observation time covered crepuscular to nocturnal flower visits; yet only 12.68% of total visits took place during this time. Interestingly, despite both trees and insects being largely generalist in their interactions with one another (supported by the presence of conspecific and heterospecific pollen on most flower visitors), some insect species showed strong preferences for specific species of tree, driving dissimilar, interspecific assemblages of flower visitors. The pollinator community disparity may be explained through the unique and dissimilar floral traits for each tree species, both in flower size and in petal reflectance. We conclude that within generalist pollination systems, distinct and non-random mutualisms can develop between different species of plants and a diverse suite of pollinators, and that floral traits could partially predict such interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140949277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming the lack of distribution data for range-restricted habitat specialist frogs","authors":"Izabela M. Barata,&nbsp;Vivian M. Uhlig,&nbsp;Lara G. Cortês,&nbsp;Franciele Fath,&nbsp;Richard A. Griffiths","doi":"10.1111/aec.13522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With over 40% of species threatened with extinction, the distributional range of most amphibians is still unknown, generating uncertainty whether species are naturally rare, under-sampled, or difficult to detect. We implemented a modelling approach that uses bromeliads as surrogates to predict the distribution of habitat specialist frogs that lack distributional data. We aimed to predict and survey potential new sites for the occurrence of a rare and microendemic bromeliad-dwelling frog from the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. We used Maxent to predict suitable areas based on climate and topographic profiles, combined with 21 occurrence records of bromeliads within which our target frog species (<i>Crossodactylodes itambe</i>) is strictly restricted. The bromeliad-based models identified four areas potentially suitable, and subsequent surveys revealed an entirely new species of a rare bromeliad-dwelling frog in one of the areas. We demonstrate that using easy-to-survey surrogate species that have a strong relationship with species that are hard to detect has enormous potential to reveal crucial information on the potential ranges and distribution of cryptic taxa. Such a surrogate modelling approach could be extended to other habitat specialist species that lack distribution data, such as amphibians restricted to specific refugia and/or reproduction sites. This could improve the targeting of surveys and increase understanding of the patterns of rarity and the drivers of species distribution, especially for areas with high endemicity and range-restricted frogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection dogs can help researchers with elusive forest owl conservation","authors":"Nicole Gill,&nbsp;Romane Cristescu,&nbsp;Adam Cisterne,&nbsp;Dejan Stojanovic","doi":"10.1111/aec.13513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13513","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Elusive fauna are often studied indirectly, via traces they leave behind, or via other non-invasive survey methods. Critically endangered Tasmanian masked owls are both rare and elusive, which hampers conservation efforts. Spotlighting and call playback often have low success rates in accurately determining the presence/absence of Tasmanian masked owls. Using indirect survey techniques for traces such as owl pellets can be more efficient and provide a more reliable source of detailed data regarding presence/absence, diet, health, population structure and environmental contaminants. However, pellets can be difficult for researchers to find in the field. We evaluate whether detection dogs are effective in finding owl pellets in two steps: an experimental trial comparing the performance of a dog team to that of an ecologist with significant field experience with masked owls; and in a pilot field study where the dog team searched potential owl habitat in Tasmanian forests. During the experimental trials, the dog team significantly outperformed the ecologist. The dog team was more sensitive, finding 89% versus 40% of pellets present for the ecologist, and took half as long to search an equivalent-sized search area. The combined efficiency of the dog team was 4.5 times greater than that of an ecologist working alone. During the pilot study, in searching areas of potential masked owl habitat, no pellets were found. However, when sites were visited where owls were known to have been recently sighted, the dog team were able to find large numbers of owl pellets suitable for collection and potential data extraction. Our trials suggest that dogs can find owl pellets with considerably greater sensitivity and efficiency than ecologists working alone and that they would be best used in combination with targeted surveys, especially when the detection and subsequent collection of as many pellets as possible is desirable for DNA extraction or other analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of an herbivorous subterranean rodent on vegetation in relation to primary productivity","authors":"Silvina Beatriz Bongiovanni,&nbsp;Marisa Nordenstahl,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo Borghi","doi":"10.1111/aec.13527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13527","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subterranean rodents modify the surrounding environment being classified, in some cases, as keystone species and/or ecosystem engineers. This role could be context-dependent if the changes produced shift throughout the species distribution range and are stronger under certain environmental conditions. Our objective was to analyse whether the effect of <i>Ctenomys mendocinus</i> on vegetation cover is context-dependent. Given that primary productivity may increase plants' ability to tolerate or compensate following herbivory, we hypothesize that the effect of <i>C. mendocinus</i> on vegetation cover will be context-dependent along a primary productivity gradient, with smaller effects in highly productive environments and larger effects in less productive ones. We compared the effect of <i>C. mendocinus</i> on plant cover among four contrasting environments and found that it depended on primary productivity in a predictable manner. In low productivity environments, the rodent significantly reduces vegetation cover, while it has no discernible effect in highly productive ones. These findings suggest that the effect of <i>C. mendocinus</i> on plant cover depends on primary productivity level and highlights the importance of accounting for the underlying environmental factors that influence the intensity of <i>C. mendocinus</i>–plant interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140844647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity, movement and habitat-use patterns of a critically endangered endemic Australian freshwater crayfish","authors":"Sarah B. O’Hea Miller,&nbsp;Andrew R. Davis,&nbsp;Ben Broadhurst,&nbsp;Marian Y. L. Wong","doi":"10.1111/aec.13526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Establishing the activity, movement and habitat-use patterns of endangered species is fundamental in designing effective conservation plans. In Australia, the critically endangered freshwater crayfish, <i>Euastacus dharawalus</i>, is facing considerable risk of extinction due to numerous stressors, including the proliferation of the invasive <i>Cherax destructor</i> throughout their range. However, little is known about the fine-scale spatial ecology of <i>E. dharawalus</i> and if this overlaps with <i>C. destructor</i>. Here, we aimed to establish the activity, movement and habitat-use patterns of <i>E. dharawalus</i> as well as conduct a preliminary assessment into the overlap of their spatial ecology with that of <i>C. destructor</i>. In 2020, 15 <i>E. dharawalus</i> and six <i>C. destructor</i> were radio tracked at a site along Wildes Meadow Creek in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia. Additionally, in 2021, 12 more <i>E. dharawalus</i> were tracked at this site over the same period. <i>Euastacus dharawalus</i> exhibited high site fidelity, small home ranges and diurnal activity patterns. Both <i>E. dharawalus</i> and <i>C. destructor</i> indicated significant preference for bank habitat, indicating potential for individual competitive interactions. We also report a significant reduction in the movement and activity of <i>E. dharawalus</i> from 2020 to 2021, possibly in response to population control of <i>C. destructor</i> or environmental variation across the 2 years. Our results indicate that the preservation or restoration of bank habitat will be critical to the conservation of <i>E. dharawalus</i>. Further, due to the extent of habitat-use overlap between <i>E. dharawalus</i> and <i>C. destructor</i>, we conclude that <i>C. destructor</i> represents a substantial competitive threat to <i>E. dharawalus,</i> and therefore, <i>C. destructor</i> population control efforts should continue within the range of <i>E. dharawalus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140844660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Midnight siesta: Bimodal temporal activity observed in an endangered marsupial predator","authors":"Harry A. Moore,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Diete,&nbsp;Naomi L. Indigo,&nbsp;Mitchell A. Cowan,&nbsp;Gavin J. Trewella,&nbsp;Dale G. Nimmo","doi":"10.1111/aec.13521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding animal behavioural patterns can provide insight into how populations and communities are adapting to broader environmental shifts. The northern quoll (<i>Dasyurus hallucatus</i>), an endangered marsupial predator, has traditionally been classified as nocturnal. However, evidence is emerging that such simple classifications belie the complexity of animal activity patterns. Using time-stamped camera trap imagery and fine-scale accelerometer data, our study explores the diel activity patterns of northern quolls across their range in northern Australia. Contrary to the conventional nocturnal classification, we found that the northern quoll used bimodal activity patterns in four of the five populations examined in this study. Activity and accelerometer data showed two nightly movement peaks, with a distinctive lull around midnight, a pattern similar to one displayed by other marsupial predators. We found no consistent effect of season or lunar phase on temporal activity. Instead, its possible temporal activity patterns are primarily influenced by factors not accounted for here, such as prey availability, climate, predator avoidance, or energy expenditure related to digestion. We suggest further research incorporating these factors will improve our understanding of northern quoll behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What did it used to look like? A case study from tall, wet mainland Mountain Ash forests prior to British invasion","authors":"David Lindenmayer,&nbsp;Chris Taylor,&nbsp;Elle Bowd,&nbsp;Philip Zylstra","doi":"10.1111/aec.13520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There has been extensive commentary about historical First Nations' land management in Australia, including in tall, wet forests, and therefore their condition at the time of the British invasion in 1788. Popular texts have interpreted records kept by early British invaders to argue that extensive areas of tall, wet forest were kept open through frequent burning by the First Peoples. However, these interpretations conflict with historical and ecological evidence, which is rarely acknowledged in public discourse. Here, we present evidence about what Victorian Mountain Ash (<i>Eucalyptus regnans</i>) forests were like at the time of the British invasion. We show that at the time of the British invasion, most areas of mainland Mountain Ash forests were likely to have been naturally dense and wet, with: (1) overstorey trees spaced relatively widely; and (2) an understorey consisting of a cool temperate rainforest mesic layer. Ecological and physiological evidence suggests that Mountain Ash forests evolved under conditions where high-severity wildfire was comparatively rare, leading to patterns of landscape-level cover dominated by relatively mature forests. This is broadly consistent with reports from the First Peoples, early historical accounts, paintings, and photographs. These forests were not open or park-like, as may have been the case in some other Australian vegetation types. However, these forests were not <i>wilderness</i>, but places of significance to the First Peoples. Understanding forest structure at the time of the British invasion is critically important in establishing historical reference conditions for guiding appropriate restoration programmes, especially the reinstatement of traditional ecological knowledge, after long periods of post-British invasion disturbance and degradation. Notably, the dense, wet understorey that characterizes Mountain Ash forests should be recognized as an inherent and entirely natural part of the ecological dynamics of this ecosystem, with approaches to thin, burn, or remove it highly likely to be counterproductive and have a range of detrimental environmental effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140622676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited recovery of soil organic carbon and soil biophysical functions after old field restoration in an agricultural landscape","authors":"Tina Parkhurst,&nbsp;Rachel J. Standish,&nbsp;Suzanne M. Prober","doi":"10.1111/aec.13519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The conversion of woodland ecosystems to agricultural landscapes has led to unprecedented losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning globally. Unsustainable agricultural practices have contributed to the degradation of soil's physical and biogeochemical properties. Ecological restoration of unproductive agricultural land is imperative for reversing land degradation and ameliorating the degrading effects of agriculture on biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, it is unclear to what extent common restoration activities, such as tree planting, can facilitate the recovery of ecosystem condition and in particular, improve soil physical, biogeochemical and biotic components. Here, we investigated how the cessation of cropping, followed by tree planting, affected soil carbon concentrations and key biophysical soil functions. Data were collected across 10 sites a decade after the replanting of woody species on old fields in semi-arid Western Australia. We applied a chronosequence approach and measured soil functions in fallow cropland (restoration starting point), 10-year-old planted old fields and intact woodland reference sites (restoration target point). We stratified sampling between open areas and patches under trees in planted old fields and reference woodlands to account for inherent biophysical differences. Soils under planted trees recovered to some extent, having reduced soil compaction and higher soil penetration depth in comparison with the fallow cropland. However, soils under trees in planted old fields did not reach woodland reference conditions for these properties. Moreover, recovery was not evident for other soil physical, biogeochemical and biotic components such as soil organic carbon, soil moisture, leaf litter and woody debris decomposition rates. Limited recovery of soil functions may be at least partly explained by time lags associated with slow growth rates of planted trees in dry ecosystems. Our study shows that the legacy of cropping can persist over long timeframes in semi-arid regions, with modest signs of woodland recovery beginning to emerge 10 years after tree planting.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140621305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The stability of bird assemblages across time and the reliability of snapshot surveys","authors":"Julian Reid,&nbsp;Rhiannon Smith,&nbsp;Laura Scott,&nbsp;Nick Reid","doi":"10.1111/aec.13516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>‘Snapshot’ surveys conducted over 1 year or less are widely used to describe avian community composition. Maron et al. (<i>Austral Ecology</i>, 2005, 30, 383) questioned the utility of snapshot surveys and the conclusions drawn from them following repeat bird surveys at 26 sites in western Victoria, 7 years after initial surveys. They concluded, ‘the distribution of most species did not differ significantly from that expected if species had redistributed at random among sites’. Only five of 54 species recorded in both years had distributions that changed significantly less than expected among sites between the survey periods. We question whether this is the exception rather than the rule for Australian landbird communities in wooded habitats for three reasons: (1) passerine species dominate these communities and tend to remain faithful to a site once a breeding territory has been established; (2) most landbird species are sedentary or migratory, not nomadic; and (3) most Australian passerines are long-lived, so surveys conducted within decadal timeframes may sample the same individuals. We examined the constancy of bird community composition by conducting repeat surveys at 29 sites in two vegetation types in the Namoi Valley, northern New South Wales, 7 years after the first survey. Bird assemblage composition in our study exhibited high levels of turnover between surveys, but 21 of 62 species present in both survey periods were significantly more likely to be found at the same sites in the second period as the first, and the tendency of most species was of site fidelity. Mantel tests demonstrated that assemblage composition at the same sites was more similar than expected by chance. Moderate levels of site fidelity among species and significant levels of assemblage composition constancy among sites should be the expectation when monitoring Australian landbird communities in wooded habitats over extended timeframes, except in the cases of major landscape transformation and extreme climatic disruptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8663,"journal":{"name":"Austral Ecology","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aec.13516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}