Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Emissions of the indirect greenhouse gases NH3 and NOx from Australian beef cattle feedlots","authors":"O. T. Denmead, Deli Chen, D. Griffith, Z. Loh, M. Bai, T. Naylor","doi":"10.1071/EA07276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07276","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions of indirect greenhouse gases, notably the nitrogen gases ammonia (NH3) and the odd oxides of nitrogen (NOx), play important roles in the greenhouse story. Feedlots are intense, but poorly quantified, sources of atmospheric NH3 and although production of NOx is to be expected in feedlots, rates of NOx emission are virtually unknown. In the atmosphere, these gases are involved in several transformations, but eventually return to the earth in gaseous or liquid form and can then undergo further transformations involving the formation and emission of the direct greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The IPCC Phase II guidelines estimate that indirect N2O emissions due to atmospheric deposition of N compounds formed from NH3 and NOx could be ~14% of the direct emissions from agricultural soils or from animal production systems. IPCC recommends that these indirect emissions be accounted for in making inventory estimates of N2O emission. This paper is a preliminary report of emissions of NH3 and NOx from two Australian feedlots determined with micrometeorological techniques. Emissions of nitrogen gases from both feedlots were dominated by emissions of NH3. The average NH3 emission rate over both feedlots in winter was 46 g N/animal.day, while that of NOx was less than 1% of that rate at 0.36 g N/animal.day. It was apparent that NH3 release was governed by the wetness of the surface. Rates of emission from the feedlot with the wetter surface were almost three times those from the other. The IPCC default emission factor for the combined emission of NH3 and NOx from livestock is 0.2 kg N/kg N excreted, but in our work, the emission factor was 0.59 kg N/kg N excreted. Potential emissions of N2O due to NH3 and NOx deposition were estimated to be of the same magnitude as the direct N2O emissions, the sum of direct and potential indirect amounting to ~3 g N2O-N/animal.day. If applied nationally, this would represent a contribution of N2O from Australian feedlots of 533Gg CO2-e or 2.2% of all Australian N2O emissions.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"213-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58796312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence of defaunation effects on digestion and methane production in ewes","authors":"S. H. Bird, R. Hegarty, R. Woodgate","doi":"10.1071/EA07298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07298","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of defaunation on feed digestion and on methane production of ewes was determined 10 and 25 weeks after defaunation. When fed a lucerne diet (800 g/day), the absence of protozoa did not change the apparent digestibility of dry matter, excretion of macro-minerals, or methane production 10 or 25 weeks post-treatment. Defaunation did, however, increase microbial protein flow by 22% (estimated from allantoin excretion) and the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate in the rumen, while decreasing excretion of copper and manganese. The fermentation data contrasts with previous studies that found defaunation reduced methanogenesis and rumen acetate proportions, but supports the hypothesis that a reduction in rumen acetate percentage is required to achieve reduced methanogenesis through defaunation.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"152-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58796997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of sulfide oxidisers for desulfurising biogas produced from anaerobic piggery wastewater treatment in Taiwan.","authors":"Jung-Jeng Su, Yen-Jung Chen, Yuanyuan Chang, Szu-Ching Tang","doi":"10.1071/EA07248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07248","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to improve the utilisation of biogas in pig farms, the promotion of biogas use and the reduction of greenhouse gas (i.e. methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) emissions to the atmosphere. Sulfur oxidisers can convert sulfide (S2–) to sulfur (S0) and even sulfate (SO42–). Strains of CYAS-1, CYAS-2, SW-1, SW-2, and SW-3 were isolated from environmental samples and proven to have capabilities of sulfide oxidation by growing them in 150 mL liquid media with 1.5 g sulfur powder. An increase in sulfate concentration was used to select sulfide oxidisers. Strains CYAS-1 and CYAS-2, which both had significant sulfide oxidation capability, were isolated from the sludge of piggery wastewater treatment facilities. Moreover, strains SW-1, SW-2, and SW-3 were isolated from a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter (BBF) reactor. The experimental results showed that strain CYAS-1 (identified as Acinetobacter spp.), grown in diluted trypticase soy broth (TSB) with sulfur powder, increased the concentrations of SO42– from 17.2 ± 0.5 to 23.8 ± 1.0 mg/L (38.4% increase). Strain CYAS-2 (identified as Corynebacterium spp.), grown in diluted TSB with sulfur powder, increased concentrations of SO42– from 17.7 ± 0.1 to 25.9 ± 0.9 mg/L (47.0% increase). Concentrations of SO42– were increased 40.5, 33.6, and 29.7% in the presence of strains SW-1 (Candida kruse/inconspicua; 96.2% identity), SW-2 (Candida parapsilosis; 93.2% identity), and SW-3 (Trichosporon mucoides; 95.7% identity), respectively.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"193-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58795153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policy options to manage greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector: an Australian perspective","authors":"D. Ugalde, J. V. Vliet, Anthony McGregor, B. Slattery","doi":"10.1071/EAV48N2POLICY","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EAV48N2POLICY","url":null,"abstract":"The interface between policy and science provides rich opportunity to frame both the policy and science agendas for the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture. The current Greenhouse Gas in Animal Agriculture Conference (2007) provides a valuable forum for the development and integration of the two. Compared with the level of investments worldwide into technologies to reduce emissions from energy generation and transport, investments into managing and reducing emissions from the agriculture and land sectors have lagged, sadly, far behind. Nonetheless, there still remains strong opportunity to reduce substantially the net emissions from the land-based sector while also improving productivity and financial return (both short and long term). Over the past few decades, it has probably been the science agenda that provided the main impetus for understanding the management of processes that give rise to greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and for improving management options to reduce these emissions. However, recently a range of new policy approaches (both in Australia and elsewhere) have come into play, and these approaches are now demanding a greater suite and possibly a different set of information from science – and over a short timeframe – to provide the technical means for change to be implemented. The challenge for science is to understand the new demands from the policy agendas, and to resolve how the science community can best deliver what is required. In this way science will be delivering additional benefits to agricultural industries and rural communities as activities in the land-based sector align with national interest and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59080118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redirecting rumen fermentation to reduce methanogenesis","authors":"T. McAllister, C. Newbold","doi":"10.1071/EA07218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07218","url":null,"abstract":"McAllister, T. A., Newbold, C. J. (2008). Redirecting rumen fermentation to reduce methanogenesis.  Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, (1-2), 7-13.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58793940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absence of persistent methane emission differences in three breeds of dairy cows","authors":"A. Münger, M. Kreuzer","doi":"10.1071/EA07219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07219","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, data from an experiment with 10 purebred Holstein, Simmental and Jersey cows each were analysed to test the assumption that there are genetically low methane-producing animals. Methane emission of cows offered forage ad libitum and some concentrate was measured for 3 days in open-circuit respiration chambers in weeks 8, 15, 23, 33 and 41 of lactation. Individual cow data were analysed in five different ways: (i) plotting the trend of methane per unit of dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield over time; relating measured methane production to estimates derived from equations based on either; (ii) DMI or (iii) nutrient intake; (iv) relating residual feed intake (RFI) to methane emission; and (v) analysis of variance of cow × measurement interactions. The Holstein, Simmental and Jersey cows emitted on average 25, 25 and 26 g methane/kg DMI, respectively. There was no indication of individual cows with persistently low or high methane yield per kg DMI and per kg milk. Measured methane emissions differed from estimated values without a clear pattern, and the relationship between RFI and methane emission of the cows was weak. Finally, analysis of variance failed to show distinct patterns of methane per unit of DMI and milk for individual animals. The apparent lack of persistence of individual animal differences in methane yields suggests that genetic determination of this trait is of minor importance in dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"77-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58794017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GHG emissions during the storage of rough pig slurry and the fractions obtained by mechanical separation","authors":"E. Dinuccio, P. Balsari, W. Berg","doi":"10.1071/EA07239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07239","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) during the storage of rough pig slurry and the fractions (solid and liquid) obtained by mechanical separation were investigated in a laboratory-scale study. Manures were stored for a period of 30 days in open vessels (1500 cm3 capacity) within a climate-controlled room which was kept at 25 ± 0.2°C. Gaseous emissions were determined with the dynamic chamber method by infrared photoacoustic detection. The main GHG emission from the liquid manures was CH4. CH4 losses from both liquid and solid fractions together were 3% higher than from the rough slurry. CO2 losses from both liquid and solid fractions together increased by 10% compared with rough pig slurry. Appreciable N2O fluxes were only measured from the solid fraction. Combining the losses during the storage of both liquid and solid fraction, they resulted in reduced NH3 emissions compared with the storage of the rough pig slurry. Evidence from the present study suggests that mechanical separation of pig slurry has the potential to increase up to 25% the emission of CO2-equivalents to the atmosphere during the storage of the separated fractions if compared with the rough slurry.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"93-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58794687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: A review","authors":"K. Beauchemin, M. Kreuzer, F. O'Mara, T. McAllister","doi":"10.1071/EA07199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07199","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of nutritional management strategies that reduce enteric methane (CH4) production are discussed. Strategies such as increasing the level of grain in the diet, inclusion of lipids and supplementation with ionophores (>24 ppm) are most likely to be implemented by farmers because there is a high probability that they reduce CH4 emissions in addition to improving production efficiency. Improved pasture management, replacing grass silage with maize silage and using legumes hold some promise for CH4 mitigation but as yet their impact is not sufficiently documented. Several new strategies including dietary supplementation with saponins and tannins, selection of yeast cultures and use of fibre-digesting enzymes may mitigate CH4, but these still require extensive research. Most of the studies on reductions in CH4 from ruminants due to diet management are short-term and focussed only on changes in enteric emissions. Future research must examine long-term sustainability of reductions in CH4 production and impacts on the entire farm greenhouse gas budget.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58793441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplementation with whole cottonseed reduces methane emissions and can profitably increase milk production of dairy cows offered a forage and cereal grain diet","authors":"C. Grainger, T. Clarke, K. Beauchemin, S. McGinn, R. Eckard","doi":"10.1071/EA07224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07224","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental objective was to determine if whole cottonseed (WCS) could be used as a dietary supplement to reduce enteric methane emissions and profitably increase milk production from dairy cattle over the summer period when pasture is limited in quantity and has a low nutritive value. Fifty lactating cows, ~200 days in milk, were randomly allocated to one of two groups (control or WCS). Cows were offered lucerne hay (in the morning) and pasture silage (in the afternoon) made from a predominantly ryegrass sward in one group for 5 weeks. The hay and silage were placed on the ground in a bare paddock. Cows in each group were also individually offered cracked grain in a feed trough at 3 kg DM/cow.day at milking times. In addition, at milking times, cows in the WCS group were individually offered 2.7 kg DM/cow.day of untreated WCS with their grain supplement. Measurements of methane emissions (n = 12), using the SF6 tracer technique, were made in weeks 3 and 5 after the commencement of feeding treatments. Supplementation with WCS significantly reduced methane emissions by 12% (g/cow.day) and by 21% (g/cow.kg milk solids) and significantly increased yield of milk (n = 25) by 15%, milk fat by 19% and milk protein by 16%. WCS had no effect on concentration of milk fat or lactose, but resulted in a significant 3% decrease in protein concentration. WCS appears to be a promising supplement for reducing methane emissions and increasing milk production from dairy cattle when pasture is limited in quantity and has a low nutritive value.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"73-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1071/EA07224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58794159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique for methane emission measurement from individual animals: an overview","authors":"C. Pinares-Patiño, H. Clark","doi":"10.1071/EA07297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07297","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of enteric methane (CH4) emissions from individual animals have traditionally been made with indirect calorimetry techniques, which are both accurate and reliable. However, the expense and need for animal training and the extent to which calorimetric results can be extrapolated to free-ranging animals have been questioned and stimulated the development of the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. The tracer technique is now widely used in New Zealand and many other countries for CH4 emission measurements on grazing and pen-fed cattle, sheep, deer and alpacas. Few studies with cattle and sheep have examined the validity of the SF6 tracer technique. Most of these studies have concluded that estimations of CH4 emission by this technique do not differ from those of calorimetric techniques, though some exceptions have been reported. There is general agreement that the tracer technique is associated with large between-animal variability in the CH4 emission estimates from animals on the same diet, but it remains unknown whether this is due to the environment, housing conditions or the technique itself. High within-animal variability has also been reported from tracer CH4 measurements. There is growing evidence that CH4 emission estimates by the tracer technique are positively influenced by the permeation rate (PR) of the SF6 gas from permeation tubes and it has been suggested that fate of the tracer in the rumen rather than unrepresentative breath sample collection is the likely reason for the latter. It is concluded that although some issues related to the tracer technique need to be clarified, using a narrow range in PR and balancing of PR between treatments should be practised in order to overcome the relationship between PR and CH4 emission estimates.","PeriodicalId":8636,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","volume":"48 1","pages":"223-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58796742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}