Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)最新文献

{"title":"Poliomyelitis: epidemiology and control in Cornwall.","authors":"E R HARGREAVES","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401108","url":null,"abstract":"Virus is an extremely small form of micro-organism, on an average about onehundredth the size of the average bacteria. It differs from bacteria in one very important point: it lives and propagates in the actual body cells, not on the surface of such cells, as do bacteria. In consequence, once established, it is extremely difficult to reach, and is affected little, if at all, by modern chemotherapy and antibiotics, which have altered","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 11","pages":"1036-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22815530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interim report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Slaughterhouses: (England and Wales).","authors":"J H MATTHEWS","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401109","url":null,"abstract":"THE derationing of meat on 3rd July next will create a unique situation for farmers, -L meat traders, wholesale meat agencies, and slaughtering contractors, as well as for local authorities. The latter are being placed under an obligation by the Bill now before Parliament to make such use of their statutory powers as may be necessary for securing the provision of adequate slaughtering facilities in the new situation. In assessing the requirements of this situation the pre-war set-up in the meat trade, after fifteen years of control, offers no guide to the shape of a post-war free market organization of the meat supply. This is particularly true of slaughtering facilities because, .","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 11","pages":"1047-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22815531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some housing problems of our industrial towns.","authors":"F G SUGDEN","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401101","url":null,"abstract":"INCE the end of the war the main efforts of local authorities in the housing field ~ have been devoted to the provision of additional accommodation, and very creditable results have been achieved. Of necessity, other aspects of local authority housing work have had to remain in the background. The Government has now decided that the time is opportune for a resumption of slum clearance and for an intensification of the work of repairing houses. In the fifteen years which have passed since it was last possible to carry out this type of work on anything more than a token","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 11","pages":"1013-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22812919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water supply as an administrative problem.","authors":"W SAVAGE","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401006","url":null,"abstract":"THE administrative control of water supplies has been under discussion in the past and more recently the proposal has been advanced, and indeed adopted, by one of our political parties, that it is sound policy to nationalize the supply of water. It is therefore worth while to devote attention to the best administrative procedure for the provision and control of drinking water, considering the subject without regard to political aspects and simply as an administrative problem. Discussion on the co-ordination and control of water supplies has engaged the attention of government departments, water authorities and technical advisers for a good many years, and particularly after the prolonged drought of 1933-34. Many of the proposals made are now no longer relevant because of the passing of the Water Act, 1945. -","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 10","pages":"968-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22803445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water supply in Britain: the development of a public service.","authors":"W M STERN","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401015","url":null,"abstract":"supply; by no means all communities did so. Not that it was always necessary. Most early dwellings were established near running water; while numbers remained small, supplies provided by Nature proved ample. In most localities in the eighteenth century, and in a few large towns (especially London) earlier, aggregation of human beings began to press upon supplies by requiring more water than natural sources could easily furnish and by polluting water with the refuse which human settlement creates. Growing communities faced this problem sooner or later; few were prepared for it. Parish pumps in the centre of many villages bear testimony to the method by which water-carts and vendors were obviated. Even in the thirteenth century London presented a larger problem, to be tackled by action on a different scale: Conduit, Lambs Conduit and White Conduit Streets are all named after channels conducting water to centres of settlement’. As new concentrations of population grew in the sixteenth century, additional conduits were made. This construction was undertaken by the City Corporation, which, by an Act of 15432, acquired both the right and the duty to provide an adequate water supply. The principle of collective responsibility was first breached in 1581. In that year Peter Morris, a Dutchman or German, obtained a licence to establish a waterwheel under one of the arches of London Bridge for the purpose of pumping water into supply pipes for sale to consumers. The London Bridge Waterworks existed till 18223, but a far more important private water supplier was the New River Company, which in 1613 completed an aqueduct from springs in Hertfordshire to a pond in Clerkenwell1. A few other companies were incorporated in eighteenth-century London, none on the scale of the New River Company; though all worked for profit, there was as yet no competition, each company being allocated an exclusive area. This changed in the early nineteenth century. Between 1806 and 1811 Parliament incorporated the West Middlesex, East London and Grand Junction Waterworks Companies in direct competition with the existing suppliers north of the River, namely, the New River and Chelsea Waterworks Companies. In 1834 the Southwark Waterworks Company was formed. By such &dquo; healthy competition,&dquo; Parliament hoped to benefit the consumer. The result was not quite what had been expected. Competition certainly ensued, but it is difficult to determine whose health benefited. Five companies in North London and four in South London established separate reservoirs and pumping works, tore up pavements and roads in order to lay and repair competing sets of mains and supply pipes, canvassed each other’s consumers and promised recklessly whatever would secure new customers. The main characteristic of public utilities is the heavy initial capital outlay, compared to running costs: once the apparatus of water supply and distribution had been laid down, companies were prepared to go to any leng","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 10","pages":"998-1004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22803448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical agents and poisonous metals in food and water.","authors":"A TYLER","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401012","url":null,"abstract":"IN the House of Lords, in June, 1953, Lord Teviot, when opening a debate ~ on &dquo; Processed foods and the use of chemical additives &dquo;, called attention to the high percentage of processed and chemically treated foods now consumed and asked the Government to do everything possible to increase the availability of fresh food for the people and the furtherance of the supply of home-killed and home-grown foods. It is with regard to the chemical treatment of foods and the presence of poisonous metal in food that I propose expressing certain views to-day. The subject is by no means new for as far back as 1903 it was recommended’ that solid foods should contain not more than 1/100 grain of arsenic per lb. and liquid food not more than 1/100 grain per gallon. In 1908-11, a series of food reports2 recommended limits for calcium-sulphate used in baking powder and self-raising flour, acetic acid in vinegar and the presence of sulphuric acid in vinegar; and in 1927 a Departmental CommitteeS 3","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 10","pages":"985-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22803447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personal standards of hygiene.","authors":"B A A WESTON","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401008","url":null,"abstract":"medicine concerned with the preservation of health. The Greeks of Sparta took a very practical view in their worship of Hygieia; from an early age, their infants and young people were encouraged in the use of fresh air, light, and cold water; they were, so far as we know, a race of virile, healthy men and women, both physically and mentally. Because of the prevalence of epidemics of infectious illness in the middle ages (perhaps intensified by the industrial revolution, with all the evils consequent on overcrowding in badly planned cities and houses, combined with overwork and malnutrition), the early pioneers of public health were forced to place cleanliness as the first rite in the worship of Hygieia. The eminent success of their endeavours we all know so well. The result is that hygiene has become recognized as synonymous with cleanliness in its widest sense. During the last century an unremitting battle has been waged against slum conditions, against bad or non-existent drainage and water supplies, and against malnutrition. Now that these conditions are, to a great extent, under control (if not entirely conquered) the direction of public health energies has changed to a great measure, during the last twenty years, and is now directed towards personal hygiene. It must be said at once, that the work of educationalists, sanitary inspectors, school nurses, health visitors, social workers, and a host of others (not forgetting enlightened laymen and parents) has achieved a major triumph in the general standard of living and consequently of the health of the masses. The reduction of maternal and infant mortality, the increase in weight and height of school children, and the steady decline in morbidity and mortality rates of so many diseases are evidence of what has been achieved. It is probably desirable to think at this stage of the emblem of health-the serpenta beast which is traditionally subtle; one that crawls on its belly, is little seen, but is at once powerful and venomous. Perhaps these attributes of the serpent are more appropriate to disease, but the lesson to be learned is that the methods necessary to fight disease must be equally subtle and must be carried into the undergrowth.","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 10","pages":"977-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22803446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Housing; the Darwen scheme.","authors":"E P McGLYNN","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 10","pages":"943-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22803443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Old age.","authors":"R C WEBSTER","doi":"10.1177/146642405407401003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405407401003","url":null,"abstract":"ONE day in autumn I visited a day nursery, and watched some of the children playing ~ with their toys. As I left I noticed an old tree, and it came to my mind that the life of a man is short compared with the long endurance of such a tree. Long before my time it was a sturdy sapling, and unless the axe, or a winter gale, bring it down it will stand when those children in the nursery are themselves old. I remembered a hillside that overlooks the Tweed. It was once thickly wooded, but was cleared during the war. It may be replanted, but I shall not again see it covered with trees. Life is","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 10","pages":"951-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642405407401003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22803444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human and animal sources of gastrointestinal infection; (a) the spread of some bowel infections from human sources.","authors":"M T PARKER","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86095,"journal":{"name":"Journal. Royal Sanitary Institute (Great Britain)","volume":"74 9","pages":"847-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1954-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22793780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}